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This meta-analysis quantitatively synthesizes existing literature to investigate the relationship between aggregations of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and recidivism among court-involved youth and adults. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed, and moderation analyses were conducted. Sixteen studies (published n = 12), encompassing 101,778 unique participants (girls/women = 21.1%; adults n = 1,204), met the inclusion criteria. A small overall effect size revealed that an accumulation of ACEs increased the odds of reoffending. The relationship between ACEs and recidivism was only statistically significant for the subgroup of studies using youth samples. In addition, ACEs only predicted recidivism in the subgroup of published studies (compared to dissertations). Other moderators (gender, study location, recidivism time frame) were not significant. Our results suggest that courts, particularly youth courts, would benefit from screening for cumulative ACEs to help identify those most at risk for reoffending and in need of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of 21 youthful parricide offenders (YPOs) ages 11–21 examined the relationship between psychopathology, level of psychopathy, and crime scene behaviors, particularly two forms of “body management”: (1) “body movement” and (2) “body alteration.” Undoing, a form of body alteration reflecting psychological rather than practical needs, for example, to lessen guilt or symbolically reverse the killing, was present in one‐third of the sample. The sample shared common characteristics with juvenile parricide offenders overall in that most of them killed one parent, were victims of chronic child abuse, had one or more psychiatric diagnoses (PTSD was most prevalent), used a firearm, and committed the killings at the family home. Unexpectedly, YPOs who were child abuse victims were not more likely to engage in undoing behaviors than non‐abused youth, and over half of the youth with undoing behaviors had elevated psychopathy levels. Three‐quarters of youth who moved victim bodies following the murders had elevated psychopathy levels. Similarly, all three youth who transported bodies away from the crime scene had elevated psychopathy levels and conduct disorder. None of the youth with psychotic symptoms engaged in undoing behaviors, altered victim bodies, moved bodies either within or away from the home, or had an elevated degree of psychopathy; they also most often killed using bladed weapons, whereas the nonpsychotic youth usually used firearms. Studies examining the influence of mental illness and psychopathy level on parricidal behaviors by youth are scarce, and to our knowledge this is the largest study to date investigating this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions People involved in the criminal justice system are at increased risk of recurring intimate partner violent (IPV) victimisation. Experience of trauma is linked to a variety of negative outcomes, including repeated experiences, so it is important to identify factors that may distinguish non‐victims, single‐event victims and recurring victims at an early stage as this could hold potential for intervention efforts. Research studies have identified individual‐level risk factors for IPV victimisation but have not investigated psychopathy traits or sex differences.To examine sex differences in psychopathy scores and later IPV victimisation.Using the Pathways to Desistance study, a longitudinal study of 1354 adjudicated adolescent offenders, relationships between psychopathy checklist‐youth version (PCL‐YV) scores measured during the baseline wave, independent/control variables in wave 6 and self‐reported IPV victimisation in wave 7 were explored using multinomial regression models.Among justice‐involved young adults (average age 19), PCL‐YV scores differentiated between non‐victims, single‐event victims and recurring victims. Higher total scores and higher ratings on the antisocial behaviours facet of psychopathy significantly increased the relative risk of recurring victimisation by an intimate partner overall, and specifically of emotional or physical intimate partner violence. For the young women but not the young men, a higher scoring on the interpersonal manipulation facet of psychopathy specifically increased the relative risk of being a recurring victim of any intimate partner violence.Sex‐specific differences in relationships between high PVL‐YV scores and recurring IPV victimisation can be used to screen for risk of repeated trauma for justice‐involved young adults, which may change a trajectory of continued involvement in the criminal justice system to a trajectory of resilience and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the efficacy of a freely available arts-based intervention used to tackle Child Criminal Exploitation. A digital, interactive story (Cold Chips & Money) was used in school and youth settings in Hampshire, England with 1,451 young people aged 11–13 in 2021 as part of a project of the same name. Its use has continued since. I was and continue to be the Project Lead and oversaw the development of the story, the supporting resources and the evaluation framework. I worked with a project facilitator and evaluator throughout. Cold Chips & Money was designed to help students understand, recognise and manage external influence and pressure. The story and supporting resources which included a lesson plan and access to the project evaluation lead, enable professionals to have conversations with young people about how they can keep themselves safe, as well as how they can support one another to resist unwanted attention that might lead to exploitation. The resources relate directly to the PSHE Association Key Stage 3 Core Theme Relationships: Social Influence section R42–47. The development and use of the resources was planned to complement multi-agency work on Child Criminal Exploitation and County Lines and had input from multiple professionals. Project evaluation evidenced a significant increase in awareness of county lines, and the issues surrounding it. Teachers stated that the interactive storytelling format was effective at and provided the opportunity to facilitate in-depth dialogue around the cause and effect of the decisions we make. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns an age-structured juvenile-adult model incorporating harvesting pulse and moving boundaries in a heterogeneous environment, in which harvesting reflects human periodic pulse intervention on adults and the moving boundaries describe the natural expanding front of species. The principal eigenvalue is firstly defined and its properties involving the intensity of harvesting and length of habitat sizes are analyzed. Then the criteria to determine whether the species spread or vanish is discussed, and some relevant sufficient conditions characterized by pulse are established. Our results reveal that the co-extinction or coexistence of species is influenced by internal expanding capacity from species itself and external harvesting pulse from human intervention, in which the intensity and timing of harvesting play key roles. Our numerical simulations validate that the larger the harvesting rate and the shorter the harvesting period, the worse the survival of the species due to the cooperation among juveniles and adults, and such harvesting pulse can even alter the situation of species from persistence to extinction. In addition, expanding capacities also affect or alter the outcomes of spreading and vanishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to determine whether the relationship between cognitive insensitivity and cognitive impulsivity, two core dimensions of antisocial thought process, grew significantly over a period of