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The document titled "List of reviewers" from the journal Asian-Pacific Economic Literature acknowledges and thanks numerous reviewers for their contributions to peer-reviewing submissions received by the journal from October 2023 to September 2024. The list includes a diverse range of reviewers from various backgrounds and expertise, highlighting their crucial role in the journal's success and future. The document demonstrates the journal's commitment to engaging with a wide array of scholars and experts in the field of Asian-Pacific economic literature. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Forests face many threats. While traditional breeding may be too slow to deliver well‐adapted trees, genomic selection (GS) can accelerate the process. We describe a comprehensive study of GS from proof of concept to operational application in western redcedar (WRC, Thuja plicata).Using genomic data, we developed models on a training population (TrP) of trees to predict breeding values (BVs) in a target seedling population (TaP) for growth, heartwood chemistry, and foliar chemistry traits. We used cross‐validation to assess prediction accuracy (PACC) in the TrP; we also validated models for early‐expressed foliar traits in the TaP.Prediction accuracy was high across generations, environments, and ages. PACC was not reduced to zero among unrelated individuals in TrP and was only slightly reduced in the TaP, confirming strong linkage disequilibrium and the ability of the model to generate accurate predictions across breeding generations. Genomic BV predictions were correlated with those from pedigree but displayed a wider range of within‐family variation due to the ability of GS to capture the Mendelian sampling term.Using predicted TaP BVs in multi‐trait selection, we functionally implemented and integrated GS into an operational tree‐breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus L. is the second largest conifer genus, having the widest distribution of all conifer genera. However, its evolution in East Asia is unclear due to the scarce fossil records. We described a set of Juniperus fossils from the Early Miocene of Tiejianggou, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. Although only two seed cones and five branch segments were preserved, the fossils were assigned to Juniperus chifengensis Liang Xiao et Liyan Guo sp. nov. (Cupressaceae). The diagnostic characteristics include leaves in a decussate or ternate arrangement, both scalelike and needle-like leaves on mature branchlets, scalelike leaves on juvenile branchlets, leaves with two stomatal bands adaxially and abaxially, terminal seed cones, and two or four seeds, which is the most similar extant species J. chinensis morphologically. However, the cuticle of the abaxial epidermis shows longer and more disordered cells. With a close affinity to the extant Juniperus chinensis, J. chifengensis, the macrofossil record of sect. Sabina (Juniperus) in East Asia, had existed in East Asia in the early Early Miocene. The longer abaxial epidermal cells confirm its adaptation to the dry and cold climate that occurred from the Early Miocene to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spider mite species Oligonychus perditus Pritchard and Baker 1955 (Acari: Tetranychidae) is native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, where it has been reported as a pest of Juniperus spp. and some other conifer plants (Cupressaceae). In Europe the species, has been repeatedly intercepted on imported juniper plants. The EPPO has included O. perditus on the A1 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests, mostly because its hosts are of importance to the European nursery trade. In a survey conducted in Serbia between 2020 and 2023 O. perditus was found in 16 sampling locations on plants of the genus Juniperus, from the family Cupressaceae, as well as in order 16 sampling locations on plants of the genera Prunus and, Malus from the family Rosaceae. This species was collected on individual trees in backyards, gardens, and orchards, as well as in ruderal habitats. Populations of O. perditus were small and without economic impact. Introduction of this species into Serbia is probably a consequence of insufficient quarantine measures and relatively loose afforestation rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees' functional strategies to cope with extreme drought are essential under climate change. In a mixed Mediterranean forest, we analyzed the functional strategy in response to drought of four co‐occurring species (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster, Juniperus oxycedrus, and Quercus ilex) during two years. Specifically, we assessed functional traits related to tree water status, leaf water relations, and gas exchange. Different trait‐syndrome metrics and the functional strategies under water stress observed suggested a species drought‐tolerance differentiation, with the more anysohidric Q. ilex and J. oxycedrus showing a much higher drought tolerance than the more isohydric P. pinea and P. pinaster. All species recovered from negative leaf turgor reached during peak water stress in summer. Q. ilex and J. oxycedrus kept lower leaf osmotic potentials and lower sensitivity of leaf gas exchange and leaf photochemistry to water stress. In contrast, the pine species exhibited more drought‐avoidant and water‐conservative strategies, yet this behavior was less effective in mitigating water stress's impact on their physiology. The pine species were the most affected by drought, with prolonged near‐zero net photosynthesis during summer. P. pinaster was more isohydric than P. pinea and exhibited a lower capacity to maintain leaf turgor. Physiological processes regulating leaf turgor under drought constitute a key functional strategy involved in the carbon and water‐related mechanisms, ultimately inducing mortality under hot drought. The currently observed mortality dynamics for P. pinaster, and to a lower extent in P. pinea, may be exacerbated by loss of functional homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western redcedar has high economic value and has been traditionally used for cultural purposes by Indigenous communities. Second-growth redcedar is potentially growing faster due to lower planting densities, fertilization, and tree breeding. Little quantitative information is available about the impact of management practices on wood quality, particularly heartwood extractives. This study evaluated the effects of growth rate and site on heartwood extractives at two locations aged 70–90 years in British Columbia, Canada. A three-parameter sigmoid model was fit to the data using nonlinear mixed effects to analyze the relationship between heartwood extractives relative to cambial age, growth rate, and sampling site. The southern site had significantly higher cumulative extractive concentrations, while all extractive concentrations increased faster. This study shows that smaller trees will reach their peak concentrations earlier than larger trees. Results show that faster growth through active management of western redcedar may lead to increased and more uniformly distributed content of heartwood extractives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the six juniper species found in the Bulgarian flora, three of the species have controversial taxonomic positions. Juniperus pygmaea K. Koch and J. sibirica Burgsd. exhibit similar morphological characteristics to J. communis L. in terms of leaves and female cones (galbuli). This is one of the reasons why, in the recent taxonomic developments, J. pygmaea and J. sibirica were united in a common variety of J. communis, namely, J. communis var. saxatilis. However, such a grouping of species in the Flora of Bulgaria has not been adopted. This study aimed to evaluate the degrees of similarity or difference in the structure of the leaves, galbuli, seeds, and pollen of J. communis, J. sibirica, and J. pygmaea using the methods of comparative anatomy by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and complex morphological measurements. The working hypothesis of this study was that the three species would show a different degree of similarity with each other, which would clarify their taxonomic rank. The morphological parameters revealed differences between the length/width ratio of galbuli and seed length of the three species, while leaf characteristics (length and width) showed a stronger resemblance between J. sibirica and J. pygmaea. Furthermore, a greater distinction between the leaves and galbili of J. communis and J. sibirica was found. The SEM analyses showed variations in the seed shape and spermoderm among the three species. The shape of J. communis seeds was oval and elongated, while J. pygmaea seeds were pear-shaped, and J. sibirica seeds were triangular-rhombic. The length and height of striations were diverse on seed spermoderm in the three species. The epicuticular waxes of leaves, located on the tips of the anticlinal walls of the elongated epidermal cells in J. pygmaea and J. communis, were oval, while they formed raised comb-like crystals in J. sibirica. The morphological, anatomical, and SEM analysis affirmed the accepted taxonomic status of J. communis and J. sibirica as independent species within the Bulgarian flora. Based on most of the analyzed parameters, J. pygmaea exhibits significant similarity with J. sibirica. Additionally, the similar habitats of these two species support the determination of J. pygmaea as a variety or form of J. sibirica rather than J. communis (J. sibirica forma pygmaea). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies examining the influence of understory shrubs and light transmittance through the canopy (LT) (%) on seedling establishment of desired species and litter decomposition have reported inconsistent findings. Uncertainty still also remains about the effects of understory junipers (Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus) and LT on survival and growth of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) seedlings as well as on litter decomposition across species' geographical range. Thus, this study aimed to examine the influence of understory junipers and LT on the growth and survival of black pine seedlings. Moreover, how junipers and LT affect litter decomposition was also monitored for eighteen months. Survival and growth of seedlings were most significantly affected by LT and understory junipers. LT and junipers negatively affected the survival of black pine seedlings. LT increased root-collar diameter (RCD) growth of the seedlings, while the RCD growth rate decreased with the presence of understory junipers. Moreover, the influences of LT and junipers on litter mass loss were mainly statistically significant; the presence of junipers and increasing LT in understory retarded litter decomposition. The findings may help our knowledge of ecological processes such as litter decomposition and seedling establishment in black pine forests. The results would also provide important guidance for evaluating the effects of overstory thinning (i.e., providing light to understory) and removing junipers on the ecological processes associated with litter decomposition and seedling recruitment in a black pine stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junipers are one of the most diverse groups of gymnosperms today. They are adapted to arid areas of the world. In this study, we analysed the chemical composition of the leaf n-alkanes of 170 individuals belonging to Juniperus communis subsp. communis, J. communis var. saxatilis, J. deltoides and J. macrocarpa from the Balkans. Localities with at least two sympatric populations were chosen to study the chemical composition in order to limit the influence of environmental factors on the chemical composition. The leaf n-alkanes were extracted from the leaves with n-hexane and analysed using GC-MS. In all of the samples, n-C33 was the dominant alkane, with n-C29, n-C31 and n-C35 comprising over 80% of the n-alkane profile. The percentages of these dominant n-alkanes were taxon-specific, thus indicating their chemotaxonomic significance. In all the multivariate statistical analyses, samples belonging to different taxa were separated from each other. While the n-alkane profile can be used as a chemotaxonomic tool in the differentiation of these four taxa, it did not carry a phylogenetic signal. Instead, it reflected ecological adaptations, showing how different taxa have adapted to different arid environments within the study area.

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The processes of forming lineages undergoing widespread radiations remain a knowledge gap that is fundamental to our understanding of the geographic distributions of species. Although early studies emphasized the importance of dispersal ability and historical migration events, key innovations that promote rapid diversification and/or adaptation to new habitats may also strongly influence distribution ranges. Juniperus is the second largest genus of conifers and is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we used phylogenetic, phenotypic, and climatic data to investigate the contributions of these processes to the wide distribution and rapid diversification of Juniperus. Combining a time-scaled phylogeny and macroevolutionary theory, we show that the key innovations of berry-like seed cones and dioecy promoted the rapid diversification of Juniperus and that increased dispersal ability promoted allopatric speciation. Ecological niches had significant divergence among different clades of Juniperus. Biogeographic results supported multiple long-distance dispersal events and niche variation that contributed to the modern range of Juniperus, while both phenotypic adaptation and ecological opportunity probably drove its distribution range. Our findings suggest that the current widespread distribution is likely the result of significant divergence driven by niche variation in which ecological opportunities from key innovation and phenotypic divergence. Using the macroevolution method, this study shows that key innovations and niche divergence promoted widespread distribution and rapid diversification of Juniperus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated three Junipers that grow wild in western Himalaya, India to elucidate extent of yield, chemical variability present in essential oil composition (EOs) as well as their bioactivity potential. The EO yield in J. communis, J. indica and J. semiglobosa was 3.8%, 5.0% and 3.13% (v/w dry weight, aerial twigs), respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identification revealed a total 74 chemical constituents with high qualitative and quantitative variability among the three EOs. Predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, sabinene, α-terpinolene and limonene in J. communis (70.94%) and J. indica (37.99%), while of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in J. semiglobosa (38.06%) EO was found. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) analyses based on 12 major volatiles clearly segregated all three EOs revealing high dependence on major chemical constituents' concentration. The EO of J. indica revealed higher antioxidant activity than J. communis and J. semiglobosa. The antimicrobial profiling of EOs against 7 bacterial and 1 yeast strain evaluated using disc diffusion assay exhibited significant inhibitory effects (10-14 mm) against all microorganisms, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC values ranged from 2-16% (v/v) against bacterial and 2% (v/v) against fungal pathogens. The findings of present study provide substantial basis for traditional usage of Junipers in medicine, besides other applications. It also finds them a potential resource to cater indigenous demand for raw material and livelihood generating to local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiles of the volatile organic compound (VOC) content of essential oils (EOs) extracted from young and old Juniperus communis L. needles were generated via gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) and subsequently processed using multivariate statistical methods. These were then used to differentiate the EOs according to needle age and geographical origin. From a total 49 of VOCs identified, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between young‐ and old‐needle EOs were found for 21 VOCs. Most of the EOs from the young needles showed higher (p<0.05) contents of α‐ and β‐pinene and sesquiterpenes (β‐ and γ‐elemene, germacrene D and B, α‐muurolene, and δ‐cadinene) and their oxygenated derivatives (α‐ and τ‐cadinol), while most of the monoterpenes (α‐thujene, sabinene, terpinolene, β‐myrcene, β‐phellandrene, and p‐cymene) were present in higher quantities (p<0.05) in the EOs from the old needles. The volatiles germacrene D, α‐ and β‐pinene, α‐cadinol, and sabinene were identified via stepwise and canonical discriminant analysis as the most valuable for EO discrimination according to needle age and geographical origin. Recognition and prediction ability tests of the EOs achieved 100 % accuracy in EO classification according to the above mentioned criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junipers (Juniperus sp.) have 1.56 million ha natural distribution which of total 23.3 million ha Turkish forest area. However, 1.1 million ha (71%) of junipers and 9.6 million ha (41%) of Turkish forest area is unproductive. Seedling quality and morphology is one of the important tools in conversion of unproductive forest to productive forest. Seedling quality and morphology were investigated based on seedling height and root-collar diameter, and sturdiness index of 2+0 years containerized and bare-root