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Objective To study changes in T lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and liver enzymes in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) before and after external biliary drainage (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography drainage, PTCD) and internal biliary drainage (percutaneous transhepatic insertion of biliary stents, PTIBS). Methods MOJ patients undergoing PTCD (n = 44) and PTIBS (n = 38) at our hospital were enrolled in the study from January 2017 until December 2019. Peripheral blood total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), CD3 + %, CD4 + %, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured before and 1 week after biliary drainage. Results There was no significant difference in any parameter between the two groups before biliary drainage. TBIL, DBIL, AST and ALT following PTCD were significantly lower than before PTCD. By contrast, CD3 + %, CD4 + %, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α showed no significant difference before and 1 week after PTCD. TBIL, DBIL, AST, ALT, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower following PTIBS than before PTIBS. CD3 + %, CD4 + %, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio and IL-2 were significantly higher following PTIBS than before PTIBS. Conclusion Both PTCD and PTIBS were effective for treatment of MOJ, but PTIBS was more beneficial for recovery of immune function.

Abstract Background Parasites Entamoeba spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Blastocystis are prevalent pathogens causing gastrointestinal illnesses in animals and humans. Consequently, researches on their occurrence, distribution and hosts are crucial for the well-being of both animals and humans. Due to the confined spaces and frequent interaction between animals and humans, animal sanctuaries have emerged as potential reservoirs for these parasites. In this study, the wildlife sanctuary near the Huang Gorge of the Qinling Mountains in northwest China is chosen as an ideal site for parasite distribution research, considering its expansive stocking area and high biodiversity. Results We collected 191 fecal specimens from 37 distinct wildlife species and extracted genomic DNA. We identified these three parasites by amplifying specific gene regions and analyzed their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. All the parasites exhibited a high overall infection rate, reaching 90.05%. Among them, seven Entamoeba species were identified, accounting for a prevalence of 54.97%, with the highest infection observed in Entamoeba bovis. In total, 11 Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were discovered, representing a prevalence of 35.08%, including three genotypes of human-pathogenic Group 1 and two novel genotypes (SXWZ and SXLG). Additionally, 13 Blastocystis subtypes were detected, showing a prevalence of 74.87% and encompassing eight zoonotic subtypes. All of the above suggests significant possibilities of parasite transmission between animals and humans. Conclusions This study investigated the occurrence and prevalence of three intestinal parasites, enhancing our understanding of their genetic diversity and host ranges in northwest China. Furthermore, the distribution of these parasites implies significant potential of zoonotic transmission, underscoring the imperative for ongoing surveillance and implementation of control measures. These efforts are essential to mitigate the risk of zoonotic disease outbreaks originating from wildlife sanctuary.

Minimum wages reflect and relate to many economic indexes and factors, and therefore is of importance to mark the developmental stage of a country. Among the 195 countries in the world, a handful of them do not have a regulated minimum wage mandated by their governments. People debate as to the advantages and disadvantages of imposing a mandatory minimum wage. It is of interest to predict what these minimum wages should be for the selected nations with none. To predict the minimum wages, motivations vary with the specific country. For example, many of these nations are members of the European Union, and there has been pressure from this organization to impose a mandatory minimum wage. Open and publicly available data from Excel Geography are employed to predict the minimum wages. We utilize many different models to predict minimum wages, and the random forest and neural network methods perform the best in terms of their validation mean squared errors. Both of these methods are nonlinear, which indicates that the relationship between the features and minimum wage exhibits some nonlinearity trends that are captured in these methods. For the method of random forests, we also compute 95% confidence intervals on each prediction to show the confidence range for the estimation.

To investigate the dazzling/damage mechanism of InGaAs detectors by continuous laser, InGaAs detectors irradiated by continuous laser were analyzed theoretically and verified experimentally. Constructing the dazzling model of InGaAs detectors, saturated pixel data at different power levels were obtained. After comparing these data with verified experiments, it was observed that the magnitude and regularity of saturated pixel were relatively consistent at the same power levels. A finite element theoretical model of laser-irradiated InGaAs detectors was designed by Comsol. After calculation, the corresponding laser damage threshold for InGaAs detector was about 9.13 × 105 W/cm2 and 2.63 × 105 W/cm2 for irradiation times of 40 ms and 400 ms, respectively. These values were in relatively good agreement with the experimentally obtained damage thresholds of 1.07 × 106 W/cm2 and 3.95 × 105 W/cm2. The verified experiments confirmed the validity of the simulation methods and the dazzling/damage model employed in this paper. This study serves as a reference for further research on the laser irradiation effects and damage mechanisms of InGaAs detectors, as well as for laser protection and performance optimization in imaging systems.