two years and whether this growth was more evident in actively delinquent youth. A group of 845 adolescent male and female middle-school students completed measures of cognitive insensitivity and impulsivity at three points in time, with one year between each point or wave. Analyses were conducted using the Fisher r-to-Z transformed Pearson-Filon statistic for comparing nonoverlapping dependent correlations. Analyses showed that the correlation between cognitive insensitivity and cognitive impulsivity increased significantly from Wave 1 to Wave 3. When analyses were performed separately for youth displaying above average and below average delinquency across the three waves, significant increases occurred only in the subgroup with above average delinquency scores and then only between Waves 2 and 3 and then between Waves 1 and 3. These findings suggest that the cognitive insensitivity and impulsivity dimensions of antisocial thought process become increasingly more intertwined as youth move through early adolescence, but only in youth who display regular involvement in delinquency over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the expansion of the borstal system for young male offenders in late colonial India. Based on legislative debates and prison administration reports, it considers the ways in which young adults were defined and treated within the context of these penal institutions. It reveals how institutionalised care for young men was used to reinforce the power of middle class coercive networks; to define and produce particular forms of masculinity among the poor youth of India and to contribute to wider, emerging discourses about the distinctive position of adolescents in Indian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice (RJ) represents a humanistic approach to addressing the harm caused by juvenile and adult offenders. RJ practices have been shown to reduce recidivism and enhance the holistic wellness of victims and offenders. The authors make recommendations for incorporating RJ into counselor training, identity development, and counseling practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective parenting practices, including parental monitoring and establishing nurturing and supportive rules, are thought to affect the risk of children's involvement in delinquency. However, there has yet to be any direct test of this hypothesis using experimental data designed to test causality better. Data from 346 Black couples with an 11-year-old child were assigned randomly to Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) intervention or control condition. Results from traditional mediation models, causal mediation analysis, and the complier analysis indicated that the intervention had a significant indirect effect on youth delinquent behaviors and that effects on protective parenting mediated this effect. The results demonstrated that ProSAAF, which is designed to promote family communication, is effective in deterring delinquent behaviors among Black Americans who reside in resource-scarce communities by enhancing parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile delinquency, where young people engage in criminal behavior, is a serious concern for society due to high arrest rates among minors. Delinquent behavior is a serious concern due to its devastating effect on the well-being of society. The relationship between genetics and violent behavior is complex and not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the correlation between specific genetic traits, particularly CRHR1 and FKBP5 genes, and sociodemographic characteristics in the context of their age, gender, socioeconomic status, and crime history of delinquent behavior in adolescents. The study was designed as a single-center hospital-based case–control study involving 45 adolescents for each study group: control and those showing delinquent behavior, case group. Findings revealed an abnormal CRHR1 expression in male teenagers is a strong indicator and presents the risk for violent and delinquent behavior. Understanding specific genetic markers, like abnormal CRHR1 expression, helps target assessments and interventions. Additionally, recognizing sociodemographic factors associated with delinquency allows for a more comprehensive approach, considering the various influences on adolescent behavior. This study provides important insights to address and reduce the complex issue of juvenile delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals who commit sexual offenses against children have been shown to be distinctive from adult offenders across both individual and crime characteristics. However, an examination of the literature shows that there are gaps in the research related to whether sadism manifests differently between those who target child compared to adult victims. The current study therefore aimed to explore the differences in the characteristics, crime-commission process, and the dimensions of sadism between sadistic crimes of children (n = 101) compared to those of adults (n = 433). Sexual sadism was assessed with the Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS) and binary logistic regression analysis and multidimensional scale analysis (MDS) were performed to examine differences between these two groups. Our results showed that sadistic fantasies manifested into four dimensions for both adult and child victims. In terms of differences, sadistic sexual offenses involving children appear to be reflective of deviant fantasies related to overlapping paraphilias (e.g., sadism and pedophilia). Conversely, sadistic crimes involving adult victims involve a crime-commission process that involves a greater degree of structure to control their adult victim and decrease their risk of identification. Implications for clinical assessment and police investigations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to examine the distinctiveness of reactive aggression (RA) and proactive aggression (PA) from a variable- and person-based approach, their psychosocial correlates and behavioral outcomes, and analyze their replicability across two samples of adolescents. The forensic sample was composed of 231 juvenile offenders and the community sample included 321 youth. At a variable-based level, the results of the factor analysis supported the original two-factor model of aggression, and RA and PA showed differential associations with a set of psychosocial correlates and behavioral outcomes. At a person-based level, three subgroups were identified, namely low aggression, moderate RA, and mixed aggression. The mixed aggression group showed the most severe profile in both samples. These results support the distinctiveness of RA and PA at a variable-based level but lead to consider PA as a severity marker rather than a distinct subgroup at a person-based level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHOICES-TEEN is a bundled intervention aimed at reducing the risks of unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and alcohol- and tobacco-exposed pregnancies for adolescent girls involved in the juvenile justice system. We examined youths' (N = 22) elicited pros and cons concerning alcohol, tobacco, condom, and contraception use to inform future iterations of CHOICES-TEEN and other prevention programming during a one-arm pilot study. Content analysis was used to identify recurring themes elicited and recorded during a decisional balance exercise with a counselor. The most recurrent pros and cons were factors that directly affected these adolescents, with more immediate consequences. The results provide insight into motivations for engaging in substance use and risky sexual behaviors for these youth, as well as barriers to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the perceived problems and proposed solutions concerning absent