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The research innovatively identifies the co-integration of green innovation efficiency and its related determinants for 26 cities in Yangtze River Delta region (YRD) in China during 2011–2017. Specifically, the research firstly measures the green innovation efficiency with super slacks based measure and global Malmquist-Luenberger index. The regional green innovation efficiency experienced a steady growth in YRD during 2011–2017, showing YRD is an ecologically pioneer in China. Secondly, the spatial econometric estimation validated that the green innovation efficiency among YRD cities finally realized regional co-integration in 2017 with spatial evolution. Finally, the expenditures on technology and education are positive determinants of green innovation efficiency in a city directly. GDP per capita is the positive determinant for co-integration of green innovation efficiency; while foreign direct investment, the proportion of expenditure on technology, and education proportion in local fiscal budget are negative determinants for co-integration of green innovation efficiency in YRD.

Innovation efficiency has become a phenomenon of global interest. This paper reviews 165 articles from academic journals of innovation efficiency, applies the data-driven text mining approach to ma...

A regression discontinuity design was applied to measure the short- and long-term policy effects of the air quality improvement plan implemented for the G20 Hangzhou summit. The analysis considered the effects across 11 prefecture-level cities in Zhejiang, China. Five meteorological indicators (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed and rainfall) were employed as control variables. Using these control variables, the short- and long-term policy effects were measured in terms of the changes in the air quality index (AQI) and pollutant concentrations (PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2 and O3) 1 year and 2.5 years after policy implementation. The results reveal significant short- and long-term effects of the environmental plan on air quality improvement in cities in Zhejiang. The policy effects of the plan for the G20 summit were stronger in Hangzhou than in other prefecture-level cities. In Hangzhou, the short-term policy effects were stronger than the long-term effects, especially in terms of the decreasing AQI, PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Similar regulations should continue to be implemented for lasting improvements in regional air quality.

This paper innovatively applies a spatial lagged model to investigate the consequences of the devolution of environmental regulation in the absence of knowledge-based, sustainability-oriented neste...

This paper presents an individualized evaluation of the health costs and health risks of haze pollution by conduction channels and conduction strengths. Ordinal probit model and quantile regression are used to analyze data on individuals in Hangzhou, an environmental friendly city in China. The analyses yield four findings. First, in Hangzhou, haze pollution increases citizens' health spending by >2.49 billion US dollars. Second, health costs are mainly driven by increased risks of respiratory infection. Third, the quantile analysis of health risks shows the conduction channels and corresponding strengths vary for different population groups by age and health status. Lastly, respondents were aware that they suffered haze-related health problems, while showed a surprising lack of interest in learning about the effects of haze pollution on health and finances. The findings suggest the need to increase government actions to raise citizens' awareness of the value of improving air quality throughout China.

The severe health damage and massive health costs associated with industrial air pollution have attracted global concern. A spatial lag model with decomposed direct and indirect spatial effects was used to estimate the impact of industrial air pollution on health care expenditures in Chinese provinces from 2002 to 2014. The control variables of health reform, GDP per capita, urbanization, aging, education level, and hospital supplies were considered. Moran's I index was applied to investigate the spatial agglomeration of health care expenditures. The spatial lag model with fixed effects provided the best fit to measure the effect of industrial air pollution on health care expenditures. The global Moran's I of provincial health care expenditures increased from 0.3988 in 2002 to 0.4554 in 2014. The estimated spatial lag coefficient of provincial health care expenditures was 0.188. The estimated direct and indirect effects of industrial air pollution on provincial health care expenditures were 0.032 and 0.0072, respectively. The direct effect of health reform on health care expenditures was −0.006. The results indicate that the strengthening spatial agglomeration of provincial health care expenditures is caused by the joint effect of industrial air pollution, health reform, and other socioeconomic factors. Industrial air pollution increases health care expenditures in the local and neighboring provinces. Most importantly, the effect of industrial air pollution outweighs the reduction effect of health reform on health care expenditures. The final remarks of this paper suggest three main measures to reduce industrial air pollution and its health costs.