As the weak link in electro-optical imaging systems, photodetectors have always faced the threat of laser damage. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the damage mechanism of the photodetector induced by the out-of-band laser. The damage thresholds of the mid-infrared pulsed laser for Charge Coupled Device (CCD) and HgCdTe detectors were determined through damage experiments. The analysis of the damage phenomena and data for both CCD and HgCdTe detectors clearly demonstrated that out-of-band mid-infrared pulsed lasers could entirely incapacitate CCD and HgCdTe detectors. Our analysis of the damage process and data revealed that the primary mechanism of damage to CCD and HgCdTe detectors by mid-infrared pulsed lasers was primarily thermal. This study serves as a reference for further research on the mid-infrared pulsed laser damage mechanisms of CCD and HgCdTe detectors, as well as for laser protection and performance optimization in imaging systems.

To discover new agrochemicals with prominent pesticidal properties, a series of novel β-naphthol derivatives containing benzothiazolylamino and various heteroaryl groups (8a-q) were efficiently synthesised via Betti reaction. The bioassay results showed that most of the synthesised compounds exhibited favourable insecticidal potentials, particularly towards oriental armyworm (50–100% at 200 mg·L−1) and diamondback moth (50–95% at 10 mg·L−1). Compounds 8 b, 8f, 8 g, 8j, 8k, 8n, and 8o possessed LC50 values of 0.0988–5.8864 mg·L−1 against diamondback moth. Compounds 8i, 8 l, and 8 m also displayed lethality rates of 30–90% against spider mite at the concentration of 100 mg·L−1. Overall, some compounds could be considered as new insecticidal/acaricidal leading structures for further investigation. The calcium imaging experiments revealed that 8 h, 8i, and viii could activate the release of calcium ions in insect (M. separata) central neurons at a higher concentration (50 mg·L−1). The SAR analysis provided valuable information for further structural modifications.

This article utilizes the Canny edge extraction algorithm based on contour curvature and the cross-correlation template matching algorithm to extensively study the impact of a high-repetition-rate CO2 pulsed laser on the target extraction and tracking performance of an infrared imaging detector. It establishes a quantified dazzling pattern for lasers on infrared imaging systems. By conducting laser dazzling and damage experiments, a detailed analysis of the normalized correlation between the target and the dazzling images is performed to quantitatively describe the laser dazzling effects. Simultaneously, an evaluation system, including target distance and laser power evaluation factors, is established to determine the dazzling level and whether the target is recognizable. The research results reveal that the laser power and target position are crucial factors affecting the detection performance of infrared imaging detector systems under laser dazzling. Different laser powers are required to successfully interfere with the recognition algorithm of the infrared imaging detector at different distances. And laser dazzling produces a considerable quantity of false edge information, which seriously affects the performance of the pattern recognition algorithm. In laser damage experiments, the detector experienced functional damage, with a quarter of the image displaying as completely black. The energy density threshold required for the functional damage of the detector is approximately 3 J/cm2. The dazzling assessment conclusions also apply to the evaluation of the damage results. Finally, the proposed evaluation formula aligns with the experimental results, objectively reflecting the actual impact of laser dazzling on the target extraction and the tracking performance of infrared imaging systems. This study provides an in-depth and accurate analysis for understanding the influence of lasers on the performance of infrared imaging detectors.

To investigate the damage threshold and mechanism of a mid-infrared HgCdTe focal plane array (FPA) detector, relevant experimental and theoretical studies were conducted. The line damage threshold of a HgCdTe FPA detector may be within the range of 0.59 Jcm−2 to 0.71 Jcm−2. The full frame damage threshold of the detector may be in the range of 0.86 Jcm−2 to 1.17 Jcm−2. Experimental results showed that when the energy density reaches 1.17 Jcm−2, the detector exhibits irreversible full frame damage and is completely unable to image. Based on the finite element method, a three-dimensional model of HgCdTe FPAs detector was established to study the heat transfer mechanism, internal stress, and damage sequence. When HgCdTe melts, we think that the detector is damaged. Under these conditions, the theoretical damage threshold calculated using the detector model is 0.55 Jcm−2. The difference between theoretical and experimental values was analyzed. The relationship between damage threshold and pulse width was also studied. It was found that when the pulse width is less than 1000 ns, the damage threshold characterized by peak power density is inversely proportional to pulse width. This relationship can help us predict the experimental damage threshold of an FPA detector. This model is reasonable and convenient for studying the damage of FPA detectors with a mid-infrared pulse laser. The research content in this article has important reference significance for the damage and protection of HgCdTe FPA detectors.