seedlings of Crimean juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) grown at Forest Nursery from southern Türkiye. For the purpose, 150 seedlings were sampled randomly from each seedling type in a forest nursery to collect seedling height and root-collar diameter data. Sturdiness index was calculated by ratio between the height and diameter. Collected data was performed for comparison of the seedling types for the characteristics by one-way analysis of variance, and to be determined relations among the characteristics by correlation analysis. The seedlings were distributed to quality classes of Turkish Standard Institute and Sturdiness index. Studied bare-root seedlings (16.3 cm) showed higher height growth performances than containerized (14.5 cm) seedlings opposite to root-collar diameter (2.04 mm and 1.86 mm), while the seedlings showed large differences within seedling type for the characteristics. Averages of sturdiness index were 72.5 and 88.5 in containerized seedlings and bare-root seedlings, respectively. Seedling types indicated significant (p=0.05) differences for the characteristics. Positive and significant (p=0.05) phenotypic relations were estimated among the characteristics in seedling types. Distribution of seedlings to quality classes varied for the characteristics, classes and seedling type. Results of the study were discussed based on nursery practices and plantation forestry of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Some plants exhibit dynamic hydraulic regulation, in which the strictness of hydraulic regulation (i.e. iso/anisohydry) changes in response to environmental conditions. However, the environmental controls over iso/anisohydry and the implications of flexible hydraulic regulation for plant productivity remain unknown.In Juniperus osteosperma, a drought‐resistant dryland conifer, we collected a 5‐month growing season time series of in situ, high temporal‐resolution plant water potential (Ψ) and stand gross primary productivity (GPP). We quantified the stringency of hydraulic regulation associated with environmental covariates and evaluated how predawn water potential contributes to empirically predicting carbon uptake.Juniperus osteosperma showed less stringent hydraulic regulation (more anisohydric) after monsoon precipitation pulses, when soil moisture and atmospheric demand were high, and corresponded with GPP pulses. Predawn water potential matched the timing of GPP fluxes and improved estimates of GPP more strongly than soil and/or atmospheric moisture, notably resolving GPP underestimation before vegetation green‐up.Flexible hydraulic regulation appears to allow J. osteosperma to prolong soil water extraction and, therefore, the period of high carbon uptake following monsoon precipitation pulses. Water potential and its dynamic regulation may account for why process‐based and empirical models commonly underestimate the magnitude and temporal variability of dryland GPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Juniperus virginiana is the most widespread native conifer in the eastern United States. There are two disjoint varieties of J. virginiana , the eastern red cedar (var. virginiana) and the southern red cedar (var. silicicola). While the eastern red cedar occurs in the eastern United States, the southern red cedar primarily occurs along the coast marshes and swamps from North Carolina south to Florida and west to southeast Texas. Methodology. We studied the genetic variation and differentiation of the southern red cedar in Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina using eight microsatellite markers. Pivotal results. The genetic diversity of the southern red cedar was similar to that of other species of Juniperus. The mean number of alleles per locus was highest in the west coast region of Florida and the lowest in North Carolina. Analysis of molecular variance and Wright's F coefficients revealed significant differentiation among regions. Principal coordinate analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct groups among the six regions. Mantel test showed significant correlations between geographic distance between regions and their genetic differentiation, suggesting that limited gene flow determines the genetic structure. In addition, a population tree suggested that coastal regions are central regions while North Carolina and inland Florida are marginal. Our findings also showed that a Bayesian model best describes the genetic structure of a southern red cedar with four clusters (K = 4). The model supports isolation by distance, but our results also indicate that environmental factors explain differences observed in inland regions. Conclusions. We found significant genetic diversity and differentiation among southern red cedar regions. Genetic differentiation can be explained, at least in part, by limitation in gene flow because of isolation by distance and isolation by environment. Our results support the predictions of the central-marginal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Hymenoptera diversity and phenology holds significant importance for basic and applied scientific objectives. The present knowledge on the worldwide fauna diversity of Hymenoptera is good but exact data for Pakistan especially for the Hymenopterous fauna of Balochistan has not yet been updated. This geographical area presents an opportunity for the discovery of previously undocumented insect species. This study represents the first DNA barcode analysis in this research area, for a detailed picture of Hymenoptera. Out of the 8430 collected specimens, 810 insect specimens were morphologically identified as Hymenoptera, representing 50 species belonging to 11 families and 40 genera. These specimens were collected using a Malaise trap for 52 weeks, from 11th December 2018 to 10th December 2019. For further confirmation, the collected insect specimens were analyzed by sequencing cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (DNA barcode) and BINs were assigned to the Barcode of Life Data Systems. Based on molecular analysis, eight species representing three families and four genera were identified, and respective barcode index numbers (BINs) were assigned to them. Among them, four new species were recorded and two unique BINS (BOLD:AET0858 and BOLD:AET2316) were assigned to Chrysis castillana and Anthophora quadrimaculata, which had not previously been documented in the DNA barcode database. The most dominant species was Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787), which was found throughout the year and had the highest mean population density. We explored the importance of employing harmonizing approaches including adult morphological characteristics and the DNA barcode method to accurately identify wild entomofauna for cryptic species. It is recommended that the use of Malaise traps spread over a large area is more beneficial in studying temporal dynamics and species recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woody Plant Encroachment (WPE) is a key driver of grassland collapse in the Southern Great Plain (SGP), resulting in a series of adverse ecological and socioeconomic consequences. Climate change will interact with ongoing WPE as it will likely shift the potential ranges of WPE species. In this study, we employed an ensemble approach integrating results from multiple Species Distribution Models to project future distribution ranges of four major WPE species (Ashe juniper, honey mesquite, post oak, and eastern redcedar) in the SGP across the 21st century. The findings highlighted a noteworthy trend: under future climate conditions, the distribution ranges for these WPE species were projected to shift northward and eastward. Of particular concern is honey mesquite with significant expansion in distribution range, potentially covering up to two‐thirds of the SGP's non‐agricultural area by the end of the 21st century. Conversely, the other three WPE species were expected to experience a contraction in their distribution ranges. Ashe juniper may experience a decline in its current habitats in central Texas but gain new habitats in northern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The suitable ranges of post oak and eastern redcedar were projected to shrink eastward, primarily being restricted to eastern portions of Oklahoma and Texas under the RCP4.5 and a smaller area in eastern Oklahoma under the RCP8.5. The projected shift in WPE ranges provides a scientific basis for governments to optimize the allocation of management resources and implement timely practices to control the spread of woody plants during the early encroachment stage. Our study methodology is applicable to other regions and continents with WPE issues, including Africa, South America, and Australia. Plain Language Summary: In the Southern Great Plains, the spread of woody plants like Ashe juniper, honey mesquite, post oak, and eastern