Taking the environmental interventions on air quality at G20 Hangzhou Summit as a natural experiment, this paper innovatively establishes an extended synthetic control method with multiple units to evaluate the dynamic treatment effects on air quality improvement at the Summit. The method constructs data-driven weights according to the fluctuation of urban air quality to obtain a more robust and stable estimation with smaller root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE). By minimising RMSPE for pre-intervention model fitting, the study takes nine cities under policy intervention in Zhejiang as treatment cities, and 45 key cities without policy intervention as control cities during 201501–201706 as the final improved experimental scheme. The policy effect of environmental regulations on the average monthly air quality composite index of treated cities in Zhejiang is -0.84 during 201607–201702; while no significant treatment effect is observed since 201702. The results indicate that the environmental policy for the G20 Hangzhou Summit lasted a relatively short period, and it had a significant short-term improvement effect while losing its long-term improving effect on air quality in treated cities. The identification validates the extended synthetic control method with multiple units could also be applied to the policy effect evaluation in other areas.

Traditional growth modes has encountered with frustrating social and environmental problems, while the intervention and governance of controlling or alleviating the negative externalities of enterprises do not bring about satisfying results since the traditional entrepreneurs do not take social, environmental and sustainable responsibilities as their imperative responsibility. Furthermore, the previous literatures concerning entrepreneurship does not consider entrepreneurship with the advantage of big data internet system. In this sense, the research establishes a theoretically framework to understand the fostering path of ecological sustainable entrepreneurship within big data internet system, especially with the comprehension of the situation in developing context. The obtained conclusions are listed as follows. First, the theoretical framework of endogenous and exogenous motivations for traditional entrepreneurship takes economic achievement as the primary motivation for traditional growth. Second, the ecological sustainable entrepreneurship within big data internet system focuses on dealing with negative issues and realizing better off in both social and ecological aspects from the very beginning to the end. Finally and most importantly, the research provides the identification of fostering path of ecological sustainable entrepreneurship within big data internet system, and indicates the fostering path lies in the dimensions of (1) positive ecological or environmental, social, and sustainable concerns and actions during the whole period; (2) collective spirit, challenge and learning; (3) crowd funding in financial start-up capital; (4) shorten growth period; and (5) even greater economic profit than traditional enterprises.

In the knowledge era, new forms of organizing and managing firms emerge to adapt to new situations. One such new form of organizational management is ambidextrous leadership. Ambidextrous leadership combines opening leader behaviors, such as promoting creativity, and closing leader behaviors, such as accomplishing objectives and adhering to norms. Thus, the aim is to demonstrate that a social orientation is not at odds with measures of operational performance other than profitability. The purpose of this study is to examine how ambidextrous leadership is linked to social entrepreneurial orientation and how this in turn affects operational performance. This is done through a rigorous review of the literature.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of average health expenditures for inpatients in China with national data for period 2002-2010 and regional data during 2005-2010. Design/methodology/approach – The semi-parametric framework is established to identify the determinants of health expenditures with local-constant least squares (LCLS) and local-linear least squares (LLLS) techniques. The LCLS technique aims to identify correlative determinants among all considered variables, and LLLS technique aims to further distinguish linear decisive and nonlinear control variables among all correlative determinants. Findings – First, root mean square error tends to decrease with irrelative variables smoothed out in regression model, validating the modelling reasonability of the semi-parametric approach. Second, the determinants of average health expenditures for inpatients exhibit considerable variation among regions despite the fact that governmental health expenditure, GDP per-capita, and urbanization do impact average health expenditures for inpatients to a certain extent. Third, both linear decisive and nonlinear control variables vary greatly with national, provincial, and regional data. Practical implications – First, the illiteracy rate should be further reduced nationally. Second, urbanization development and the average treatment number of inpatients for each physician per day should be strictly controlled in region A and C, respectively, in order to control average health expenditure for inpatients. Originality/value – First, the semi-parametric framework with LCLS and LLLS techniques allows for data structure-oriented model in regions rather than a uniform and definite model for underlying structure. Second, the research undertakes for the first time a comprehensive data analysis of the determinants of average health expenditures for inpatients with national and regional data in China.

