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Natural fibers may represent an economical and sustainable alternative to produce sandwich panels. This study investigates the influence of the slenderness ratio on the buckling load of sandwich panels with jute, glass, and hybrid faces and a polyethylene terephthalate foam core. Failure and damage of the panel face with natural fibers are studied, also evaluating the suitability of failure criteria, especially considering the limited literature on that. Numerical analyses of the panels were performed using implicit and dynamic explicit solvers with Hashin's failure criteria. The hybrid faces showed a higher buckling load, being the most suitable option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the novel use of jute nanofibers as environmentally friendly modifiers to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of waste polypropylene/polystyrene/natural rubber (wPP/PS/NR) ter-blends. It aligns with the sustainable development goal (MDG 7) to ensure environmental sustainability. Nanofiber was produced from jute fiber via a ball milling process after freezing with liquid nitrogen. The produced nanofibers were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Ter-blend, produced via melt blending using two-roll mills, was modified with the nanofibers at different weight percentages (2–10 wt%) at 2 wt% intervals. The modified polymer blends were characterized by their mechanical, thermal, physical, and morphological properties. FTIR revealed the removal of hemicellulose, lignin, and other impurities from the jute fiber due to chemical treatment. DLS analysis revealed an average size distribution of 85.54 nm, for which an intensity and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.353 was achieved. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that the jute nanofibers were thermally stable up to 282 °C. The polymer blends modified with 2 wt% nanofibers had the highest average impact and tensile strength. The percentage water absorption (%WA) showed that sp10% absorbed the highest amount of water after 24 h. The weight loss of the modified blend at various temperatures increased with the addition of nanofibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed cracks, voids, and blend separation as the amount of jute nanofibers increased. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the Tg of the modified blend improved, while the loss factor improved greatly by 43%, but the storage and loss moduli remained unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attaining sustainability by developing efficient architectural materials will be a suitable remedy for various environmental problems. Incorporating clean biotechnology, particularly Bacterial Cellulose (BC), into the field of Architecture Design offers a novel strategy with the objective of creating environmentally-friendly architectural materials. The key goal of this research is to investigate the synthesis of BC by cultivating kombucha SCOBY in a culture medium that has been supplemented with sugar and tea extract. The linear density, tensile strength and strain of the BC bio-film and BC composites were assessed in order to determine the material's degree of fitness in potential applications. The tensile test showed that BC bio-film and its jute composite had tensile strengths of 5 MPa and 10 MPa respectively, indicating notable resilience and durability as a feasible substitute for conventional construction materials. The study delves deeper into the sustainability, biodegradability, and economic feasibility of BC, emphasising its potential as an independent foundational material. The incorporation of jute fibres into BC enhances its capabilities, resulting in the development of a novel composite material known as BC + jute. This composite exhibits superior mechanical and psychochemical characteristics, making it suitable for the creation of sophisticated architectural prototypes. The results of this research establish a strong foundation for the advancement of ecologically conscious architectural solutions, demonstrating the feasibility and capacity of BC in promoting sustainability within the construction sector.Keywords: Microbial Cellulose, Scopy, Architecture, Environmental-friendly, sustainability, interior design, jute fiber, biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for cotton and the low production rate required to meet global demands have encouraged viscose manufacturing from renewable sources. This work develops a sustainable method to extract viscose fibers (cellulosic‐based precursor) from jute, a renewable resource. Jute fiber is the second largest fiber crop in southern Asia, which contains 65%–70% cellulose and contributes to environmental benefits such as oxygen production, carbon dioxide emission, and heavy metal absorption during harvesting. The treated jute fiber was modified to regenerated cellulose (viscose), as confirmed by different characterizations. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test 1423, 1365, 1033, and 1021 cm−1 represented that modified jute fiber resembled viscose fiber, and TGA attributed the thermal stability of glass transition below 100°C and thermal degradation to jute viscose fiber. XRD analysis provides a crystal index of 91.79% of viscose from jute fiber, which is higher than the 76.06% crystal index of raw jute. Here, SEM and physiomechanical properties were also characterized by raw jute and viscose from jute fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerogels attract a lot of attention due to their high porosity, high specific surface area, low density, and low thermal conductivity. However, high cost, complex manufacturing process, and poor mechanical properties hinder their application in the industrial sector. Herein, we examined the effect of strengthening silica-based aerogels with short jute (Corchorus olitorius) fibers. Gels containing a commercial silica sol, water, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and jute fibers were prepared, then freeze-dried for 36 h to yield SiO2/PVA/PEG-Jute aerogels with different jute fiber contents. The aerogel prepared with a fiber content of 3 wt.% possessed excellent thermal insulation properties (thermal conductivity of 0.05355 W/m K), a linear elongation of 80%, and a compressive strength of 1.1 MPa (8 times higher than the aerogel prepared without jute fibers). The addition of low-cost jute fibers thus maintains the desirable thermal insulation properties of SiO2-based aerogels whilst significantly improving their mechanical properties (aerogel flexibility, compression performance and shrinkage resistance) for different end uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the feasibility of sustainable biocomposites for thermal insulation created from corn starch and reinforced with jute spinning mill waste, specifically evaluating the effect of caustic soda (NaOH) treatment on the quality of biocomposite materials. Here, the jute fibers used were not clean because these fibers were collected from jute fibers waste. So it was necessary to clean the fibers and 15% (w/w) caustic soda (NaOH) showed more cleaning efficiency than 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w) NaOH solution. After that, the composite material was made from caustic soda–treated and caustic soda–nontreated jute fibers. Then, the physical properties of composite materials were checked comparing with insulation foam for identifying the thermal insulation properties. Tensile strength, shore hardness, density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity were among the key performance indicators evaluated. The tensile strength, flexural strength, shore hardness, density, water absorption, thermal conductivity, SEM view, and surface smoothness were checked for 15% NaOH‐treated and NaOH‐untreated jute fibers and make compression with insulation foam to detect the thermal insulation of the biocomposite. Here, 15% caustic‐treated sample showed good results than