Femtosecond (fs) and nanosecond (ns) laser pulses have their own advantages and disadvantages in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). This paper investigated fs + ns (FN) dual-pulse (DP) LIBS, utilizing the respective advantages of two laser pulses in LIBS. Compared to traditional single ns LIBS, applying a smaller energy fs pulse could effectively improve the LIBS emission. Firstly, this study discussed the spectra of FN DP LIBS with overlapping pulse time—that is, the FN DP inter-pulse delay (DID) was 0 μs. The results showed that the spectra were increased to three times that of a single ns LIBS. Subsequently, the DID between the two pulses was optimized. The results showed that as the DID between the two pulses increased, the spectral emission first increased and then decreased, ultimately remaining unchanged. The optimized DID was approximately 2 μs. Finally, using this optimized DID, the variation of spectral intensity with ns laser energy was discussed in DP LIBS. The spectral enhancement ratio increased from 3 with 0 μs DID to 6 with 2 μs DID. The investigation provides a reference in the application of FN DP LIBS element analysis.

With the continuous refinement of data types, user roles and application requirements, as well as the complex data storage and flow scenarios of big data, the requirement of big data security is higher and higher.Starting from the security characteristics and operation practice of big data, the security characteristics and technology development trend of big data were analyzed, the construction and operation practice of China Telecom’s big data security defense system with “data and people” as the core was systematically summarized.Some thoughts and prospects for the introduction of new technologies were also raised such as blockchain, federated learning, artificial intelligence and zero trust in data security circulation, data security risk monitoring and data access control.

The two-stage feature screening method for linear models applies dimension reduction at first stage to screen out nuisance features and dramatically reduce the dimension to a moderate size; at the second stage, penalized methods such as LASSO and SCAD could be applied for feature selection. A majority of subsequent works on the sure independent screening methods have focused mainly on the linear model. This motivates us to extend the independence screening method to generalized linear models, and particularly with binary response by using the point-biserial correlation. We develop a two-stage feature screening method called point-biserial sure independence screening (PB-SIS) for high-dimensional generalized linear models, aiming for high selection accuracy and low computational cost. We demonstrate that PB-SIS is a feature screening method with high efficiency. The PB-SIS method possesses the sure independence property under certain regularity conditions. A set of simulation studies are conducted and confirm the sure independence property and the accuracy and efficiency of PB-SIS. Finally we apply PB-SIS to one real data example to show its effectiveness.

Quaternary biogenic gas reservoirs are extensively developed in the Sanhu Depression of the Qaidam Basin, where the largest domestic biogenic gas production base has been built up. In recent years, however, the exploration of biogenic gas there encounters a variety of difficulties, such as the identification of true and false seismic abnormality, the determination of micro-relief structure and the identification and description of lithologic traps, which are the bottlenecks restricting its exploration breakthrough. In this paper, hydrocarbon accumulation patterns of biogenic gas were studied. Then, based on fine structure interpretation results, combined with laboratory experiments, the sealing capacity, distribution range, formation time and genesis of salt crust were discussed, and the salt crust covered hydrocarbon accumulation pattern of biogenic gas was put forward. Finally, combined with the conditions of source rocks and reservoirs, the exploration prospect of salt crust covered biogenic gas reservoirs was predicted. And the following research results were obtained. First, the Quaternary in the Sanhu Depression is composed of sandstone–mudstone interbeds of shore-shallow lake facies, with superior conditions of source rocks and reservoirs. Many source–reservoir–caprock assemblages are vertically formed. The biogenic gas has the characteristics of dynamic hydrocarbon accumulation, i.e., continuous migration, accumulation, diffusion and re-accumulation. Second, under the effect of Himalayan movement, the climate changes frequently and the salinity of the ancient lake is zoned in the Sanhu Depression. A freshwater area is formed at the inlet of the river in the south and a brine area is formed in the north. Under the influence of evaporation, the phreatic water in the north is salinized continuously, and a set of extensively distributed salt crust with steady thickness and a strong sealing capacity is formed at the eastern part of Lingjian fault. Third, the biogenic gas generated by dark mudstone of lacustrine facies in the depression center migrates laterally and vertically to Lingjian fault zone and gets accumulated under the sealing of salt crust. In conclusion, high-quality source rocks and reservoirs and the salt crust with a strong sealing capacity in the Sanhu Depression constitute a good spatial–temporal configuration relationship of source rocks, reservoirs and cap rocks, so salt crust covered biogenic gas reservoirs can be formed to provide abundant natural gas resources with a broad exploration prospect. Keywords: Qaidam Basin, Sanhu Depression, Quaternary, Biogenic gas, Hydrocarbon accumulation condition, Source–reservoir–caprock assemblage, Salt crust covered, Exploration potential