Australian servicemen fathers during the Second World War, and places them within the broader context of contemporary ideas about masculinity. The absence of servicemen fathers led to concerns from all areas of society about the impact on their children, in particular sons. There were fears that being raised solely by women would lead to boys becoming lonely, effeminate, spoilt, or juvenile delinquents. It was suggested that existing male family members, such as uncles and grandfathers, as well as male teachers, act as surrogate fathers and become role models. Boys' clubs, such as Scouts and the YMCA, also provided boys with access to male role models, and their weekly meetings, Father Son events, and camping provided opportunities for imparting the 'code of boyhood' and the development of masculine qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminalization of school discipline and its resulting consequences for students, particularly students of color, has been widely studied. While results from previous research have shown racial and gender differences in punitive school experiences like suspension, school-based arrest, and school-based referrals to juvenile justice systems, existing literature has primarily focused on the experience of Black boys or used aggregate data to examine school-level correlates of referral-rates and has been limited in its examination of referrals for more subjective offenses like disorderly conduct. Informed by Critical Race Feminism, this study sought to examine whether Black girls experience increased odds of referral to the juvenile justice system for disorderly conduct involving school-based offenses in Florida. Our findings suggest that Black girls experience a higher risk of referral for school-based disorderly conduct as compared to other youth referred to the juvenile justice system, suggesting they are more likely to experience this form of school-based criminalization as compared to other youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe current study examined the developmental trajectories of behavioral self-regulation from early childhood to adolescence and linked them to adolescent domain-general (i.e., positive functioning and delinquent behavior) and school-specific (i.e., school connectedness and peer victimization) outcomes. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4009), Growth Mixture Models identified four behavioral self-regulation trajectory classes: early developer (n = 2096, 52.3%), moderate stable (n = 1500, 37.4%), lagged developer (n = 212, 5.2%), and regressor (n = 201, 5%). Child and family characteristics were used to distinguish these four trajectories. The early developer trajectory had the strongest protective effect on adolescent outcomes, showing the highest levels of positive functioning and school connectedness and the lowest levels of delinquent behavior and peer victimization. Conversely, the regressor trajectory was linked with highest risky adolescent outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted intervention programs that promote behavioral self-regulation during middle childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured professional judgement (SPJ) guidelines for assessing risk of sexual offending have existed for more than two decades, yet the literature investigating the validity of these tools remains relatively limited. Recent research has shown that actuarial sexual offending risk assessment tools should be adjusted to reflect reduced risk as offenders age (Helmus et al., 2012), leading to questions about the validity of extant SPJ guidelines for older people who sexually offend. The current study investigated the reliability and predictive validity of the Sexual Violence Risk-20 (SVR-20) and the Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP) with a sample of 95 Australian individuals aged 50 years or over who had sexually offended. Sixteen (16.84%) participants sexually recidivated over a mean follow-up period of 9.07 years. Contrary to results with younger offenders, structured judgements using the SVR-20 or RSVP did not significantly differentiate recidivists from non-recidivists in this sample (AUC = .57). However, the total scores for both instruments were predictive at particular time periods. Certain risk factors were potentially important and accounted for unique variance that was not accounted for by actuarial instruments. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed, as well as recommendations for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal coercion in psychiatry is widely studied, but less is known about informal coercion. Coercion is mostly viewed as a continuum, with formal coercion considered the most severe. The question of whether informal coercion might be perceived as even more severe remains unevaluated. We aimed to compare the perceived severity of formal coercion among psychiatric patients with four domains of severe informal coercion (finance, housing, criminal justice and child custody). A total of 456 psychiatric patients were evaluated using Rasch analysis and statistical implication analysis. All four domains of severe informal coercion were found to be more severe than formal coercion, with coercion involving child custody perceived as the most severe. The perceived seriousness of severe informal coercion may be a counter-example to the idea of a ‘continuum of coercion’. The degree of severity of formal and informal coercion may not correspond to the lived experiences of the patients concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual offenses encompass a diverse array of behaviors across various contexts, affecting numerous individuals. Despite the prevalence of sexual offending among adolescents, there is still a limited understanding of this population. To contribute further to the literature in this field, the present study was conducted to compare a group of male adolescents convicted of sexual offenses with a control group in terms of reflective functioning (RF), emotion regulation (ER) strategies, and emotion dysregulation (ED). Methods: 60 male adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 16.90; SD = 0.97) who had been convicted of at least one serious sexual offense were recruited from male adolescents referred by juvenile courts to the Legal Medicine Organization in Mashhad, Iran, and compared with a control group of non-offending adolescents consisting of 60 male adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (M = 16.97; SD = 0.82) who were attending school. The groups were matched on age and education level. Results: A comparison between these two groups revealed that adolescents with a history of sexual offending exhibited poorer RF capacity, greater use of suppression as an ER strategy, and higher scores in all ED domains (p's < 0.001) except non-acceptance of emotional responses compared with the control group. Conclusions: Results suggest that RF, ER strategies, and ED need to be considered as important psychological factors in understanding and treating adolescents with a history of sexual offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to official statistics, children in China affected by migration, including migrant and left-behind children, commit a disproportionately high number of reported crimes. Scholars have generally believed that the rural-urban inequality, coupled with the rural-urban migration, have placed these children in a structurally disadvantaged position which increases the likelihood of them becoming delinquents. It is still not clearly understood, however, how this structural disadvantage places children affected by migration at a high risk of delinquency through weakening the level of family control. This is the issue that the study seeks to address. Qualitatively analyzing the narratives of 59 juvenile offenders