redcedar is reducing grassland area and causing a series of environmental and socioeconomic problems, such as the decline in livestock carrying capacity and reduction in water availability. Future climates could change where these plants can grow. Our study is to look at how these woody plants might change their distribution pattern in the future. We found that as the climate changes, these woody plants will likely move north and east. This means honey mesquite could take over a significant portion of the Southern Great Plains by the end of the century. But while honey mesquite spreads, the other three plants might shrink in range. Ashe juniper could lose some of its current habitat but gain new areas in northern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Post oak and eastern redcedar might only be able to grow in smaller areas in eastern Oklahoma and Texas. Knowing how these woody plants will change in their distribution can help governments develop better strategies to prevent the further loss of grasslands and the related ecological and economic benefits. Key Points: Distribution ranges for encroaching woody species in the Southern Great Plains will shift northward and eastward under future climatesHoney mesquite will undergo significant expansion potentially covering two‐thirds of the non‐agricultural area by the end of the centuryThis study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of management resources to control the spread of woody plants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus oxycedrus is prevalent in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean and Near East and, is traditionally employed for both culinary and medicinal applications. This research evaluates the potential health benefits of ethyl acetate (EAJO) and n-butanol (NBJO) fractions derived from leaves. Quantitative analysis revealed enhanced concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the EAJO fraction at 252.56 ± 3.91 mg GAE/g DW and 47.70 ± 2.21 mg QE/g DW, respectively. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified a rich array of twelve phenolic acids and flavonoids, with rutin and chrysin identified as the predominant compounds in both fractions. Comprehensive antioxidant assessments through seven distinct assays demonstrated strong properties, with most activities displaying an IC50 values under 30 μg/mL. Additionally, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity showed that the EAJO and NBJO fractions effectively inhibited albumin denaturation at different concentrations, indicating a moderate effect compared to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. EAJO fraction surpassed NBJO in inhibiting key enzymes associated with Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, hyperpigmentation, dermatological disorders, and select bacterial infections, evidenced by IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase, alpha-amylase, tyrosinase, and urease with IC50 values of 14.60 ± 0.98 μg/mL, 639.48 ± 7.43 μg/mL, 206.44 ± 18.48 μg/mL, and 245.77 ± 3.75 μg/mL, respectively. Both fractions also displayed promising photoprotective properties, with SPF ratings of 31.71 ± 0.31 for NBJO and 22.62 ± 1.52 for EAJO. This study highlights the significant potential of Juniperus oxycedrus in the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional products, underlining its substantial bioactive profile with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-enzymatic, and photoprotective capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Author Index 2024" is a list of authors and their corresponding page numbers in the Australasian Journal of Dermatology. It includes authors from diverse backgrounds and countries. This index can be helpful for library patrons researching specific topics in dermatology and wanting to explore the articles written by these authors further. However, it does not provide any information about the content of the publications themselves. [Extracted from the article]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil obtained from the wood of Juniperus deppeana Steud. (cedarwood Texas oil), when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the essential oil under assessment is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 15 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), cattle for fattening, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, salmonids and ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed were 5 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 8 mg/kg for laying hens, 7 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 10 mg/kg for piglets, 12 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 14 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 8.5 mg/kg for rabbits and 4 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 4 mg/kg complete feed. The use of cedarwood Texas oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the maximum proposed use level in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a skin and respiratory sensitiser. Since the individual components of cedarwood Texas oil are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in seed dispersal patterns can alter plant distributions, species persistence, plant community composition, and biotic carbon sequestered within a landscape. Though carnivorans are known to be frugivorous, their contribution to seed dispersal is marginally studied, especially compared to other sympatric dispersers such as passerines. This gap is important to understand because carnivorans may be better suited to assist plant dispersal in disturbed habitats and the longer distances necessary for climate migration. In this study, we evaluated how seed dispersal by a particular carnivoran, coyote Canis latrans, differed from passerines Passeriformes for juniper Juniperus sp. in the conterminous United States under future climate change. We modeled changes in juniper niche suitability starting in 2021 through the next 80 years of climate change by estimating the current niche with Maxent, and then using climate predictions to define spatial changes in suitable niches. Seed dispersal by both coyote and passerine dispersers was simulated to estimate total juniper dispersal, juniper encroachment into grasslands, and finally changes in above‐ground biotic carbon storage due to juniper encroachment. Our models indicate that over the next 80 years, suitable conditions for juniper will contract, but losses from the current range will be minimal. Our model suggests that coyote dispersal of juniper will result in a 54–59% increase in range, which is 2.5 times as much as the estimated increase provided by passerines. We estimate that coyotes will facilitate juniper encroachment into 170 000–185 000 km2 of current grasslands, 3.4 times as much as passerines. Modeling the effect of coyote‐mediated juniper encroachment of grasslands, we forecast that the addition of woody aboveground biomass will provide between 1.1 and 1.2 Pg of additional carbon storage over the next 80 years. Results highlight how coyotes and passerines provide different outcomes for changes in juniper ranges, plant community composition, and landscape carbon storage. Understanding the differences in outcomes provided by different seed dispersers is important for modeling plant species distributions and carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition of the alcoholic extract from creeping juniper leaves using HPLC-MS/MS and to elucidate its potential anti-inflammatory mechanism through network-based pharmacology analysis to collectively enable a systematic exploration of the chemical composition, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential of the alcoholic extract from creeping juniper leaves, providing valuable insights into its suitability as an anti-inflammatory agent. Methods: Chemical profiling of the alcoholic extract of creeping juniper leaves using HPLC-MS/MS and revealing its anti-inflammatory mechanism using network-based pharmacology. Further, isolation of some of the identified biomarkers, assessment of their ex-vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and determination of their binding to pro-inflammatory cytokines using molecular docking and dynamics. Key findings: Thirty-seven compounds were annotated and forwarded to network pharmacology analysis which revealed that the highest interactions were exhibited by quercetin, cosmosiin, myricetin, amentoflavone, hyperoside, isorhamnetin, and quercitrin whereas the most enriched inflammatory targets were IL-2, PGF, VEGFA, and TNFs. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, arachidonic acid metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway were found to be the most enriched ones. Six hit compounds were isolated and identified as hyperoside, quercetrin, cupressuflavone, hinokiflavone, amentoflavone, and quercetin. The isolated compounds showed strong anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and molecular docking and dynamics simulation showed that quercetin, quercitrin, and hyperoside had the least binding energy with TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1B, respectively. Conclusions: Creeping juniper may reduce inflammation based on the suggested multi-compounds and multi-pathways, and that provided the basis for creeping juniper use as a potential anti-inflammatory drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Juniperus L. are pivotal species in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere. However, unfavourable phenomena are observed in their populations due to global warming. We aimed to investigate the soil requirements, genetic diversity and population history of Juniperus sabina L. from Europe, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan. Genetic resources were evaluated in 16 populations using nuclear microsatellites, while past demographic events were described based on the chloroplast DNA haplotypes. Seven chemical parameters in 36 soil samples from the European range of J. sabina were compared. In the studied area, three distinct phylogenetic lineages corresponding to different varieties of J. sabina, namely var. sabina, var. balkanensis, and the Asian variety, were revealed. Unimodal mismatch distributions and significantly negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs parameters indicated that the sabina and balkanensis varieties underwent a population expansion. Microsatellite variation was moderate, potentially influenced by inbreeding, clonal propagation, and limited gene flow between populations. Bayesian clustering revealed five genetic groups. Compared to var. sabina, the balkanensis variety occupies areas with significantly higher potassium content in the soil, which probably mitigates the adverse effects of drought in its localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of active chemicals found in medicinal plants can be used to develop new medications with few adverse effects. In vitro and in silico analyses were used to evaluate the anticancer properties of Juniperus procera fruit and leaf extracts. Here, we show that the methanolic extract from J procera fruit and leaf extracts inhibits 2 human ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780CP and SKOV-3. The leaf extract demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against A2780CP with an IC50 of 1.2 μg/mL, almost matching the IC50 of the anticancer medication doxorubicin (0.9 μg/mL). Higher antioxidant activity was observed in the fruit than leaf extract. The molecular docking results showed that the active component, podocarpusflavone A, was the best-docked chemical with the human topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. According to our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study to show the cytotoxicity of J procera extracts against the 2 previously described human ovarian cancer cell lines. The fact that the podocarpusflavone A molecule may have an inhibitory effect on the human topoisomerase II alpha enzyme was also revealed by this first in silico analysis. Our findings imply that the J procera fruit and leaf methanolic extract has anticancer characteristics that may guide future in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus, a genus of fragrant evergreen trees in the Cupressaceae family, encompasses up to 67 distinct species distributed globally. Among these, Juniperus procera, also known as the East African pencil cedar or African Juniper, stands out for its notable medicinal properties. Due to the wellrecognized therapeutic benefits of Juniper species, assessing genetic diversity is essential for various breeding initiatives. Thus, in this work, six ISSR and six SCoT primers were utilized to evaluate the genetic diversity between 23 Juniper genotypes collected from different locations in Saudi Arabia. 29 out of 103 and 26 out of 105 amplified bands, respectively, were found to be polymorphic markers using the ISSR and SCoT studies. With the help of 120 genotype-specific markers, including 60 for ISSR and 60 for SCoT, several varieties of Juniper were discovered. In addition, the polymorphism information content (PIC) was computed to assess the effectiveness of the markers. The findings of this study highlight the importance of conserving the genetic diversity of Juniperus procera, as it holds immense potential for developing new medicinal products. Additionally, the results provide valuable insights into the genetic structure of Juniper populations in western Saudi Arabia, which can inform future conservation and management efforts. However, all of the techniques utilized to profile the genotypes of Juniper can be regarded as useful techniques for long-term fingerprinting and diagnostic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is a widely spread species and important for the forest biodiversity and economy in many European countries, it remains one of the least studied coniferous species. This research is the first attempt to evaluate the factors affecting the increment of Juniperus communis in Lithuanian populations. The aim of this article is to evaluate the patterns of radial increment in Juniperus communis and to identify the key factors influencing the increment. We collected stem discs from 160 junipers in 8 stands distributed in the different regions of Lithuania and performed the tree-ring analysis. All studied junipers expressed a pronounced eccentricity of the stem. The results of our study revealed four patterns of Juniperus communis' radial increment, which are strongly dependent on the granulometric properties of the soil and hydrologic conditions. The effect of climatic conditions on the Juniperus communis increment was strongly dependent on the terrain; however, most of the junipers had a positive reaction to the temperatures in April, July, and August and to the precipitation in February. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus communis L. (common juniper) is a widespread plant species in the Western region of Azerbaijan. The dependence of the composition and content of various biologically active substances in juniper on natural climatic conditions was studied. The results of the study of the substances obtained from the extraction of leaves and branches in ethanol were presented. The composition of volatile compounds was studied by the gas chromatography technique. In all samples, monoterpene hydrocarbons always predominated with percentages higher than 70% (from 71.12% for the plant material collected in August to 74.38% for those in September), followed in similar quantities by oxygenated monoterpenes or sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with values between 10.45% and 12.77% and between 10.50% and 12.72%, respectively. Ascorbic acid content varying from 33.1 to 123.2 mg/100 g was also determined. The investigation of the yield of essential oils in different months of the year showed that its amount varies depending on the season (3.5-4.4% of the mass of dry raw materials). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In summer 2018, extensive phytosanitary checks occurred in Tufanbeyli, Adana, Turkey, in a vast forest. These were prompted by significant juniper tree losses with unusual shoot growth and "witches' broom" appearance. To investigate the presence of phytoplasma in the affected juniper trees, nested-PCR assays were employed. Universal phytoplasma-specific primer pairs were used for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. A total of 300 samples were collected, comprising 242 samples from the witches' brooms displaying symptoms and 58 samples from apparently healthy trees. PCR results showed 90.5% of symptomatic juniper trees tested positive for phytoplasma. All asymptomatic junipers, except three trees, tested negative for phytoplasma in PCR analysis. The nucleotide sequences of 107 PCR amplicons derived from the infected samples were analyzed, revealing a high degree of similarity, ranging from 99.1 to 99.3%, to the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence of Ligustrum witches' broom phytoplasma (LiWBP). It is worth noting that this phytoplasma has been previously documented to infect California privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) and maize (Zea mays L.) plants in Turkey. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA identified separate LiWBP strains from Ligustrum, maize, and juniper, forming a distinct clade. This underscores their unique evolutionary lineage and genetic divergence from other known phytoplasma groups. BLAST and in-silico RFLP analysis suggest the presence of a new subgroup or lineage specific to juniper within the LiWBP-related strains. This study unveiled an emerging witches' broom disease in juniper, attributing it to the Ligustrum witches' broom phytoplasma (LiWBP) and a newly discovered subgroup lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Cholestasis is caused by a malfunction of the biliary liver system. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the progression of cholestasis. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb (JE) fruits on hepatic impairment induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Experimental approach: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; sham control + vehicle (SC), BDL + vehicle (BDL), BDL + JE extract (BDL + JE), and SC + extract (SC + JE). One day after surgery, the animals were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extract of JE (500 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Finally, the blood was taken for biochemical and oxidative stress analysis. Furthermore, the liver tissue of rats was removed for histological examination. Findings/Results: Treatment with the extract of JE decreased the ALP level, whereas it enhanced total protein content compared to the BDL group. Also, JE increased the activity of SOD and GPx, as well as FRAP content compared to the BDL group; while it did not significantly affect the levels of MDA and inflammation markers. However, JE could not improve BDL-induced histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue. Conclusion and implication: This study demonstrated that JE may be useful as an adjuvant therapy by attenuating ALP activity, increasing serum total protein and FRAP content, as well as improving the antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD and GPx. However, further research is warranted to explore the other underlying mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juniperus L. is a very diverse genus of dioecious or monoecious conifers distributed throughout the Mediterranean region. In addition to the complex taxonomic characteristics of the genus, sexual dimorphism leads to sexspecific differences in the morphology of juniper species, which further complicates the delimitation of species. Two of these species, Juniperus oxycedrus L., which occurs in the western part of the Mediterranean, and J. deltoides R.P.Adams, which occurs in the eastern part, have only recently been delimited as separate species. To further support the delimitation of the species, we examined the phenotypic traits of the cones and needles of both species for both sexes. Three populations from the western and three from the eastern part of the Mediterranean region were sampled and a total of 2400 needles, 1200 cones and 1200 seeds were measured and analyzed. Both needles and cones of J. oxycedrus were slightly larger, longer and wider than those of J. deltoides and also less variable. Sexual dimorphism was observed in most of the needle traits measured, with the majority of traits in J. oxycedrus being larger in females than in males. Although sexual dimorphism was confirmed based on needle morphology, no consistent pattern of diversity was observed between the two species. In addition, variability among populations of J. oxycedrus was higher than that of J. deltoides. Our results confirm the previous species delimitation and open the possibility for further exploration of sex-specific differences in adaptability, as well as the potential implications for differential management and conservation of individuals of both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Juniper (Juniperus procera) is a common forest tree species in Saudi Arabia. The decline in many populations of J. procera in Saudi Arabia is mainly due to seed dormancy and loss of natural regeneration. This study assessed the effects of chemical and hormonal treatments on seed germination and seedling growth in juniper plants. Methods. The seeds were subjected to either chemical scarification with 90% sulfuric acid and 20% acetic acid for 6 min or hormonal treatment by seed soaking in two concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) of three growth regulators, namely, indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GA3), and kinetin, for 72 h. A control group without any seed treatment was also prepared. The experiments were performed in an incubator maintained at room temperature and under a light and dark period of 12 h for 6 w. The germinated seeds for each treatment were counted and removed from the dishes. The selected germinated seeds from different treatments were planted in a greenhouse and irrigated with tap water for another 6 weeks. The hormone-treated seedlings were sprayed with their corresponding hormone concentrations 1 w after planting. Results. The highest percentage of seed germination was significantly recorded after seed soaking in 50 ppm GA3, whereas treatment with IAA (100 ppm) resulted in the best seedling growth. Seedlings treated with the three phytohormones showed a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars, proteins, percentage of oil, IAA, GA3, and kinetin contents of juniper seedlings compared with the control value, whereas abscisic acid content was decreased compared with chemical treatments. Conclusion. The investigated different treatments had an effective role in breaking seed dormancy and improving seedling growth of J. procera, which is facing a notable decline in its population worldwide. Moreover, such an effect was more pronounced in the three phytohormones that succeeded in breaking dormancy and growth of the Juniperus plant than in the other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current case analysis aims to explore the spatio-temporal evolution of thuriferous juniper (Juniperus thurifera L.) forest formations on the El Houanet plateau within the Biological and Ecological Interest Site (BEIS) of Boutferda in Morocco, focusing on their vulnerability to extinction due to various complex reasons. Our research focused on the period from 1986 to 2022, conducting a meticulous assessment of the spatial changes observed over this chronology. To achieve these objectives, we adopted a diachronic approach, combined with a methodology supported by field examinations. We derived data, including climatic analysis and vegetation indices (NDVI and VCI), from LANDSAT 5 and 8 satellite imagery, enabling a detailed synthesis of the forest’s spatiotemporal changes. This analysis was further deepened by considering a range of parameters, including components of the physical environment, climatic variables, as well as anthropogenic influences, with the aim of refining our understanding of the dynamics governing these populations. Findings reveal significant impacts on various strata within this forest, reflecting both regressive and progressive changes that reshaped the landscape’s composition and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old plant communities are of utmost importance for nature conservation, carbon sequestration, as well as gene pool maintenance. Shrub populations occurring in extreme environments beyond abiotic tree-lines provide diverse ecosystem services and have potential as proxy archives because they often inhabit areas with scarce and short instrumental records. We provide dendrochronological insight into one such population made up of prostrate Juniperus communis shrubs in the northern Scandinavian tundra (Norway), growing on a competition-free boulder field. We dated and provided a growth chronology of the oldest living shrub population (190 ± 148 years) from Scandinavia with the oldest individual being 683 years old. This is a conservative estimate, as shrubs in extreme environments do not form even a single row of cells in some years. The cross-dating issues of poorly growing shrubs do not fully allow to rely on climate sensitivity of the juniper population studied, although the species' potential for dendroclimatological reconstructions is generally considered high, also because the common juniper is an abundant woody species distributed globally. Old populations present an important gene source in plant recruitment, particularly in the context of the present environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qilian Mountains, located in northwest China and serving as a crucial water recharge area, have exhibited significant regional differences in precipitation patterns in recent decades. However, the limited temporal coverage of instrumental data has hindered a deep understanding of hydroclimate variations and regional differences. Further investigation into their long-term spatial and temporal precipitation characteristics is urgently needed. In this study, a new tree-ring-width chronology spanning 1743 years was established in the central Qilian Mountains using Qilian juniper (Juniperus przewalskii Kom.) samples. Significant correlations were found between the tree-ring indices and precipitation during both the growing and pre-growing seasons. Based on these correlations, annual precipitation from August of the previous year to July of the current year was