Oil reservoirs have been discovered in the Mesoproterozoic strata in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China. In order to determine the source of oil shows of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and their organic geochemical characteristics, eight source rocks and reservoir cores from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation and four source rocks from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation were geochemically analysed. The distribution patterns of normal alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes and triaromatic steroids of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons from Well N-1 are consistent with those of source rock extracts from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Well L-1. The molecular marker compositions of source rock extracts from the overlying Middle Jurassic Haifanggou Formation are distinctively different from those of the Mesoproterozoic hydrocarbons. The results suggest that the Mesoproterozoic source rocks have significant petroleum generation potential. The Mesoproterozoic paleo-reservoir may be prospecting exploration targets in the Liaoxi Depression, NE China.

The study used linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond pulsed lasers to irradiate a Ta2O5/SiO2 film. Firstly, the damage thresholds of the film for linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond pulsed lasers were measured in 1-on-1 mode. The results showed that the damage threshold (1.70 J/cm2) under a circularly polarized laser was higher than that (1.68 J/cm2) under a linearly polarized laser. For femtosecond lasers, the multi-photon ionization cross-section under circular polarization was lower than that under linear polarization. The lower ionization rate under circular polarization led to a higher damage threshold compared to the case under linear polarization. Secondly, the damage morphology of the film irradiated by linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond lasers was observed by microscope. The damage caused by linearly polarized laser was more evident than that caused by the circularly polarized laser. Finally, the damage thresholds induced by linearly and circularly polarized femtosecond pulsed lasers were measured in S-on-1 (S = 2, 5, and 10) mode. For the same S value (2, 5, or 10), the damage threshold under the circularly polarized laser was higher than that under the linearly polarized laser. The damage thresholds under two polarized laser pulses decreased with an increase in the number of laser shots, indicating that repeated laser pulses had a cumulative effect on the damage of the film.

Recently, transition metal oxides, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2), manganese dioxide (MnO2), nickel oxides (NiO) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4), have been widely investigated as electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors. In particular, these metal oxides with mesoporous structures have become very hot nanomaterials in the field of supercapacitors owing to their large specific surface areas and suitable pore size distributions. The high specific capacities of these mesoporous metal oxides are resulted from the effective contacts between electrode materials and electrolytes as well as fast transportation of ions and electrons in the bulk of electrode and at the interface of electrode and electrolyte. During the past decade, many achievements on mesoporous transition metal oxides have been made. In this mini-review, we select several typical nanomaterials, such as RuO2, MnO2, NiO, Co3O4 and nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4), and briefly summarize the recent research progress of these mesoporous transition metal oxides-based electrodes in the field of supercapacitors.

The facies classification and corresponding features of the Cenozoic intermediate and mafic igneous rocks are studied by analyzing drilling cores, cuttings and corresponding thin sections, as well as well-loggings and seismic profiles related to the boreholes in Liaohe Depression of Bohai Bay Basin. Six facies and sixteen sub-facies are classified: volcanic conduit facies (diatreme, crypto-explosive breccia and post-intrusive sub-facies), explosive facies (pyroclastic flow, surge, and fall deposits sub-facies), effusive lava flow facies (compound flow, tabular flow, hyaloclastite sub-facies), extrusive dome facies (outer zone, intermediate zone, and inner zone sub-facies), volcaniclastic facies (resedimented volcaniclastics, epiclast-bearing volcanogenic deposits sub-facies), and intrusive facies (margin, core sub-facies). The characteristics and recognition of these sixteen volcanic sub-facies are described and summarized in detail concerning their primary volcanic textures, structures, lithologic assemblages, genesis and material source, spatial occurrence and distribution. Volcanic sub-facies is the primary controlling factor on volcanic reservoir spaces and their configurations. They constrain the styles and degrees of subsequent tectonic fracture and secondary dissolution of the volcanics, thus determining the porosity, permeability, and efficiency of volcanic reservoirs. Three favorable reservoir zones in the Cenozoic intermediate and mafic igneous rocks in Eastern Sag of Liaohe Depression are compound lava flows, outer zone of extrusive dome, and margin of intrusive sub-facies. They should be taken as the major exploration targets of the volcanic reservoirs. Key words: Liaohe Depression, Eastern Sag, intermediate and mafic igneous rock, lithofacies, volcanic reservoir, rift basin