the untreated sample. Overall, integrating caustic‐treated jute waste into corn starch‐based composites is a realistic and ecologically suitable alternative to typical thermal insulating materials, with higher mechanical properties, adequate thermal performance as well as being beneficial to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In recent years, natural fibers have been commonly used to reinforce various polymers, resulting in composites with excellent mechanical properties. To address the challenge of delamination and significant fiber pull‐out in inter‐laminar hybrid composites during stretching, this study focused on preparing intra‐laminar hybrid textile composites using basalt fibers (BFs) and jute fibers (JFs) as raw materials. Moreover, the mechanical properties of BF/JF intra‐layer blended fabric composites were investigated. The prepared composites underwent tensile, flexural, impact, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results indicated that intra‐laminar blended composites demonstrated superior mechanical properties compared to inter‐laminar blended fabric composites. The DMA results revealed that the intra‐laminar blended composites featured a high peak loss factor. Morphological analysis indicated enhanced stress transfer from fiber‐to‐fiber and fiber‐to‐matrix in the intra‐laminar blended composites. Fiber blending can expand the application areas of natural fibers. Fiber blending can reduce interlayer damage. Intra‐layer blending differs from interlayer hybrid composites. Strong bonding between fibers facilitates effective stress transfer. “Green” composites exhibit exceptional mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-efficiency biosorbent based on the low-priced jute fiber was developed, characterized, and applied to remove the emerging organic contaminant diclofenac from aqueous solutions. Jute fiber was treated by NaOH (named AJF) followed by grafting different amounts of trimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride (named AJF-TTSAC). The composition, morphology, porosity, and adsorption features of the neat and modified jute fiber were evaluated and compared. The surface of neat JF was smooth, nonporous, and free of cracks. NaOH treatment increased the fibrillation, created cracks and grooves, and increased the oxygen content, total pore volume, and surface area. In comparison to AJF, grafting TTSAC filled in the crevices, grooves, and spaces between fibrillates, and decreased the total pore volume and surface area. The adsorption of diclofenac by the neat and modified JF occurred at highly acidic pHo and peaked at pHo 3. Among the neat and modified JF, AJF-TTSAC5 was the most efficient followed by AJF. The efficiency of AJF and AJF-TTSAC5 was highest using 1.00 g/L, at 35 °C and was not affected by the presence of NaCl. The Elovich, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order models described the adsorption kinetic satisfactorily with the marginal advantage of Elovich for AJF and pseudo-second-order for AJF-TTSAC5. The isotherm study exposed the multilayer and physisorption nature of the adsorption of diclofenac onto AJF and AJF-TTSAC5. The Langmuir monolayer saturation capacity of AJF-TTSAC5 was 37.43 mg/g which revealed its great potential relative to other adsorbents in the literature. The AJF and AJF-TTSAC5 were easily regenerated using distilled water and kept good performance for 5 repetitive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable hybrid composites, made of two different natural plant fiber types, are increasingly being attracted by composite researchers, for their cost effectiveness and ability to control mechanical performances through varying weight ratios of different fibers. In contrast, their lower mechanical properties are reported in the literature, because of strength variations of different fiber types and an improper fiber‐matrix stress distribution. Therefore, it is aimed to develop sustainable hybrid composites from two dry fiber preforms—woven fabric and short fiber preform—originated from same fiber type (jute). A highly packed short fiber preform is used as the core layer, while woven fabrics (plain/twill–rib/twill–diamond) are used in the skin layers for producing sandwiched hybrid jute composites. Mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy images show that hybridized plain fabric/short fiber preform composites have better mechanical properties (≈58 MPa tensile strength/≈117 MPa flexural strength/≈112.12 kJm−2 impact strength with an ≈487.4% improvement) compared to other fabric structures hybrid/nonhybrid composites. This enhancement is related to the interlocking of short fibers with long plain fabric leading to a strong fiber‐matrix interfacial bonding. Thus, this developed hybrid composites, can be applied in many semi‐structural applications, wherein composites' low cost and mechanical performances are primary concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the fracture strength and ductility of concrete through the incorporation of various types of synthetic and natural fibers with varying textures and contents remains challenging. Natural fibers, being versatile and eco-friendly construction materials, can be an excellent alternative to synthetic fibers. However, studies on natural fiber-reinforced (especially through the incorporation of jute fibers) novel composites like geopolymer binders remain deficient. Thus, the effects of various lengths (15, 25 and 35 mm) and volume contents (0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, and 0.70%) of natural jute fibers on the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete were studied. The results revealed that jute fiber reinforcement remarkably affected the workability, compressive strength, fracture strengths, water absorption and microstructure properties of the proposed geopolymer concretes. Increasing the fiber length and volume fractions in the geopolymer matrix lowered the slump values and workability and increased the compressive strength. The specimen prepared with a fiber length of 35 mm and volume fractions of 0.70% displayed the lowest slump value (28 mm) and highest compressive strength (31.5 MPa) at 28 days. In addition, the specimens made with fiber volume fractions of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40% showed a significant improvement in the splitting tensile and flexural strengths. However, increasing the volume of the jute fibers up to 0.50% led to a slight drop in the fracture strength of the geopolymers. The specimens prepared with a length of 25 mm and a volume of 0.40% achieved the highest enhancement of splitting tensile strength (18.7%) and flexural strength (29.1%) at 28 days. In short, sustainable geopolymer concrete with high fracture performance can be obtained by incorporating natural jute fibers, leading to practical applications in the construction sector. The proposed green concrete may enable a reduction in solid waste, thus promoting a more sustainable concrete industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-healing bacteria, when integrated with natural fiber-reinforced concrete, form a distinctive and sustainable building material with the inherent ability to enhance strength and facilitate crack healing. This paper reports on effective curing method that can reduce the excessive consumption of curing water for self-healing bacteria integrated natural fiber-reinforced concrete. A comprehensive analysis is conducted to evaluate parameters such as compressive strength (CS), compressive strength regain (CSR), and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) under different curing systems, namely, pond curing (PC) and wet covering (WC). The investigation commences with the identification of bacteria from a suitable environment, followed by their direct addition to concrete, along with varying percentages of jute fibers (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7). The results obtained from the WC system reveal that, in comparison with Bacillus paramycoides, Bacillus tropicus exhibits increased values of CSR, UPV, and crack healing by 88%, 28%, and 92%, respectively. Numerical analysis is carried for evaluating crack pattern behavior of cubes under compression and compared with experimental data. Microstructural analysis explores the fact that the porous microstructure of the cement matrix is densified through the microbial-induced precipitation of various polymorphs of calcium carbonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose, a naturally abundant biopolymer, holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers. However, the limited understanding and awareness surrounding cellulose utilization, particularly from agricultural origins, have impeded the complete harnessing of this highly biodegradable resource. This study aimed to extract and characterize cellulose from jute and banana fibers. The extracted cellulose exhibits a light yellow to white color, and microscopic analysis of the fibers showed micro‐fibrils. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization indicated that the extracted cellulose from biomass primarily consists of cellulose II structures, except for the treated banana fiber (M:L = 1:8), which contains both cellulose I and II. Moreover, increasing the M:L ratio of alkali treatment enhanced the percentage of cellulose‐II, as observed from the XRD data. The findings of this study carry significant implications for the efficient production of cellulose fibers, with diverse applications spanning from high‐volume products like regenerated fibers, automotive parts, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and precast concrete, drug delivery mediums, electronics, additive manufacturing, bone and tissue scaffolding, and so on. This research opens the door to harnessing the potential of cellulose derived from jute and banana fibers in various industries. Highlights: Extraction cellulose using the kraft process.Isolated cellulose shows a micron‐sized structure.Optimal extraction achieved with M:L ratio of 1:4.Applications of isolated cellulose: regenerated fibers, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have compared natural jute fiber to synthetic fibers due to their distinct physical and mechanical properties, which have been recognized for decades. Jute fibers are a very versatile type of vegetable fibers widely used in structural composites and it has also shown potential in various applications such as nanoparticles, building interior, and automotive components. However, designing jute composite parts is a challenging task due to plant origin, growth conditions, age, stem location, extraction method, and non‐uniform fiber cross section. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on jute fiber and its composites of water and moisture absorption behavior on their performance. The most relevant findings regarding jute fiber water and moisture absorption characteristics have been summarized and analyzed in this review paper. In addition, this article presents an overview of the main characteristics of jute fibers, several parameters influencing the characteristics of jute fibers, jute fiber reinforcement composites, impact of relative humidity, swelling properties on jute fiber composite materials, and potential future research areas are also highlighted. Highlights: Higher growing interest of researchers for jute fiberFactors affecting the properties of jute fibersVarious way of making jute fiber reinforced compositesInfluence of moisture on its propertiesPresent and future areas of its upgradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cellulose, a naturally abundant biopolymer, holds great potential as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers. However, the limited understanding and awareness surrounding cellulose utilization, particularly from agricultural origins, have impeded the complete harnessing of this highly biodegradable resource. This study aimed to extract and characterize cellulose from jute and banana fibers. The extracted cellulose exhibits a light yellow to white color, and microscopic analysis of the fibers showed micro‐fibrils. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization indicated that the extracted cellulose from biomass primarily consists of cellulose II structures, except for the treated banana fiber (M:L = 1:8), which contains both cellulose I and II. Moreover, increasing the M:L ratio of alkali treatment enhanced the percentage of cellulose‐II, as observed from the XRD data. The findings of this study carry significant implications for the efficient production of cellulose fibers, with diverse applications spanning from high‐volume products like regenerated fibers, automotive parts, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and precast concrete, drug delivery mediums, electronics, additive manufacturing, bone and tissue scaffolding, and so on. This research opens the door to harnessing the potential of cellulose derived from jute and banana fibers in various industries. Highlights Extraction cellulose using the kraft process. Isolated cellulose shows a micron‐sized structure. Optimal extraction achieved with M:L ratio of 1:4. Applications of isolated cellulose: regenerated fibers, packaging, absorbent products (diapers), textiles, and so on.

This study aims to develop, enhance, and characterize the qualities of recycled jute fiber and kraft pulp as reinforcement for use in cement composite boards for building applications in developing countries. In many African countries, jute fiber (Corchorus capsularis) is readily available but faces challenges in achieving a strong bond with the cement matrix. To address this, mild treatment with different alkali concentrations was employed to modify the fiber properties before reinforcement. Alkali treatment significantly improved fiber characteristics such as tensile strength, Young's modulus, thermal stability, and surface morphology, as confirmed by the single fiber tensile test, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Using a laboratory-simulated Hatschek process, cement composite boards were produced with varying percentages (2–6 wt.%) of treated and untreated jute fiber. The mechanical properties and fractured surface morphology of the boards were examined through a three-point bending test and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the composites reinforced with treated fibers exhibited significantly improved flexural strength and ductility compared with the untreated ones. SEM examination revealed that the untreated fiber-reinforced composite experienced fiber pull-out due to poor bonding at the fiber–matrix interface. In contrast, the composites reinforced with treated fibers displayed optimal strength, meeting the minimum requirements for fiber cement flat sheets according to relevant standards. An optimum flexural strength of 9.57 MPa was achieved for composite boards containing 10 and 4 wt.% of kraft pulp and treated jute fibers, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates that recycled jute fibers could be successfully enhanced and reused as reinforcement in cement composite boards, leading to improved properties and mechanical performance in cement composite boards. Hence, it provides environmental benefits and contributes to the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the drilling of a hybrid jute/palm composite material offers significant contributions to sustainable material development. Incorporating renewable jute and palm fibers represents an innovative, eco-friendly approach compared to synthetic composites. This research aims to optimize drilling parameters to reduce defects and evaluate the performance of different drilling tools, crucial for industrial applications. Drilling is performed via three different types of drills bit: High-Speed Steel, HSS-Co5 coated high-speed steel with 5% cobalt, and carbide. The drilling process involves adjusting the feed and rotational speed. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to select drilling settings by validating experimentally obtained data and predicting the behavior of the structure based on cutting circumstances. The findings indicated that the most effective cutting parameters for minimizing delamination are achieved using the HSS drill bit, namely at lower feed and rotational speeds. Delamination remains below the threshold of 1.106 when the feed is 0.04 mm/rev and the rotational speed is 1592 rpm. The analysis of the results obtained using the response surface methodology indicates that the R2 coefficient for cylindricity is 0.96%. In contrast, the rate of delamination is 0.79% and the rate of circularity is 0.89%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural biodegradable wastes are recycled and developed with new-class composite materials to obtain desirable thermo-mechanical properties with zero toxic environments and maintain the environment's sustainability and eco-systems. The research aim is to synthesize the silica nanoparticles from biowaste cow dung ash through the sol-gel route and to prepare biodegradable epoxy composites with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.% of silica nanoparticles blended epoxy resin to lay the jute fibre mat, which has four layers with a thickness of 0.5 mm. The fabricated composite samples were subjected to mechanical, dynamic, thermal, and microstructural characteristic studies. The observation results found that the sample 5 composite contained 8 wt.% of silica performed high flexural and sample 4 showed the maximum impact strength 98 ± 1.05 MPa and 2.9 ± 0.071 J, respectively. The dynamic mechanical analysis of 6 wt% composite samples 4 offered a good dynamical storage modulus of 40.1 ± 0.34 GPa. The experimental result observation found that the composite sample 5 with increased weight percentages of silica nanoparticles showed enhanced thermal stability. The SEM results revealed that the silica nanoparticle was identical and distributed uniformly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In recent years, natural fibers have begun to replace synthetic fibers in automotive, building, and marine applications because of their sustainability, renewability, low cost, and availability of raw materials. However, because of their low strength, biocomposites are strengthened by hybridization with stronger synthetic fibers or adding fillers. This study reinforced high‐cellulose jute fiber composites with cellulose‐based almond (Prunus amygdalus) shell filler (ASF). Natural waste almond shells were ground to microparticle size. Hybrid composites were prepared by adding microparticulate ASF to the jute fiber composites at 0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% by weight. A comprehensive experimental study included tensile, flexural, Charpy impact (flat and edgewise), and shear tests. The addition of ASF significantly improved the mechanical properties of the jute fiber composites, and the best values were obtained with 3 wt.% ASF addition. Tensile, flexural, impact, and shear properties increased by 48.2%, 63.5%, 24.4%, and 52.2%, respectively. Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs used in morphological structural analysis prove that the high mechanical values are achieved by ASF strengthening the interlaminar adhesion. This study contributed to developing a hybrid natural composite material reinforced with natural fillers that is stronger, environmentally friendly, and sustainable. The organic structure of Almond Shell Filler (ASF) ensured the sustainability of natural composites. Cellulosic ASF significantly contributed to the structural stiffness and strength of jute fiber composites. ASF reduced voids, improved fiber‐matrix bonding, and prevented debonding and delamination. ASF optimized the mechanical performance of jute fiber composites at 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to investigate the potential impact of nanodiamond filler particles on the mechanical and morphological characteristics of epoxy composites that are fortified with ramie and jute fibers. Composed of composite laminates containing nanodiamonds at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt. %, the laminates were produced via vacuum‐assisted resin infusion (VARI to evaluate the alterations in mechanical properties, Vickers hardness, tensile, and flexural tests were conducted on the prepared composites). The findings showed that adding 0.3 wt. % nanodiamonds to epoxy composites significantly improved the hardness of the composites about 18.56% and 34.38%, the tensile strength of the composites about 19.1% and 28.01%, and the flexural strength of the composites about 17.7% and 21.12% for ramie/epoxy and jute/epoxy, respectively. The optimal concentration of nanodiamonds for both types of fibers in order to optimize these properties was calculated to be 0.3 wt. % of nanodiamonds. A micro‐x‐ray CT scan was performed to determine the percentage of porosity in composites. The utilization of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that an increase in the nanodiamond content led to enhanced fiber dispersion and reduced interfacial voids. In contrast, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis unveils the hydrophobic characteristics, cellulose content, and improved interfacial bonding between the fibers and the epoxy matrix, which is attributed to the robust covalent bonding enabled by the nanodiamonds. Highlights: Adding nanodiamonds (NDs) improved adhesion at fiber‐matrix interface.Mechanical properties peaked for composites with 0.3 wt. % of NDs.Beyond 0.3 wt. % of NDs, agglomerates in composites were observed through SEM.Void percent increased for composites with 0.5 wt. % of NDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid polyester composite comprising jack tree and jute fibers reinforced with eggshell filler is presented addressing the global need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials. The comprehensive analysis of physical and mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, impact resistance, hardness, water uptake was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The manual hand layup technique was employed to ensure reproducible composite production. The resulting materials exhibited favorable mechanical properties, with the tensile strength and elongation balanced between jute and jack tree fibers, augmented by the reinforcing effect of the eggshell filler. Jack tree fibers significantly enhanced impact strength, contributing to the overall toughness of the composite. Hardness testing revealed higher crystallinity attributed to jack tree fibers. Water absorption characteristics demonstrated a nuanced interaction between cellulose abundance and fiber mass. FTIR spectroscopy provided molecular insights, while SEM analysis visually depicted the intricate structure of the composite. The amalgamation of jack tree and jute fibers with an eggshell filler not only enhances mechanical prowess but also aligns with global environmental efforts. This research advances sustainable composite materials, offering nuanced insights into the interplay between natural fibers, fillers, and matrices, with implications for eco-friendly solutions in diverse industries. The findings contribute to a greener, more sustainable future in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent years, natural dyes have attracted significant attention globally because of growing public awareness of the environment and health hazards associated with synthetic dyes. Natural dyes can provide special aesthetic qualities as well as the ethical significance of a product which is environmentally friendly. By keeping this burning issue in mind, this study aims to explore the dyeing properties of various unexplored environmentally friendly natural dyes. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, the aqueous extract of coconut leaves is used for dyeing purpose. The silk and jute fabrics were dyed with the extract alone as well as in combination with metal salts as mordants by employing pre-, meta- and postmordanting techniques. The dyeing properties of the colored samples were evaluated by measuring their color strength; CIEL*a*b* values; and color fastness to washing, light and rubbing. Findings: A yellow shade was achieved when the fabric samples were dyed solely with the extract. However, shade variations were observed when different mordants and mordanting techniques were applied. In all the cases, metallic salts improved the color fastness properties of dyed samples to washing, light and rubbing especially for the silk fabric. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on a natural dye extracted from the leaves of coconut. Leaf as the source of dye has added an extra advantage, as it is reproducible and can be collected easily without harming the plants. The reported dye could be an attractive choice for sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Natural fibers are lightweight, cost‐effective, readily available, and eco‐friendly materials. However, natural fiber‐reinforced composites are constrained by biological inconsistency and inferior fiber‐matrix interfacial properties, which restrict effective processing using advanced additive manufacturing methods. In this study, we develop a novel concept for natural fiber composite interfaces by growing hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocrystals on jute fibers. The resulting hybrid composite is characterized using mechanical testing, nanoindentation, and modulus mapping. The interfacial region suggests a 31.4% increase in stiffness and possesses a storage modulus of up to 7.5 GPa. The tensile modulus and strength of the hybrid composite improves by 30% and 33%, respectively. Furthermore, we develop a novel process for the additive manufacturing of jute fiber thermoset composites through a direct writing (DW) process. The HAP modification increases thermal conductivity, consequently improving the curing process during DW and enhancing composite manufacturability. We demonstrate that the DW process enables the printing of intricate multilayer geometries with varying fiber content. Hydroxyapatite is used for natural fiber composite interfacial modification. Nanoindentation shows the interfacial region exhibits 31.4% higher stiffness. Modified composites possess superior mechanical performance. Jute fibers are thermally functionalized for composite additive manufacturing. A direct writing method is developed for continuous functionalized jute fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThere is a growing demand for natural fibers related to cost and environmental issues. This work focuses on the influence of the stacking sequence and hybridization on the shear strain of sandwich panels with glass/jute composite faces and polyethylene terephthalate foam core. Behavior comparison followed analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. Failure analyses of the panels were performed numerically using the finite element method, with progressive damage and Hashin failure criterion. Digital image correlation was used to examine total surface deformation. Results showed that the hybrids presented better overall mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, various fiber reinforcements are used in automotive, aerospace and defense industries. Many of these fibers are synthetic structures, which can cause problems such as environmental pollution and high manufacturing costs. Researchers have turned to the use of more environmental‐friendly and cost‐effective natural materials to minimize these problems. In this study energy absorption properties of the fiber laminate‐hybrid epoxy composites were investigated with dynamic loadings. Fiber type and hybridization effects were investigated under drop weight impact tests with 10, 20, 30 and 50 Joule impact energies. Besides, mechanical characteristics were examined via quasi‐static bending tests. In this context, double and triple fiber reinforced natural/synthetic and synthetic/synthetic hybrid composites were manufactured as sandwich type. Furthermore, it is also aimed an evaluation of using natural fibers in ballistic activities with this study. Fiber materials consist of woven type carbon, aramid and jute fibers. Hybrid composites were manufactured with the aim of providing mechanical optimization between the fibers and enabling the fiber layers to absorb more impact energy. In addition, performance evaluation was made by comparing natural/synthetic reinforced hybrid composites with full synthetic hybrid composites. The results show that significant improvements were achieved in bending and impact resistance of the composites by using jute fibers to the inner layers. Highlights: Drop weight impact tests were carried out to determine the energy absorption behavior of the hybrid composites.Fiber type is effective in the mechanical behavior of the composite materials.Natural hybrid composites show well enough mechanical properties as well as low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Losses in irrigation canals occur during the process of water transportation. In irrigation conveyance water losses, seepage loss is the main contributor to total water loss. The most problematic factors are cracks and settlement of the lined canal in canal lining structures. Water loss occurs in earth channels, mainly due to erosion and the permeability of the material. The concrete, as it does not present cracks, will have a less impermeable layer. Usually, seepage loss comprises 20–30% of the total water loss, and it can be reduced to 15–20% with canal linings. By enhancing the flexure and split tensile strength of concrete, the rate of cracking in the canal lining can be controlled. Concrete's split tensile strength is one of the most important factors in crack control. The behavior (compressive, flexural, and split tensile properties, water absorption, linear shrinkage mass loss, etc.) of hybrid polypropylene and jute fiber-reinforced concrete (HPJF-RC) for the application of canal linings was studied. In this experimental work, a total of nine mixes were made with different lengths and contents of hybrid polypropylene and jute fiber-reinforced concrete (HPJF-RC) and a control mix. The SEM analysis was performed to explore the hybrid fiber cracking mechanism and the bonding of fibers with the concrete. The crack arresting mechanism of the HPJF-RC will help to reduce water losses in concrete canal linings. With this modern material, the water losses in canal linings can be minimized. The results of this experimental work would be helpful as a reference for both industry experts and academic researchers interested in the advancement of HPJF-RC composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study involves a comprehensive study on the mechanical and free vibration properties of jute and carbon fibers reinforced polyester composite laminates, concentrating on the effect of addition of secondary reinforcement material (fish scale powder [FSP]). The composite laminates were prepared by using compression molding technique by varying the content of FSP (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%). The outcomes highlight the complex interaction between composite design and their characteristics. Particularly, the addition of FSP to the polyester matrix caused decrease in tensile properties due to nonuniformity in filler dispersion. Conversely, the results obtained from flexural, impact, and free vibration tests exhibited a positive correlation with the addition of FSP content. This can be attributed to the enhanced stiffness of the composites, owing to the constrained chain mobility and intricate intermolecular interactions. The hardness test results highlighted the importance of adding FSP in increasing hardness values. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis was also performed to explore the fractured morphology of the hybrid composite samples. Based on the outcomes, it is recommended to use the FSP as secondary reinforcements for fabricating composites for lightweight structural components. Highlights: Various properties of jute/carbon hybrid composites were investigated.Addition of fish scale powder to hybrid composites enhanced their properties.Vibration properties of hybrid composites are improved due to their higher stiffness.Hybrid composites offer a compromise between cost, environmental impact, and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural reinforcement (for example: flax and jute) have already shown that it can be applied in composite parts to decrease the weight (up to 30 %) and the cost of vehicle production (by approximately 20 %), ultimately reducing the environmental burden. Their early utilization in the automotive sector dates to the 1990s in Europe. Natural fibers constitute an adequate substitute for E-glass due to their lower specific gravity, which means that natural fibers can provide more specific strength over stiffness when combined with a plastic matrix. These advantages help replace non-biodegradable (synthesis) composites and are beneficial for consumers. Taking advantage of the "environmentally friendly composites", car manufacturers utilize them in the manufacture of components such as headliners, dashboards, door panels, and trunk-liners. The present paper summarizes research findings on natural fiber properties and their utilization in natural-fiber composites (NFC, or NFRC – natural-fiber reinforced composite) with a focus on the field of automotive production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) is the second most important natural plant fiber source after cotton. However, developing an efficient gene editing system for jute remains a challenge. In this study, the transgenic hairy root system mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599 was developed for Meifeng 4, an elite jute variety widely cultivated in China. The transgenic hairy root system for jute was verified by subcellular localization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. The CHLOROPLASTOS ALTERADOS 1 (CcCLA1) gene, which is involved in the development of chloroplasts, was targeted for editing at two sites in Meifeng 4. Based on this hairy root transformation, the gRNA scaffold was placed under the control of cotton ubiquitin GhU6.7 and -GhU6.9 promoters, respectively, to assess the efficiency of gene editing. Results indicated the 50.0% (GhU6.7) and 38.5% (GhU6.9) editing events in the target 2 alleles (gRNA2), but no mutation was detected in the target 1 allele (gRNA1) in transgenic-positive hairy roots. CcCLA1 gene editing at gRNA2 under the control of GhU6.7 in Meifeng 4 was also carried out by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Two CcCLA1 mutants were albinic, with a gene editing efficiency of 5.3%. These findings confirm that the CRISPR/Cas9 system, incorporating promoter GhU6.7, can be used as a gene editing tool for jute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of woven jute fiber-reinforced PLA polymer laminates additively manufactured through Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) technology are simulated using the finite element method in this work. Woven jute fiber reinforcements are used to strengthen bio-thermoplastic PLA polymers in creating highly biodegradable composite structures that can serve as one of the environmentally friendly alternatives for synthetic composites. A LOM 3D printer prototype was designed and built by the authors. All woven jute/PLA biocomposite laminated specimens made using the built prototype in this study had their tensile and flexural properties measured using ASTM test standards. These laminated structures were modeled using the ANSYS Mechanical Composite PrepPost (ACP) module, and then both testing processes were simulated using the experimentally measured input values. The FEA simulation results indicated a close match with experimental results, with a maximum difference of 9.18%. This study served as an exemplary case study using the FEA method to predict the mechanical behaviors of biocomposite laminate materials made through a novel manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the brittleness characteristics of magnesium phosphate cement-based materials (MPC) and to promote its promotion and application in the field of structural reinforcement and repair, this study aimed to increase the toughness of MPC by adding jute fiber, explore the effects of different amounts of jute fiber on the working and mechanical properties of MPC, and prepare jute fiber reinforced magnesium phosphate cement-based materials (JFRMPC) to reinforce damaged beams. The improvement effect of beam performance before and after reinforcement was compared, and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of jute fiber on MPC were explored through microscopic analysis. The experimental results show that, as the content of jute fiber (JF) increases, the fluidity and setting time of MPC decrease continuously; When the content of jute fiber is 0.8%, the compressive strength, flexural strength, and bonding strength of MPC at 28 days reach their maximum values, which are increased by 18.0%, 20.5%, and 22.6% compared to those of M0, respectively. The beam strengthened with JFRMPC can withstand greater deformation, with a deflection of 2.3 times that of the unreinforced beam at failure. The strain of the steel bar is greatly reduced, and the initial crack and failure loads of the reinforced beam are increased by 192.1% and 16.1%, respectively, compared to those of the unreinforced beam. The JF added to the MPC matrix dissipates energy through tensile fracture and debonding pull-out, slowing down stress concentration and inhibiting the free development of cracks in the matrix, enabling JFRMPC to exhibit higher strength and better toughness. The JF does not cause the hydration of MPC to generate new compounds but reduces the amount of hydration products generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns promote demand for biodegradable packaging on a global scale. Jute fiber packaging could be a viable and sustainable alternative to pure synthetic materials. In this study, sustainable antimicrobial jute-polyethylene nonwoven fabric is developed by the heat press of jute web and polyethylene pellets. The performance of the developed samples was evaluated by analyzing their morphological, mechanical, thermal, moisture management, and antibacterial properties. SEM confirmed the homogeneous interfacial adhesion between jute-polyethylene. FTIR spectra proved the existence of jute, polyethylene, and peppermint oil in the developed samples. Mechanical property was investigated using a universal strength tester while tensile strength and elongation (%) were sufficient. The low thermal conductivities were observed in the samples. The moisture management tester confirmed the unavailability of the moisture in the inner surface from the outer surface. Furthermore, the samples exhibited significant antibacterial properties because of the application of peppermint essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jute is an inherent lignocellulosic fiber, consisting of hemicellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin. Industrial ventilation, automotive composites, upholstery, carpets, military uniforms, hospital furnishings, and curtains necessitate the integration of flame-retardance properties into jute fibers. In this investigation, seven weave-structured jute fabrics were treated using an organophosphorus-based flame-retardant (FR) chemical (ITOFLAM CPN) and a crosslinking agent (KNITTEX CHN) by the pad–dry–cure method. The thermal stability, degradation and pyrolysis behavior of jute was measured using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Surface morphology and element distribution were scrutinized utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) technique has been employed for analyzing the composition of chemicals in the jute fabrics. According to the protocols specified in ISO 