from migrant families in China, the study found that the rural-urban inequality and the resultant rural-urban migration contributed to the structural family strains, mainly in the form of family poverty or dissolution, which had a negative effect on parental efficacy. Weakened parental efficacy then facilitated adolescents' rebellion against parents, with delinquency serving as an important form. Through the act of rebellion, adolescents transferred blame to parents by limiting their own responsibility for their actions, thereby realizing the neutralization of delinquency. The findings suggest that, in order to prevent delinquency among migrant and left-behind children, intervention only at family level or in individual systems is insufficient. Policies are required at a structural level to effectively address the issue. Highlights: The study examines how structural disadvantage increases delinquency through weakening family control in the context of Chinese rural-urban migration. Family strains resulting from the Chinese rural-urban divide and migration have a negative effect on parental efficacy. Low parental efficacy facilitates children's rebellion against parents, with delinquency serving as an important form. Adolescents affected by migration in China neutralize delinquency by denial of responsibility for their own actions. Policies at a structural level are required to prevent delinquency among migrant and left-behind children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) is a widely used measure of callous-unemotional (CU) traits that may aid in the assessment of the diagnostic specifier "with limited prosocial emotions," which has been added to diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder. Though there is substantial support for use of the ICU total score, the scale's factor structure has been highly debated. Inconsistencies in past factor analyses may be largely attributed to failure to control for method variance due to item wording (i.e., half of the items being worded in the callous direction and half worded in the prosocial direction). Thus, the present study used a multitrait–multimethod confirmatory factor analytic approach that models both trait and method variance to test the factor structure of the ICU self-report in a clinically relevant, high-risk sample of justice-involved male adolescents (N = 1,216). When comparing the fit of empirical and theoretical models, goodness of fit indices (χ2 = 1105.877, df = 190, root-mean-square error of approximation =.063, comparative fit index =.916, Tucker–Lewis index =.878, standardized root-mean-square residual =.051) provided support for a hierarchical four-factor model (i.e., one overarching callous-unemotional factor, four latent trait factors) when accounting for method variance (i.e., covarying positively worded items). This factor structure is consistent with the way the ICU was constructed and with criteria for the limited prosocial emotions specifier. In addition, measurement invariance of this factor structure across age, race, and ethnicity was supported, and the predictive validity of the ICU was supported across these demographic groups in predicting self-reported antisocial behavior and rearrests over a 5-year period following an adolescent's first arrest. Public Significance Statement: Callous-unemotional traits have been integrated into recent diagnostic classification systems as a specifier for conduct disorder, which requires well-validated measures of this construct. The present findings support the construct validity of one of the most widely used measures of callous-unemotional traits, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, including support for its measurement invariance and predictive utility across younger and older adolescents and across racial and ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the films "Sully" and "Flight" and their portrayal of prevailing ideologies. Released during Barack Obama's presidency, both films focus on skilled pilots rather than passengers. "Sully" presents a white male hero who opposes regulation, while "Flight" features an African American antihero who finds redemption in jail. Both films affirm mainstream ideologies of individualism and redemption, while also highlighting the challenges and contradictions within the United States. The article argues that both films ultimately reinforce American nationalism and fail to address the social and political realities of their time. [Extracted from the article]

Although a long line of research has examined the association between mental health and offending, previous literature primarily focused on the uni-directional path from mental health problems to offending, or vice versa. Also, there is still much to learn about how different types of victimization are related to the link between the two. To examine these questions, a series of fixed-effect models were employed to examine (1) the assessment of the relationship between mental health and violent offending and (2) the mediating role of experienced and witnessed victimization in that relationship. The results show a significant relationship between mental health and violent offending, while differences were found between the two types of victimization. Limitations and future research suggestions were discussed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intended to explore possible variations among youth adjudicated for sexual offenses based on personal criminogenic factors, offense, and victim characteristics. Utilizing a data set collected from the juvenile court files in Turkey (n = 460), the Latent Class Analysis revealed that the study sample included three different subgroups with distinct features: "non-delinquent, peer victim-targeting," "non-delinquent, younger victim-targeting," and "delinquent, versatile" youth adjudicated for sex offenses. The first two of these groups were similar in terms of having low levels of delinquency, while the third group included the lowest number of youth with significantly broad delinquent activity patterns. These findings were in line with the results of previous studies, and the implications were discussed for future research and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of organized crime has dynamically evolved, with researchers contending that it is a social construct or an umbrella concept encompassing different empirical manifestations. Scholars have often suggested classifying organized crime groups into those involved in "racketeering" or "governing" and those engaged in "transit crime" or "trading." However, these propositions were never assessed at the level of individual criminal careers. We address two primary objectives: first, we test differences in the criminal careers of organized crime offenders between organized crime contexts that are historically different—comparing Italy, which is primarily known for racketeering organized crime, to the Netherlands, which is characterized more by transit crime. Second, we explore differences between criminal careers of organized crime offenders born in different decades; doing so allows us to measure differences in offending patterns in shifting organized crime contexts due to broader social changes while considering more country-specific changes in law enforcement and organized crime policies. The study relies on the criminal careers of 4480 organized crime offenders in Italy (n = 3360) and the Netherlands (n = 1120). We analyze the distributions of criminal career parameters, crime categories, age-crime curves, and offending trajectories. Offenders in Italy exhibit higher offending, earlier violence, earlier onset, and decline; offenders in the Netherlands display later onset, slower decline, and a greater involvement in drug and property offenses. Also, both samples show generalist offending