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Hallux extensus is a persistent dorsifl exion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Apart from many other causes, it can also be caused by contracture of the extensor hallucis longus muscle, in our case resulting from surgical treatment of crural fracture. The authors present the case of a 17-year-old soccer player who sustained a fracture of both shin and calf bone during a soccer match and underwent surgical treatment with intramedullary nailing. While compartment syndrome wasn’t observed, a postoperative complication in the form of progressive development of a dynamic type of hallux extensus was reported. The reason behind this complication was later found to be the interaction of the osteosynthesis material with the extensor hallucis longus muscle, which led to its scarring and shortening. A Z-lengthening of the musculus extensor hallucis longus tendon was indicated and performed with a good clinical outcome. During surgery, an anatomical variation in the course of the extensor hallucis longus was observed, which had to be taken into account to achieve a successful surgical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When intense lightwaves accelerate electrons through a solid, the emerging high-order harmonic (HH) radiation offers key insights into the material.sup.1-11. Sub-optical-cycle dynamics--such as dynamical Bloch oscillations.sup.2-5, quasiparticle collisions.sup.6,12, valley pseudospin switching.sup.13 and heating of Dirac gases.sup.10--leave fingerprints in the HH spectra of conventional solids. Topologically non-trivial matter.sup.14,15 with invariants that are robust against imperfections has been predicted to support unconventional HH generation.sup.16-20. Here we experimentally demonstrate HH generation in a three-dimensional topological insulator--bismuth telluride. The frequency of the terahertz driving field sharply discriminates between HH generation from the bulk and from the topological surface, where the unique combination of long scattering times owing to spin-momentum locking.sup.17 and the quasi-relativistic dispersion enables unusually efficient HH generation. Intriguingly, all observed orders can be continuously shifted to arbitrary non-integer multiples of the driving frequency by varying the carrier-envelope phase of the driving field--in line with quantum theory. The anomalous Berry curvature warranted by the non-trivial topology enforces meandering ballistic trajectories of the Dirac fermions, causing a hallmark polarization pattern of the HH emission. Our study provides a platform to explore topology and relativistic quantum physics in strong-field control, and could lead to non-dissipative topological electronics at infrared frequencies. High-harmonic generation from the Dirac-like surface state of a topological insulator is separated from bulk contributions and continuously tuned by the carrier-envelope phase of the driving lightwave., Author(s): C. P. Schmid [sup.1] , L. Weigl [sup.1] , P. Grössing [sup.2] , V. Junk [sup.2] , C. Gorini [sup.2] [sup.7] , S. Schlauderer [sup.1] , S. Ito [sup.3] [...]