14184-1, free formaldehyde detection was carried out on the jute fabrics. The flame-retardance property was significantly improved on all of the jute fabrics after FR treatment. FTIR and SEM-EDS studies revealed the presence of FR chemical deposition on the surface of the jute fabrics. TGA analysis indicated that the fabrics treated with FR exhibited premature degradation, leading to the generation of more char compared to untreated samples. The jute fabrics specifically demonstrated a notable enhancement in residual mass, exceeding 50% after FR treatment. However, it is noteworthy that the FR-treated fabrics exhibited an elevated level of free formaldehyde content, surpassing the permissible limit of formaldehyde in textiles intended for direct skin contact. The residual mass loss percentage after ten washes of FR-treated fabrics remained in a range from 32% to 36%. Twill weave designed fabrics (FRD4 and FRD5) clearly showed a lower thermal degradation temperature than the other weaves used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and physico-mechanical properties of Canabinus sativa L. fibre from a specific agro-climatic region of India were thoroughly studied. The fine structure of the fibre was examined by FTIR, TGA, XRD, component analysis, and SEM. SEM shows heterogeneous morphology with prominent longitudinal ridges having cracks and surface impurities. XRD shows a moderate degree of crystallinity (49%) but sharp peaks indicating the presence of an appreciable amount of cellulose matter. FTIR reveals the presence of large quantities of hydroxyl and aldehyde along with phenolic groups. The fine structure of European hemp fibre was compared with the Indian hemp fibres. Component and thermal analyses indicate the presence of hemicellulose and cellulose as major constituents along with lignin. The breaker carded fibre shows that hemp is longer, finer, lighter, stronger, more extensible, more flexible, and has lower crystalline fibre than jute. Its colour value is also better than that of jute. Hemp yarn is better than jute yarn, especially in bulk, flexibility, elongation, and modulus. Blended yarn is better in strength and work of rupture but inferior in hairiness. Studies show that hemp fabric has better properties than jute fabric, especially in terms of flexibility, bulk, and strength. A jute processing system may be a very good option for hemp fibre and can be used to make jute blended yarn and 100% hemp yarn for apparel and furnishing grade fabric with better functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretch-denim is a unique, trendy, and sturdy fabric produced with coarser cotton yarns requiring high consumption of cotton fiber. With the increasing expenses of cotton and the adverse ecological effects linked to its cultivation, it became necessary to investigate an alternative fiber. In this context, a novel elastic jute yarn was created by incorporating elastane in the core, marking the first instance of such innovation, aimed at producing articles with a pleasant stretch for enhanced comfort. To accurately predict the elastane draw ratio, an I-optimal design, which is a part of the response surface methodology, was employed using design expert software. The study involved nine experimental runs to produce 276 tex elastic jute core-spun yarns at different elastane draw ratios ranging from 1.4 to 4.6. Surface response models were developed and found statistically significant for mass variation, imperfection, hairiness, tenacity, and elongation of yarn, with p-values below 0.05. Using the optimized formulation obtained from the response models, the optimum elastane draw ratio was determined to be 3.42, which was then used to produce optimized core-spun yarn. The quality parameters of produced yarn closely matched the predicted values, suggesting the effectiveness of the response model in navigating and predicting the characteristics of jute core-spun yarn. The newly developed elastic jute yarn is expected to widen the applications of jute yarns where elasticity is necessary, especially in producing stretch denim products by replacing the cotton counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use and application of natural fiber in the Construction and Building sector is gaining momentum due to its various advantages over synthetic fibers, mainly in terms of sustainability, recyclability, and biodegradability. In this paper, two aspects of the jute fiber composite mortar have been discussed. Firstly, the effect of water on the mechanical performance of the jute fiber composite mortar samples has been presented here. Secondly, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method has been used to analyze and determine the crack openings (mm), in the deformed specimens that occurred during the flexural tests. Notably, for 0.5% (fiber lengths: 30 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm) and 1.0% (fiber length: 30mm) fiber (with respect to the dry mortar mass) composite mortar samples prepared with the same water amount, exactly the same used for the mortar (without fiber). The reduction in flexural (-1.47 to -2.79 MPa) and compression strengths (-5.4 to -14.01 MPa) have been observed when compared with similar combinations (fiber % and fiber lengths) prepared with different amounts of water for every mixture. Whereas, when these composite mortars are compared with samples prepared with the same average water, increment in flexural strengths (0.24 to 1.45 MPa), while changes in compressive strengths ranging from -1.67 and 6.22 MPa have been noticed. The percentage of water used for the grout preparation is an important factor in influencing the mechanical performance of the composite sample. Therefore, whenever fiber is used during the composite mortar fabrication some amount of extra water is necessary for the mixture preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is predicted that the ground water sources which are currently termed as sustainable will also begin to deteriorate, and this may lead to the degradation of the cropland and may severely affect food production, smooth colonial expansion and also damage the balance of ecosystem. Since 2011, much of the interest has been laid upon the concepts of Ecohydrology, which dwells upon the interconnectivity of ecosystem and hydrology. This study emphasises on the recycling of waste water and desalination of sea water. Among various desalination techniques, humidification–dehumidification (HDH) technique, using solar energy as the heat source for evaporation of salt water, has gathered attention in recent years. A conventional solar reflector HDH desalination plant requires a humidifier, where saline water is fed and made to evaporate in running air, when drizzled through nozzles and passed through the jute surface, which will be further reduced due to a fan which will be installed at the end of a humidifier region. Therefore, there will be enhancement in vapour formation and then sent to a dehumidifier where pure water is separated from moist air through condensation. The proposed unit in which latent heat can be recovered, which may yield 20 L/day on floor area of 2 m2 and adopting jute as filling in humidifier. The latent heat that is extracted from the moist air may be further utilised in the preheating of the saline water. Here, a prediction model was developed over data collected for 25 days and net gain obtained from the experimentation will be used to calculate gained output ratio. A preliminary parametric study to explore the technical feasibility of the HDH reveals that a fixed bed column filled with EDTA provides a longer working duration to assure the overall system's performance and to remove surplus salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fabric-cement composites, the limited impregnation of cementitious matrix products due to thick and twisted yarns leads to premature failure due to poor bonding strength. In addition, cellulosic textile reinforcements have many challenges about durability, appearance of