patterns, long-lasting careers, and involvement in organized crime in adulthood. We also find substantial variation across decades of birth, with younger offenders in both countries reporting higher frequencies. We attribute this to the interplay of increased offending among younger individuals, the implicit selection bias in the sampling, and greater law enforcement pressure due to stricter anti-organized crime policies since the 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, and it is nurtured by folklore and the media. Folklore fosters fear of crime using oral tradition transferred throughout generations by updating old contexts into modern times. On the other hand, the media visualizes the possibility of being a victim by introducing the real-life experiences of victims. Contrary to folklore, victims presented in the media seem more accessible, and the victimization of individuals may be proven. Folklore and the media have cooperated to keep the fear of crime alive to warn society that individual lives are on the verge of becoming victims of criminals. In this paper, I aim to describe the fear of crime through two particular crimes: Child abductions and organ thefts. Data for this research comes from two sets of materials: Newspaper news stories and semi-structured interviews conducted in face-to-face settings with mothers from two different generations. My research reveals that mothers of the eighties were scared of their children being victims of beggar gangs and organ trade criminals, while millennial mothers suffer from the possibility of their children being victims of online grooming and sextortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study tested the efficacy of parenting program components in reducing disruptive or delinquent child behaviors at first post-treatment for families with children in early versus middle childhood. Methods: Eighty-five studies were identified, containing five parenting components (Psychoeducation [PE], Behavior management [BM], Relationship enhancement [RE], Parental self-management [SM], and Parent as a coach [PC]). Results: For both early and middle childhood, four parenting program components were effective, namely (1) BM, (2) BM with RE, (3) BM with SM, and (4) BM with PE and RE and SM and PC. However, BM with RE and SM, as well as BM with PE and RE and SM, were effective during early childhood. BM with RE appeared to be the most beneficial intervention during early childhood, while BM was most effective during middle childhood. Conclusion: The evidence highlights the need to implement different programmatic components developmentally, during early versus middle childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted using omega-3 supplementation on prison populations, none have examined effects on recidivism. This study presents pilot findings on recidivism rates following omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation. Methods: Young offenders (N = 145) were randomized into 3 groups: omega-3/vitamin D supplementation (N = 48), placebo (N = 46), and treatment-as-usual controls (N = 51). One-, two-, and three-year recidivism rates were calculated. Results: The omega-3 group showed non-significantly reduced recidivism rates compared to both control groups in all three years. Three-year recidivism reduction effect sizes were as follows: omega-3 versus controls (d =.18) and omega-3 versus placebo (d =.17). Conclusions: A future study with a sample size of 237 would have a power of.80 to detect these effect sizes. These pilot data suggest that omega-3 and vitamin D supplementation, a simple and relatively cheap health intervention, could reduce 3-year recidivism by 16.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In addition to being a violation of human rights, the practice of child labor can be related to criminality against young people. In view of this, the hypothesis tested in this article was that child labor aggravates youth homicide through educational level. Design/methodology/approach: This study used annual data for the 26 states plus the Federal District for the period 2001 to 2014. To do so, the authors used the iterated feasible generalized least squares (IFGLS) estimator under the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) model. Findings: The results showed that child labor positively affects the homicide of young people, showing education as a transmission channel through which the effect is materialized. The general conclusion, given this, that work is an alternative for children not to enter the world of crime due to its socializing character, cannot be sustained. Practical implications: This evidence provides input to the formulation of policies and programs to eradicate or slow child labor. In addition to the social and economic rise of individuals, it is important to emphasize the role of education (human capital) in explaining economic growth. Originality/value: So far, there is no record of national research that sought to empirically assess the effect of child labor on crime, in particular, on the homicide of young people, considering education as a transmission channel, and this assessment is the contribution of the present study to the economic literature on crime. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2023-0163 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing evidence on the exploitation of young people into criminal activity, their perspectives on and experiences of exploitative processes are not well understood. Despite progress in Great Britain with regard to 'County Lines' exploitation, and in the Republic of Ireland regarding youth criminality and grooming, the subjective accounts of how young people understand the phenomenon of child criminal exploitation (CCE) remain under-evaluated. This exploratory study captures the perspectives of Irish youth on CCE and draws on the theory of social capital to explore the social structures that enable CCE and the (limited) choices available to the young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a significant focal point of research has been dedicated to the role of sport in the lives of youth, few articles have explored sporting experiences among incarcerated youth. Often overlooked, this population is highly disenfranchised and overrepresented by youth of color. Nonetheless, emerging research has proposed sport as an important developmental tool in the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. Informed by critical race theory, the current study included semistructured interviews with nine incarcerated Black males, exploring the meaning of sport in their lives. Results included themes around family induction into sport, sport versus street life, sport teaching life skills, and sport as a distraction. Findings offer insight into how youth of color in the juvenile justice system conceptualize the role of sport and consequently, how sport may be harnessed for positive youth outcomes in correctional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonialism can be seen as a historical process, or an ideology. As this article demonstrates, for Canadian Doukhobors, it is also a lived experience. Canadian Doukhobors, or Spirit Wrestlers, are a group of pacifist religious dissenters of mixed ethnic origins who immigrated to Canada from the Russian Empire in 1899. The worldview of the Doukhobors was radically different from the principles on which the colonial government was founded. The goal of this article is to describe the colonial policies directed towards the Doukhobors, their anticolonial struggles, and to consider the implications of the Doukhobor history for contemporary anti-colonial thought in Canada and worldwide. The government subjected Doukhobors to a range of discriminatory actions including cancellation of earlier granted land registries in Saskatchewan, incarcerations