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Introduction According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimations, 390,000 children were infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 2011, primarily due to mother?to?child transmission (MTCT) [...], The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance mutations (DRMs) was estimated in 25 untreated infants who were living with HIV?1, younger than 13 months and living in Senegal. Antiretroviral DRMs were detected in 8 of 25 (32%) children. Non?nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) DRMs were present in all (100%) children whose viruses harboured DRMs: K103N in 43%; Y181C, K101E and V106M each in 29%; and Y188L in 14%. The D67N thymidine?analogue mutation was observed in only two children whose mothers had received chemoprophylaxis of mother?to?child transmission (MTCT). The proportion of children whose viruses harboured DRMs was then 6.5?fold higher in children whose mother?child couples had received nevirapine (NVP)?based chemoprophylaxis than in other couples without prophylaxis [7 of 13 (53.8%) vs. 1 of 12 (8.3%)]. These findings point to the absolute need to address primary resistance mutations in case of virological failure in young children treated by antiretroviral drugs, and to make more effective treatment regimens available to NVP?exposed infants living with HIV?1 in Senegal.