reconstructed. The reconstruction model successfully explains 34.5% of the variation in precipitation during the calibration period. The analysis of the reconstructed series reveals notable interannual to multi-decadal dry–wet variability during the period from 614 AD to 2016 AD. The mid- to late-15th century emerges as the longest-lasting dry period, while the last decade stands out as the wettest. Comparative analysis with other precipitation reconstructions in the eastern and western Qilian Mountains reveals that regional drought events tend to be more pronounced and enduring. Low-frequency fluctuations on decadal to century scales show distinct wet and dry periods in the 12th–18th centuries in both the eastern and western parts of the Qilian Mountains, with weaker fluctuations in subsequent centuries. However, the central part of the Qilian Mountains exhibits opposite trends, possibly due to the complex interactions of multiple circulation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The potential forestry use of Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus thurifera pruning woods is studied by analyzing the composition of the woods and testing the biological activities of the corresponding components with the ultimate target of finding new biopesticides. Methods: The air-dried wood from each plant was crushed and subjected to hydrodistillation, and the residue was extracted with a Soxhlet apparatus using different solvents. The corresponding extracts were fractionated, and their composition were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The ixodicidal and antifungal activities of the different samples obtained were evaluated. Results: The fraction oxygenated of the essential oil from both J. thurifera (cedrol >60%) and J. phoenicea shows a remarkable bioactivity as antitick with EC50 values of 3.4 μg/mg and 10 μg/mg, respectively. Cedrol and methyl hinokiate, present in the hexane extract J. thurifera, show a potent antifungal effect against Aspergillus niger with EC50 values of 45.99 and 52.23 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: Pruning woods from these species proved to be renewable and easily accessible sources of bioactive natural products such as cedrol, thujopsene, nootkatone, and totarol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is used in the industrial production of efficient anticancer, antiviral and other drugs. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum or Podophyllum peltatum are natural sources of PPT, but at present they are considered as endangered species. Their PPT content is variable, depending on the growing conditions. Searching for new sources of PPT, some representatives of the genus Juniperus were found to exhibit efficient PPT biosynthesis. However, PPT is highly toxic and poorly soluble in water compound, which limits its clinical applications. In this connection, amphiphilic polymer micelles are considered to be suitable PPT carriers, aimed at increase in water solubility and decrease in toxicity. The present research deals with the evaluation of MPEG–polycarbonate block copolymer micelles loaded with PPT or juniper extracts. The active component-loaded polymer nanocarriers were characterized by dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, as well as by transmission electron microscopy. The active component loading efficiency and loading capacity were also determined. Highly efficient antiproliferative activity of the loaded micelles was determined in a panel of cancer cell lines. The obtained amphiphilic nanocarriers, loaded with PPT-containing bioactive components, have application in future in vivo preclinical trials of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as potential therapeutical agents in the prospective nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resources are used as raw materials in various industries related to humans, such as edible, medicinal, taste, and flavor industries, depending on processes such as drying, processing, and collection period. In this study, we investigated the terpene compound composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils extracted from the needles of Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophylla, and Juniperus chinensis collected in the harvest period (February, April, July, and October) planted on the campus of Chungbuk National University. The essential oil was separated by hydrodistillation. According to the analysis results of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the terpene compounds changed depending on the season and tree species. The proportions of monoterpene and sesquiterpene classes in the needles of P. densiflora, P. koraiensis, A. holophylla, and J. chinensis changed depending on the harvest period. The antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays varied depending on the species and seasons, and needles harvested from P. koraiensis showed the highest activity in all harvest periods. High antioxidant activity has been confirmed even at low concentrations in pine trees, so it is expected to play a role as a natural antioxidant. Additionally, since the composition of terpene compounds varies depending on the harvesting time and species, it is expected to have various uses in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the phytochemical profile and in vitro antibacterial activity of two juniper species collected in Albania, Juniperus communis and Juniperus oxycedrus. The berries and the needle leaves were subjected to solid–liquid solvent ultrasound-assisted extraction. The phytochemical characterization of the extracts was performed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic means. The extract of J. communis berries (JcB) showed a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content (3.04 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW, and 1.14 ± 0.36 mg QE/g DW, respectively), also a higher antioxidant activity from DPPH and ABTS radical screening assays, compared to J. oxycedrus berries (JoxB) extract. The extract of J. oxycedrus needle leaves (JoxL) prevailed in total flavonoid content (10.55 ± 0.24 mg QE/g DW), and ABTS assays (1.83 ± 0.01 mM TE/g DW), compared to the extract of J. communis needle leaves (JcL). The chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of ellagic acid and kaempferol in all the samples. Ellagic acid was the main identified compound with the highest quantity in the extracts of JoxB, JoxL, and JcB with an average of 445.69 ± 0.96 µg/g, 2890.05 ± 0.29 µg/g, and 8133.83 ± 4.03 µg/g, respectively. The antibacterial potential of the ethanolic extracts was evaluated on Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. In the Agar Well Diffusion Assay, it was observed that all the tested bacterial strains were sensitive to the extracts, whereas selected extracts showed a similar inhibition activity rate compared with the antibiotic substance (Chloramphenicol), used as a positive control. The extracts showed a similar minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentration for the individual bacterial strains, suggesting that J. communis and J. oxycedrus extracts have a similar potential in antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is an important species in the Cupressaceae both at economic and cultural levels in the Pacific Northwest of North America. In adult trees, the species produces one of the most weatheringresistant heartwoods among conifers, making it one of the preferred species for outdoor applications. However, young T. plicata plants are susceptible to infection with cedar leaf blight (Didymascella thujina), an important foliar pathogen that can be devastating in nurseries and small-spaced plantations. Despite that, variability in the resistance against D. thujina in T. plicata has been documented, and such variability can be used to breed T. plicata for resistance against the pathogen. Objective: This investigation aimed to discern the phenotypic and gene expression differences between resistant and susceptible T. plicata seedlings to shed light on the potential constitutive resistance mechanisms against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar. Methods: The study consisted of two parts. First, the histological differences between four resistant and four susceptible families that were never infected with the pathogen were investigated. And second, the differences between one resistant and one susceptible family that were infected and not infected with the pathogen were analyzed at the chemical (C, N, mineral nutrients, lignin, fiber, starch, and terpenes) and gene expression (RNA-Seq) levels. Results: The histological part showed that T. plicata seedlings resistant to D. thujina had constitutively thicker cuticles and lower stomatal densities than susceptible plants. The chemical analyses revealed that, regardless of their infection status, resistant plants had higher foliar