for refusal of military service (despite an existing legal exemption), taking away children of some Doukhobors and placing them in a juvenile detention center to force the assimilation. While considering the significance of the Doukhobor struggles against colonialism, the article proposes a new term, 'colonial privilege.' This article is reflexive and sheds a new light on the earlier recorded facts. Keywords: Anti-colonialism, anti-racism, colonial privilege, Doukhobors (Spirit Wrestlers), linguicism, pacifism. Le colonialisme peut etre considere comme un processus historique ou une ideologie. Comme le demontre cet article, pour les Doukhobors canadiens, il s'agit egalement d'une experience vecue. Les Doukhobors canadiens, ou lutteurs spirituels, sont un groupe de dissidents religieux pacifistes d'origines ethniques diverses qui ont immigre au Canada en provenance de l'Empire russe en 1899. La vision du monde des Doukhobors etait radicalement differente des principes sur lesquels le gouvernement colonial etait fonde. L'objectif de cet article est de decrire les politiques coloniales menees a l'encontre des Doukhobors, leurs luttes anticoloniales et d'examiner les implications de l'histoire des Doukhobors pour la pensee anticoloniale contemporaine au Canada et dans le monde. Le gouvernement a soumis les Doukhobors a toute une serie d'actions discriminatoires, notamment l'annulation de l'enregistrement des terres octroyees anterieurement en Saskatchewan, l'incarceration pour refus du service militaire (malgre une exemption legale existante), l'enlevement des enfants de certains Doukhobors et leur placement dans un centre de detention pour mineurs afin de les forcer a s'assimiler. Tout en considerant l'importance des luttes des Doukhobors contre le colonialisme, l'article propose un nouveau terme, celui de 'privilege colonial'. Cet article est reflexif et jette une nouvelle lumiere sur les faits precedemment repertories. Mots-cles : Anticolonialisme, antiracisme, privilege colonial, Doukhobors (Lutteurs Spirituels), linguisme, pacifisme., 'We were brought here on a ship that had been transporting cattle, and we were treated like cattle' (from a poem in Russian by a Doukhobor). INTRODUCTION 'The pluralistic diversity' [...]

This study utilizes the risk and resilience framework to understand the risk and protective correlates of moderate to high levels of juvenile justice involvement among post-adjudicated young women (N = 365). This exploratory model-building method utilized cross-sectional administrative data collected through the Positive Achievement Change Tool. The analysis yielded the best model using five social history factors, including the age at the time of probation, involvement in structured activities, running away from home, mental health history, and antisocial attitudes and behaviors. Results revealed that those with a history of mental health problems or running away from home had higher odds of having a high level of juvenile justice involvement compared with a lower level of involvement. Moreover, younger women were more likely to have moderate or high levels of juvenile justice involvement than a low level of involvement. Interventions should focus on holistically addressing individual, family, and community factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearm carriage and possession predicts youth firearm violence victimization and perpetration. This study describes self-reported factors associated with firearm access, carriage, and possession among justice-involved youth. We conducted an exploratory, mixed-methods study. Participants were recruited from May 2022 to February 2023 from the Juvenile Justice Collaborative, a diversion program for justice-involved youth. We used online anonymous surveys to investigate exposures related to firearm access, carriage, and possession. We performed semi-structured interviews using the phenomenology framework. We used descriptive statistics to examine firearm exposures by participant demographics. We performed qualitative analyses using an iterative approach with constant comparison to identify key themes. We completed 28 surveys and 5 interviews. Most survey participants identified as male (57%) and Black (61%) with a median age of 18 years. Interview participants described the socialization and cultural normalization of firearms, most prominently among peers. Survey participants reported whether they had ever carried (25%) or possessed (21%) a firearm. Survey and interview participants endorsed protection in the context of increasing violence exposure over time as the primary motivation for firearm possession. Interview participants describe accessing firearms primarily through social networks while survey participants also reported access from strangers (25%) and licensed sellers/gun dealers (18%). In conclusion, justice-involved youth believe firearm carriage and possession may be needed for protection due to increasing violence exposure. Further investigation is necessary to determine interventions that may decrease firearm access, carriage, and possession among justice-involved youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, extensive research has been conducted on psychological trauma. The main intention of this scientific enquiry was to provide insights into the explanatory and etiological factors of such trauma, as well as provide measures of how to manage and treat it effectively. However, much of these research studies on psychological trauma have focused primarily on victims and witnesses of trauma, completely overlooking and neglecting offenders (perpetrators) and their trauma. This study set out to explore perpetrator trauma among juvenile offenders incarcerated for violent offenses. The study was qualitative in nature, using descriptive phenomenology to provide descriptive accounts of perpetrator trauma as experienced by the participants. A single case study design was utilized as a research design. The data were collected using semistructured audio-recorded individual interviews with 10 participants. The findings supported the existence of perpetrator trauma as the offenders experienced multidimensional consequences from their actions. They experienced various symptoms related to or associated with their offenses and victims, including reliving symptoms, psychotic symptoms, psychogenic amnesia of the offense and the victims, and experienced a persistent negative emotional state. They also engaged in reckless and self-destructive behaviors, avoidant behaviors, and significant behavioral changes could be noted in their behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective The mainstream view in trait aggression research has regarded the structure as representing the latent cause of the cognitions, emotions, and behaviors that supposedly reflect its nature. Under network perspective, trait aggression is not a latent cause of its features but a dynamic system of interacting elements. The current study uses network theory to explain the structure of relationships between trait aggression features in juvenile offenders and their peers. Methods Network analysis was applied to investigate the dynamic system of trait aggression operationalized by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire in a sample of community youths (Mage = 17.46, N = 715) and juvenile offenders (Mage = 18.36, N = 834). Results The facet level networks showed that anger is a particularly effective mechanism for activating all other traits. In addition, anger was more strongly associated with physical aggression and the overall network strength was greater in juvenile delinquency networks than in their peers. The item level networks revealed that A4 and A6 exhibited the highest predictability and strength centrality in both samples. Also, the Bayesian network indicated that these two items were positioned at the highest level in the model. There are similarities and differences between juvenile delinquents and community adolescents in trait aggression. Conclusion Trait aggression was primarily activated by difficulty controlling one’s temper and feeling like a powder keg.