voids at mortar-fiber interface, and rise of microcracks. Textile performances were evaluated in different conditions: coated with micro-silica powder, pretreated, and without any treatment. This study also assessed how textile weave structure and yarn geometry configuration affect the interactions of two different jute textiles (Close Weave Jute Fabric – CJF and Open Weave Jute Fabric - OJT) when used as reinforcement in mortar matrix. Textile characterization and composite analysis (by four-point bending tests, SEM/EDS, and physical tests) were conducted to assess the different textile reinforcements, the mechanical behavior of produced composites, and visual and chemical compounds analysis of the interfacial transition zone between textile and mortar matrix after silica coating. Micro silica powder coating was deemed necessary to address limited impregnation and to avoid telescope pull-off. Weave structure determined the difference between jute fabrics to reinforce mortar matrix, being only OJF (larger interstices in the weave structure) with micro silica coating allowed a better matrix interaction and stood out from the other textiles and achieved the best specific energy of all samples, (4.28 ± 0.91) kJ.m-2. Calcium and silicon inside the yarn interstices and textile-matrix interface indicate the formation of strong bonds by calcium-silicate-hydrate products. The silica coating treatment enhanced formation of strong bonds, which demonstrated future promise for natural fiber application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to demonstrate the application of newly developed combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) approach for grading and selection of Tossa jute fibres, which possesses some unique features uncommon to other variants of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. Design/methodology/approach: The CODAS method was used in this study to rank/grade ten candidate lots of Tossa fibres on the basis of six apposite jute fibre properties, namely, fibre defect, root content, fineness, strength, colour and density. These six fibre properties were considered as the six decision criteria, here, and they were assigned weights as determined previously by an earlier researcher using analytic hierarchy process. The grading of jute fibres was done based on a comprehensive single index known as the assessment scores (Hi), in descending order of magnitude. Findings: Among the 10 Tossa jute lots, T2 was ranked 1 (top grade) because of the highest assessment score of 6.887, followed by T1 with Rank 2 (assessment score 1.830). Because of the least assessment score of −2.795, the candidate lot T4 was considered as the worst, and hence ranked 10. The overall ranking pattern given by the CODAS method was similar to the TOPSIS approach done by Ghosh and Das (2013). This study was supported by various sensitivity analyses to judge the efficacy of the present approach. No occurrence of rank reversal during the sensitivity analyses obviously corroborates the robustness and stability of the CODAS method. Practical implications: Jute pricing is fixed solely by the quality for which grading of fibre is prerequisite. The traditional "Hand and Eye" method or Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) system for jute grading is basically subjective assessment and need domain expertise. MCDM is reported as the most viable solution which gives due importance to the fibre parameters while grading the fibres based on a single index. The present study demonstrates the maiden application of CODAS to address the fibre grading problems for jute industries. This approach can also be extended to solve other decision problems of textile industry, in general. Originality/value: CODAS is a recently developed exponent of MCDM. Uniqueness of the present study lies in the fact that this is the first ever application of CODAS in the domain of textile industry, in general, and jute industry, in particular. CODAS approach is very simple involving a few simple mathematical equations yet a potent tool of decision-making. This method possesses some features uncommon in other variants of MCDM. Moreover, the efficacy of CODAS method is investigated through various sensitivity analyses, which has been ignored in the earlier approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete, a globally used construction material, lacks tensile strength without reinforcement. Researchers explore novel materials to enhance reliability and sustainability. Notably, concrete contains significant carbon due to cement use. Recent research indicates jute fiber's (JF) potential to enhance concrete's mechanical strength and reduce carbon emissions. This study analyzes JF's application in mechanical properties and environmental impact, addressing a literature gap. Experiments added JF at varying percentages (0%, 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%) and conducted tests in fresh and hardened states (slump, CS, STS, FS, WA). Embodied carbon (EC) ratios were computed. Results show JF reduces environmental impact, with optimal proportions (e.g., 0.10% JF) enhancing CS, STS, and FS. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) created a model for JF effects. The study identifies potential benefits for advancing concrete through JF utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on investigating the mechanical properties of a composite comprising jute fibers reinforced with a combination of cellulose and non-cellulose fillers. These fibers are infused with aloe vera gel and reinforced in an epoxy matrix. The process involves applying aloe vera gel to the jute fibers, followed by a 48-h cooling period. These treated jute fibers are then used to reinforce the epoxy matrix. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the tensile and flexural strengths of the composite. The epoxy matrix is reinforced with jute fiber composites that have been coated in aloe vera gel and include both cellulose- and non-cellulose-based particles. The cellulose-based fillers selected for this study are groundnut shell powder and teakwood powder, while graphene is chosen as the non-cellulose-based filler. The incorporation of graphene, teakwood powder, and crushed groundnut shell powder into the aloe vera gel-coated jute fibers improved tensile strength by 11.11%, 8.46%, and 53.43%, respectively, compared to a jute composite without particle reinforcement. Additionally, the study explores the behavior of a composite material containing two pre-existing cracks positioned differently, utilizing finite element methods. In all materials examined, transverse fractures consistently resulted in higher von Mises stresses and shear stresses compared to longitudinal cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the development and mechanical characterization of a lightweight sustainable fiber metal laminate (FML) using jute, kenaf, and aluminium. The objective is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing natural fiber composites in combination with aluminium to create a sustainable and lightweight material for various engineering applications. The mechanical behavior of metal laminates reinforced with jute and kenaf, with fiber concentrations ranging from 10% to 50%, is evaluated in this work. FMLs were fabricated using composite in the place of core and skin made up of metal. The mechanical behaviour of the developed FMLs was evaluated when they were subjected to tensile, flexural, and impact loading. The results showed that when the fiber percentage was set at 30 wt%, both jute and kenaf-based FMLs exhibited the best mechanical properties. Furthermore, kenaf-based FMLs (KFML) outperformed jute-based FMLs (JFML) in terms of mechanical properties. KFMLs had tensile and flexural strengths that were 4.76 and 10.2 percent higher than those of JFMLs with 30 weight percent fiber content. Kenaf-based FMLs exhibited an impact strength that was 8.19% more than that of jute-based FMLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]