concentrations of sabinene and a-thujene, and higher levels of expression of transcripts that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and for bark storage proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen viability, dispersion ability and longevity during deep-freezer storage were studied in three Juniperus taxa distributed in Slovakia. All these characteristics of pollen are closely related to the pollination and/or fertilization success of the junipers in nature. Pollen viability varied considerably between the three populations of J. communis and one population of each, J. sibirica and J. communis var. intermedia. Pollen germination rate ranged between 40.75% and 75.06%, and pollen tube length between 30.32 and 40.41 µm. A clear tendency indicates a higher germination rate of J. communis pollen from lower altitudes and reduced germination of J. sibirica and J. communis var. intermedia pollen from higher altitudes. The dispersion potential of the J. communis pollen during its shedding seems relatively low. In 2021, pollen cloud density was diluted at 68.1% at the 4 m distance from the test shrub, in 2022 of 52.1% at the 17 m distance from the pollen source. A deep-freezer storage of juniper pollen in a double-walled polyethylene bag with silica gel was not efficient enough, as indicated by the drop of pollen germination rate of 31.2% in J. communis and of 79.4% in J. sibirica during a 1-year storage period at − 81 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to (1) establish the intrapopulation and seasonal variation of Juniperus excelsа essential oil (EO); (2) compare the J. excelsa concrete and resinoid composition with its EO composition; and (3) investigate the potential herbicidal activity of J. excelsa EO against seeds of Papaver rhoeas L., Consolida orientalis (J.Gay) Schrödinger, Anthemis arvensis L., Avena fatua L., and Agrostemma githago L. Four independent studies were performed to meet these objectives. Twenty-eight individual trees were analyzed from two populations to establish intrapopulation and interpopulation variability of EOs yield and composition. In the seasonal dynamic study of leaf EO, samples from the same three trees and in the same population were collected in January, March, May, July, October, and December and their EO yield and composition determined. The EOs (intrapopulation and seasonal) were extracted by hydrodistillation, while the EO for the herbicidal test was obtained by steam distillation in a semi-commercial (SCom) apparatus. Overall, the EO yield varied significantly from 0.93% to 2.57%. α-Pinene (8.85–35.94%), limonene (11.81–50.08%), and cedrol (3.41–34.29%) were the predominant EO compounds in all samples (intrapopulation variability); however, trans-2,4-decadienol and β-caryophyllene were predominant in some individual trees. Four chemical groups were identified in the samples collected from two natural populations (intrapopulation). This is the first report on the compositions of J. excelsa concrete and resinoid. Cedrol (15.39%), 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-coumarin (17.63%), 1-octacosanol (36.85%), tritriacontane (16.08%), and tiacontanoic acid were the main compounds in the concrete and resinoid. Juniperus excelsa EO suppressed seed germination and seedling growth of P. rhoeas, C. orientalis, A. arvensis, A. fatua, and A. githago, demonstrating its potential to be used for the development of new biopesticides. The highest EO yield with high content of limonene and cedrol was obtained from samples harvested during the winter months (December, January, and March). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Juniperus phoenicea L. leaves essential oil (EO) and hydrolate (Hy) were analyzed, for the first time, by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) respectively, with the aim to describe their chemical volatile profile. The antimicrobial tests carried out highlighted that the Hy did not show antimicrobial activity on all the sixteen tested strains, while the EO was able to exert a slight inhibitory activity against all S. aureus strains and both inhibitory and cytocidal activity against the E. faecium strains. Noteworthy was the ability to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines by both matrices and, in particular, by the Hy. Furthermore, the study of the antioxidant efficacy of the EO and the Hy carried out on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and on S. aureus strains, showed that these were able to neutralize the production of ROS in the presence of an oxidizing stimulus. This activity was longer using the EO than the Hy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cedrol‐like compounds are of pharmacological interest due to their diverse range of medicinal effects and are used globally in traditional medicines and cosmetics. Many cedrol tautomers are known from molecular studies but few have been studied in crystalline form by X‐ray diffraction. Acicular white crystals collected from the wood of eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) are determined to be (+)‐cedrol hemihydrate, namely, (1S,2R,5S,7R,8R)‐2,6,6,8‐tetramethyltricyclo[5.3.1.01,5]undecan‐8‐ol hemihydrate, C15H26O·0.5H2O, a novel packing of two unique cedrol molecules (Z′ = 2) with a single water molecule [space group P212121; a = 6.1956 (1), b = 14.5363 (1), and c = 30.9294 (4) Å]. The hydrogen bonding forms a one‐dimensional spiral chain running along the a axis, following the chirality of the cedrol molecule, through hydrogen‐bonding interactions with a right‐handed helical configuration in graph‐set notation Δ‐C33(6) > a > c > b. The crystal packing and symmetry are different from crystalline isocedrol due to the different hydrogen‐bonding geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of genetic variability of the prickly juniper Juniperus deltoides R.P. Adams (family Cupressaceae), an important component of Mediterranean arid and semiarid ecosystems, was studied. We genotyped samples from five populations of J. deltoids located at the northeastern limit of the range in Eurasia (Western Crimea, Transcaucasia) and one Balkan population (Bulgaria) using five nuclear microsatellite loci developed for Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berthel. Average values of intrapopulation genetic diversity were found (He varies from 0.428 to 0.602) with the lowest values in the Crimean populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the populations were assigned into three genetic groups: Western Crimea, Caucasus (Krasnodar krai), and Balkans (Bulgaria). Application of AMOVA to these groups showed statistically significant differentiation (9.9% of total variability, P < 0.001). The first two groups correspond to the previously identified Asian group of J. deltoides, and the third group corresponds to the Balkan group. The differentiation of the Crimean populations from geographically close Caucasian populations is shown for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth analysis of the orophilous vegetation dominated by Juniperus hemisphaerica in Sicily, based on literature data and unpublished relevés, is presented. A total of 156 phytosociological relevés were processed and analyzed using classification and ordination methods. Overall, 151 vascular plant species were recorded, of which 38% were endemic species, with a dominant hemicryptophytic biological form (49%). Classification of the relevés, supported by ordination, showed two main vegetation groups: one including the Juniperus communities of Mt. Madonie (Cerastio tomentosi–Juniperetum hemisphaericae and Pruno cupanianae–Juniperetum hemisphaericae), and the other including the vegetation of Mt. Etna (Bellardiochloo aetnensis–Juniperetum hemisphaericae and Roso siculae–Juniperetum hemisphaericae ass. nova). Furthermore, a new alliance, Berberido aetnensis–Juniperion hemisphericae, is proposed for Sicily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the biological resistance of Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea L.) wood against two fungal species. Two sources of wood materials were used, one from a naturally grown population and the other from a cultivated area on the island of Syros in Cyclades, Greece. The study tested sapwood and heartwood from both sources against cultures of Coniophora puteana and Rhodonia placenta basidiomycetes. The heartwood from both sources was categorised as class 1: very durable, whereas the sapwood from both sources was classified as class 5: not durable due to their high susceptibility to both C. puteana and R. placenta. The mass loss of the heartwood showed only a small variation due to the activity of fungi, while the variability for sapwood was higher. Comparing the biological resistance of cultivated and natural J. phoenicea wood, no significant differences in their heartwood or sapwood were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]