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There is no doubt that the foreign currency loan litigations have been at the heart of the Hungarian civil justice in the second decade of the 21st century. When the financial crisis struck Hungary in 2008, the Hungarian Forint continuously depreciated against the EUR and Swiss Francs that resulted a significant increase of the monthly debt payments. The massive collapsing of foreign-currency-based loans and huge losses by citizens have led to numerous litigations before the Hungarian courts. The overwhelming majority of these actions aimed at establishing the invalidity of retail consumer contracts based on the fault of financial institutions and lack of proper information. On the one hand, intensive legislative work began to balance consumer protection and other interests, and on the other hand, courts adjudicated these cases and the uniform conduct of courts were enhanced through uniformity decisions of the Kuria (Supreme Court of Hungary). In litigation, particular emphasis was placed on providing consumers with adequate information and judicial review of unfair contract terms. Since the regulation of this area has been heavily sourced by the EU law, the courts have in many cases referred questions for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice of the European Union. The first such request was the Kasler case (C-26/13) that was followed by a dozen other inquiries. This paper examines the effects of the decisions made on the basis of the judgements and presents the most frequently invoked unfair contract terms and their Hungarian judicial practice.

This paper describes the nature and characteristics of research on the linguistic relation between Turkic and Hungarian. The description begins with linguistic romanticism and the advances of the historical-comparative school, continuing up to recent results of academic research. Besides that, popular scientific contributions and amateurish endeavours questioning the academic achievements are investigated as well. The final part examines some possible reasons of why the academia continuously fails in communicating sciences to the general public. Ezt a rövid tanulmányt 2019 őszén írtam magyarországi kollégák felkérésére. Egy gyűjteményes kötetbe lett szánva, ami sajnos sosem jelent meg.

This paper presents technical aspects and considerations relevant for the creation of two novel corpus-based databases within the field of Turkic studies. The databases will provide textual and linguistic data of various Old and Middle Turkic literary languages utilising the Semantic Web technologies. The paper evaluates the existing ontologies that the projects will implement, and provides a list of potential ontologies that philological projects are most commonly in need of. ERC-funded starting grant: (Re)constructing a Bible. A new approach to unedited Biblical manuscripts as sources for the early history of the Karaim language (Karaim- Bible)

Object-oriented motion segmentation is a basic step of the effective coding of image-series. Following the MPEG-4 standard we should define such objects. In this paper, a fully parallel and locally connected computation model is described for segmenting frames of image sequences based on spatial and motion information. The first type of the algorithm is called early segmentation. It is based on spatial information only and aims at providing an over-segmentation of the frame in real-time. Even if the obtained results do not minimize the number of regions, it is a good starting point for higher level post processing, when the decision on how to regroup regions in object can rely on both spatial and temporal information. In the second type of the algorithm stochastic optimization methods are used to form homogenous dense optical vector fields which act directly on motion vectors instead of 2D or 3D motion parameters. This makes the algorithm simple and less time consuming than many other relaxation methods. Then we apply morphological operators to handle disocclusion effects and to map the motion field to the spatial content. Computer simulations of the CNN architecture demonstrate the usefulness of our methods. All solutions in our approach suggest a fully parallel implementation in a newly developed CNN-UM VLSI chip architecture.