The research in this chapter aims to to identify whether productivity growth attributes to technical progress or efficiency improvement with introduction of FDI in different regions of China and to measure technical efficiency in less developed regions with different strategies. It finds out technical progress in Eastern region is significant with FDI path because the declining trend of technical level is reversed after 1994. Unfortunately, the technical progress does not appear in either Middle or Western region. The TFP growth with FDI path is mainly attributed to technical progress rather than efficiency improvement in both Eastern and Middle regions. Furthermore, realizations of technical progress are obtained with path-converged design in Middle and Western regions.

The study in this chapter aims to realize sustainable growth in China with the path of urbanization. An interior migration of population by 30% and a selected enhancement of investment by 30% will be two promising strategies to reduce the regional urbanization gap between middle and eastern regions and hence to realize balanced and sustainable growth. An additional 10 percent rise investment put into big cities with urbanization level than the overall average urbanization level and only changes 50 percent of the original added value of investment in big cities will be two promising strategies in big cities promote the overall urbanization level for sustainable growth.

The study in this chapter aims to identify whether the differences of scale and technical efficiency exist among regions and to change the difference with regional transplantation strategy. Identification illustrates FDI path produces increasing technical efficiency and avoids the diminishing marginal returns in Eastern region, while both cases fail in Middle and Western regions. Decisions are realized through transplantation of Eastern technical efficiency into Middle and Western regions not only succeeds in producing output growth, but also keeps the production efficiency from decreasing. The transplantation of scale efficiency only succeeds in producing output growth while fails in reversing the declining trend of production efficiency.

The study in this chapter aims to evaluate the allocation efficiency of existing population agglomeration and then to measure the efficiency improvement with proposed optimal strategy of population agglomeration in urban planning. By emigrating about 14, 10, and 14 percents of the regional population from cities at low urbanization levels to cities at higher urbanization levels, allocation inefficiency strengths between benchmark and regional population distributions shrink to 5.800, 4.100 and 5.600 percents from 14.64, 9.850 and 13.97 percents for small, medium, and large cities, respectively.

With the shift of equity to efficiency-oriented perspective, this chapter establishes a Path-converged design to identify and realize the allocation efficiencies of FDI and PE in different regions of China. It finds out that re-allocation of public expenditures in cities successfully reduces allocation inefficiency by up to two percent, with reallocating 27.83 billion Yuan of public expenditure, which accounts for 2.020 percents of the original total amount in overall China in 2006.

Path-converged design is applied to first identify allocation efficiency of population resource and to second realize allocation efficiency with alternative strategy of migration under efficiency-oriented framework. The path converged design allows us to identify allocation efficiency from distribution of inefficiency by inefficiency interval and inefficiency strength rather than from parameters of inefficiency in previous researches. First, the identification finds out the inefficiency strengths of population allocation are most significant in Western region and large cities from respective perspectives of regional location and city scale. Second, alternative strategy is proposed to realize efficient allocation and the decision making on population migration in Western large cities is effective since it reduces the inefficiency strength by 18 percents.

Combining the nonparametric KNN-kernel density-based clustering method (Tranh, 2005) with Gini coefficient formula (Zuguang Hu, 2004), we investigate how Gini coefficients affect the classification among 31 areas in Zhejiang province based on the undergraduate consumption data. The results show that there is 10 percent classification difference between the classification with Gini coefficient and the one not, then we get the desired classification through adjusting the Gini coefficient suitably and dynamically.