Criminally exploited young people are often found with tangible evidence of criminality, challenging traditional notions of the victim offender dichotomy. This paper presents criminally exploited young people’s narratives regarding their lived experiences in Wales. It offers a nuanced perspective of victimhood by drawing on their personal accounts of how they were offered a false sense of hope by individuals who manipulated their unmet needs and limited resources to garner their trust. Young people appeared resigned to exploitative relationships and violence because of their powerlessness and lack of opportunities but rationalised their involvement rather than acknowledging themselves as victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document introduces a special issue of the journal "Behavioral Sciences & the Law" focused on sexual homicide and the lethal outcome in sexual crimes. It emphasizes the importance of studying sexual homicide despite its low occurrence and discusses the internationalization of research in this field. The special issue includes studies on offender types, victimology issues, and specific aspects of sexual homicide. The goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of sexual homicide and its contribution to research on homicide, sexual crimes, and criminology. The articles in the special issue cover topics such as child and adolescent victims, foreign object insertion, and elderly sexual violence. The authors come from various institutions in Canada, Switzerland, and the UK. Additionally, there is a list of references for further reading on sexual homicide and criminology, covering topics such as offender motivations, patterns of overkill, sadism, and differences between intimate partner and non-intimate partner sexual homicide. The studies utilize various research methods, providing valuable insights into the complex nature of sexual homicide. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractThis article presents a broad analysis of the Ottoman penal policies concerning the tolerant and clement punitive sanctions for mother offenders during the late Ottoman era. It scrutinizes the penal strategies of the late Ottoman government, particularly its endeavors in criminal justice reform, with a specific focus on the treatment of female offenders concerning their reproductive functions and maternal roles. The socio-cultural, religious, and biopolitical significance of mothers exerted a profound impact on the formulation of particular Ottoman penal policies. Hence, the main argument of this article underscores the widespread valuation of even criminal women and their babies within the Ottoman penal contexts. This valuation is exemplified through the application of penal measures, including the suspension of death sentences, exemption from strenuous penal labor as stipulated in the 1858 Penal Code, provision of supplementary rations and specific healthcare services, hospitalization of pregnant inmates, and child protection as outlined in the 1880 Prison Regulation. Although the implementation of the penal codes and prison regulations was frequently hampered by fiscal crises and political instability, these attempts marked the birth of penal biopolitics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on juvenile delinquency and adolescent maladjustment indicates that the beginning of these processes is found in the relationship between multiple risk factors at the individual, family and community levels in this population. The objective of this research was to analyze the risk factors related to the transition from the child welfare system to the adolescent justice system in a group of Chilean male adolescents (n = 108), aged 14-18 years, grouped according to their membership in the child welfare system, the adolescent justice system or both systems. Through a quantitative methodology, variables associated with risk factors were examined by means of the Risk and Resource Evaluation Form FER-R and the Risk and Criminogenic Needs Inventory IRNC instruments. Logistic regression analysis found that the adolescent population within the child welfare system was more likely to enter the adolescent justice system if the following risk factors were present: weak family supervision, consumption of drugs, socially maladaptive peer relationships, and risky free time. These results emphasize that child welfare system interventions should focus on parental support and the management of socio-community networks to prevent re-entry of the adolescent population into the justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify how the application of PERMA No. 4 of 2014 to diversion efforts and how the legal force of the law in the enforcement of diversion at the court level in order to achieve justice for children in conflict with the law (ABH). The research primarily utilized qualitative data derived from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data includes case files and court decisions related to Case Number 14/Pid.Sus-Anak/2021/PN.Cbn, as well as the legal text of OPREMA No. 4, while secondary data is obtained from literature reviews of law journals, books, and prior research. The data analysis is conducted using content analysis and the case study method, allowing for a comprehensive examination of how the COPREMA of 2014 has been applied in this specific legal context. The results of the author's research through an interview with Mr. Sukiran, S.H. as the Deputy Criminal Registrar of the District Court I B Cirebon on Tuesday, June 4, 2024 at 14.30 WIB, regarding different regulations related to the diversion in each law enforcement agency, among other things, it can trigger the smooth running and results of judicial decisions. A comparative analysis of cases where diversion was achieved versus those where it failed could provide deeper insights into how diversion attempts can be improved, especially for cases involving children who face significant legal and social challenges. Additionally, examining the impact of such legal frameworks on recidivism rates among juvenile offenders could offer practical recommendations for enhancing the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children involved in the juvenile justice system are more likely to struggle with substance abuse and intellectual disabilities. Substance abuse is a major public health concern among young individuals globally, including juvenile felons. This study examines the relationships and factors that influence juvenile felons' substance abuse, intelligence, and delinquent behaviour. This study applies a descriptive cross-sectional survey design using a purposive sampling technique. The participants included 163 male juveniles from Tamil Nadu, India. The psychological measures used for the study were the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) scale, the Standard Progressive Matrices, and the Australian Self-reported Delinquency Scale. According to the study's findings, intelligence does not have a significant impact on juvenile felons' delinquent behaviour. Furthermore, the study identified repeated offences and runaway behaviour as factors that increase the risk of substance abuse. Juvenile felons' substance abuse significantly influences and predicts their delinquent behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that associations between antisocial behaviour, callous–unemotional (CU) traits and cognitive empathy (e.g. perspective taking) vary depending on more fine-grained dimensions of these constructs. This study examined associations