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Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several human cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma, which are mostly seen in immunocompromised patients, such as human immunodefeciency virus (HIV)+ individuals. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. The risk of developing TB is dramatically higher in people living with HIV than among those without HIV infection. Case reports link cutaneous or pulmonary KS in HIV+ patients with mycobacterial co‐infections, however, impacts of Mtb infection or its products on KSHV‐infected cells are not known. We report here that ESAT‐6, a secreted Mtb virulence factor, induces viral reactivation from KSHV‐infected cells. KSHV‐infected pulmonary endothelial cells were resistant to ESAT‐6 induced inhibition of cell growth. Our data demonstrate that Mtb virulence factors influence the biology of KSHV‐infected cells, highlighting the need to study the interactions between these two pathogens commonly found in people living with HIV. Highlights: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) secreted ESAT‐6 protein can induce KSHV lytic reactivation.KSHV‐infected pulmonary endothelial cells display resistance to ESAT‐6 inhibitory cell growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are no accurate reference ranges for hematology parameters and lymphocyte subsets in Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo). This study was performed to establish reliable reference ranges of hematology and lymphocyte subsets using a large number of Hanwoo cattle ( n = 350) and to compare differences between Hanwoo and Holstein dairy cattle ( n = 334). Additionally, age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets were studied. Bovine leukocyte subpopulation analysis was performed using mono or dual color flow cytometry. The leukocyte subpopulations investigated in healthy cattle included: CD2+ cells, sIgM+ cells, MHC class II+ cells, CD3+CD4+ cells, CD3+CD8+ cells, and WC1+ cells. Although Hanwoo and Holstein cattle are the same species, results showed several differences in hematology and lymphocyte subsets between Hanwoo and Holstein cattle. This study is the first report to establish reference ranges of hematology and lymphocyte subsets in adult Hanwoo cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been validated that ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induced both squamous and basal cell carcinomas, as a tumor initiator and promoter. Opuntia humifusa is a member of the Cactaceae family which has been demonstrated in our previous study to have a chemopreventive effect in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced skin carcinogenesis models. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the protective effects of O.humifusa against photocarcinogenesis. O. humifusa was administrated to mice as a dietary feeding, following exposure to UVB radiation (180 mJ/cm2) twice a week of 30 weeks for skin tumor development in hairless mice. Dietary O.humifusa inhibited UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of leukocytes, level of myeloperoxidase and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in UVB exposed skin. Also, O.humifusa significantly inhibited both protein and mRNA expression level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 compared to the non- O.humifusa treated group. Collectively, these results suggest that O.humifusa could inhibit photocarcinogenesis in mouse skin and that protective effect is associated with the inhibition of not only UVB-induced inflammatory responses involving COX-2, iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines, but also the down-regulation of UVB-induced cellular proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Salmonella Typhimurium is a significant zoonotic concern for human food poisoning and a substantial economic burden in the swine industry. We previously reported that nasally delivered chitosan-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) encapsulating honeybee venom (CP-HBV) could enhance CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1)-related immune responses in healthy pigs. Building upon these findings, the current study aimed to investigate the protective immune enhancement by nasally delivered CP-HBV in pigs challenged with S Typhimurium., Animals: 36 healthy, 4-week-old, female, Landrace X Yorkshire X Duroc pigs., Methods: 36 pigs were allocated into 3 groups: CP-HBV (n = 16), control (n = 16), and healthy baseline control (n = 4). CP-HBV and control groups were challenged with S Typhimurium 7 days post-treatment. Pigs from the healthy control group were sacrificed at 0 days postinfection (DPI), and 4 pigs from each of the control and CP-HBV groups were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 7 DPI. Salmonella shedding, immune cell frequencies, cytokines, and transcriptional factor expression levels were measured., Results: The CP-HBV group exhibited lower bacterial shedding and an enhanced Th1-related immune response characterized by an upregulation of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ Interferon-γ+ T cells, accompanied by increased expression of Th1-related cytokines and reduced expression of regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive cytokines compared to the control group., Clinical Relevance: CP-HBV is a promising strategy for controlling Salmonella infections in pigs and improving public health.

Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the immune response against infections and malignant transformation, and adopted transfer of NK cells is thought to be a promising therapeutic approach for cancer patients. Previous reports describing the phenotypic features of canine NK cells have produced inconsistent results. Canine NK cells are still defined as non-B and non-T (CD3 - CD21 - ) large granular lymphocytes. However, a few reports have demonstrated that canine NK cells share the phenotypic characteristics of T lymphocytes, and that CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - lymphocytes are putative canine NK cells. Based on our previous reports, we hypothesized that phenotypic modulation could occur between these two populations during activation. In this study, we investigated the phenotypic and functional differences between CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - (cytotoxic large granular lymphocytes) and CD3 - CD5 - CD21 - NK lymphocytes before and after culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from normal dogs. The results of this study show that CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - lymphocytes can be differentiated into non-B, non-T NK (CD3 - CD5 - CD21 - TCRαβ - TCRγδ - GranzymeB + ) lymphocytes through phenotypic modulation in response to cytokine stimulation. In vitro studies of purified CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - cells showed that CD3 - CD5 - CD21 - cells are derived from CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - cells through phenotypic modulation. CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - cells share more NK cell functional characteristics compared with CD3 - CD5 - CD21 - cells, including the expression of T-box transcription factors (Eomes, T-bet), the production of granzyme B and interferon-γ, and the expression of NK cell-related molecular receptors such as NKG2D and NKp30. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that CD3 + CD5 dim CD21 - and CD3 - CD5 - CD21 - cells both contain a subset of putative NK cells, and the difference between the two populations may be due to the degree of maturation.

The immunological role of the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) in mice was examined using a PMT mutant strain. After a nasal inoculation, the mutant strain failed to induce interstitial pneumonia. Moreover, PMT had no significant effect on the populations of CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, and CD19+ immunocytes in blood or on the populations of CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes (P<0.01). However, there was a significant increase in the total number of cells in the BAL samples obtained from the wild-type P. multocida-inoculated mice. On the other hand, the level of IL-1 expression decreased when the macrophages from the bronchio-alveolar lavage were stimulated with PMT. Overall, PMT appears to play some role (stimulating and/or inhibiting) in the immunological responses but further studies will be required to confirm this.