between adolescent antisocial behaviour and individual differences in cognitive and affective perspective taking ability. Based on current theory regarding distinct variants of CU traits, we further tested whether the correlates of CU traits differed amongst youth with high versus low levels of anxiety. Participants were 130 male adolescents (81 youth offenders; 49 non-offenders) aged 13–20 years, of predominantly Caucasian and Aboriginal Australian ethnicity. Perspective taking skills were indexed using performance-based testing, and self-report data was collected on CU traits and anxiety in a cross-sectional design. Offender status was associated with poorer cognitive and affective perspective taking. In addition, associations between CU traits and perspective taking skills were moderated by anxiety. Specifically, CU traits were associated with poorer skills for second-order cognitive perspective taking amongst high-anxiety youth, whereas CU traits were associated with better cognitive and affective perspective taking skills amongst low-anxiety youth. More fine-grained assessment of such factors stands to enhance understanding of, and effective intervention for, antisocial youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health and traumatic stress symptoms are prevalent in juvenile offenders, yet research on diversion programs rarely examine these important outcomes. Program duration and the role of protective factors are also understudied in this literature. This study examined the impact of program duration and youth protective factors on mental health and traumatic stress symptoms of 713 youth participating in an Illinois diversion program. Overall, the more time youth spent in the diversion program, the more improvement they demonstrated in mental health and trauma symptoms. Both program duration and number of youth strengths at program entry were significantly associated with improvement in mental health and traumatic stress symptoms. Findings highlight the importance of program duration and suggest that youth protective factors should be identified early on and targeted to maximize the impact of juvenile justice diversion programs on mental health and trauma symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, more than ever, armed conflict perpetuators capitalize on the resourcefulness of young people to achieve their aims leading to young people's involvement in armed conflicts as 'child soldiers', and exposing them to adverse problems including broken relationships with their own families or communities against whom they might have committed (forcibly or otherwise) serious crimes. Consequently, when the conflict ends, or the young people manage to return home they are faced with enormous challenge of reintegrating within the communities they transgressed against, an issue which calls for reconciliation. However what reconciliation means from the perspective of those who had to go through it, and what post-conflict programing should do for them is not clear. This study, employing in-depth case study approach, sought to increase current understanding of reconciliation and reconciliation programs by examining the views of formerly abducted children themselves, relatives and key informants, drawing from their lived experiences in the context of post-conflict northern Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearms now represent the leading cause of death in U.S. children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if state-level rates of gun ownership, guns in circulation, and strictness of firearm-related laws are related to firearm-related mortality among both juveniles and overall populations. State firearm mortality rates among the juvenile and overall populations were obtained from 2010 to 2020. The number of weapons registered with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) and federal firearms licensees for each state were also recorded. Giffords Law Center Scorecard Rankings, a relative measure of the restrictiveness of each state's gun laws, were also collected. Unadjusted linear regressions modeled the relationships between firearm-associated mortality and ATF-registered weapons, federal firearm licensees, Giffords Center rankings, and gun ownership rates. Multivariable (adjusted) analyses were performed to control for poverty, unemployment, and poor mental health. Unadjusted analyses demonstrated that higher gun ownership rates and more lenient gun laws were associated with increased firearm-associated mortality among juveniles. Similarly, these measures as well as increased ATF-registered weapons and ATF federal firearm licensees were associated with increased firearm mortality in the overall population. In the adjusted analyses, more ATF-registered weapons, more ATF federal firearm licensees, higher gun ownership rates, and more lenient firearm laws were associated with increased firearm-related mortality in the overall population, while increased gun ownership and higher Giffords Center rankings were associated with increased firearm-associated mortality in the pediatric population. To reduce the toll of gun violence in the United States, policymakers should focus on implementing more restrictive firearm laws and reducing the prevalence of guns in their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examine how normative school transitions (e.g., moves from elementary to middle school) shape adolescents' experiences with three network processes that inform delinquency: delinquent popularity, delinquent sociability, and friend selection on shared delinquency participation. Methods: By applying stochastic actor-oriented models to a sample of panel data on 13,752 students from 26 school districts in the PROSPER study, we compare outcomes for students who change schools between 6th and 7th grade to those who remain in the same building. Results: We find that adolescents who transition schools between these grades have significantly different experiences with delinquency-related network processes when compared to their peers who do not make this change. For instance, in schools that merge students from multiple elementary schools to a single middle school, delinquent youth experience a reduction in their popularity and sociability following the school transition. These declines do not characterize the social experiences of delinquent adolescents who do not change schools during this period. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that school districts can organize transition patterns to provide youth a chance to sever harmful connections, start anew, and reduce their participation in delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US Federal legislation mandates the treatment of underaged youth induced to sell themselves for commercial sex as victims and not criminal offenders of prostitution laws. Nonetheless, state prosecutors often take action in juvenile court against these youth. This study explored the impact of negative moral emotions, victim blame, and victim believability on public judgments of child sex trafficking victims under varying case facts. We presented an online scenario involving a trafficking case to 682 participants and manipulated youth sex, trafficker sex, vulnerability background, and prior arrest history to determine how emotions, victim blame, and believability mediate child sex trafficking decisions. Two different paths emerged depending on the youth's sex. Participants reported greater victim responsibility and greater negative moral emotions towards a male youth trafficked by a female when he had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. With the same facts, participants reported lower believability for a female youth when she had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for practice and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]