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2. Common Bugs in Scratch Programs

Author

Frädrich, Christoph, Obermüller, Florian, Körber, Nina, Heuer, Ute, and Fraser, Gordon

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, 97P50, D.2.5, K.3.2
Abstract

Bugs in Scratch programs can spoil the fun and inhibit learning success. Many common bugs are the result of recurring patterns of bad code. In this paper we present a collection of common code patterns that typically hint at bugs in Scratch programs, and the LitterBox tool which can automatically detect them. We empirically evaluate how frequently these patterns occur, and how severe their consequences usually are. While fixing bugs inevitably is part of learning, the possibility to identify the bugs automatically provides the potential to support learners, Comment: Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 89-95)

Published
2021
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3. Improving Readability of Scratch Programs with Search-based Refactoring

Author

Adler, Felix, Fraser, Gordon, Gründinger, Eva, Körber, Nina, Labrenz, Simon, Lerchenberger, Jonas, Lukasczyk, Stephan, and Schweikl, Sebastian

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, 68N99, D.2.5
Abstract

Block-based programming languages like Scratch have become increasingly popular as introductory languages for novices. These languages are intended to be used with a "tinkering" approach which allows learners and teachers to quickly assemble working programs and games, but this often leads to low code quality. Such code can be hard to comprehend, changing it is error-prone, and learners may struggle and lose interest. The general solution to improve code quality is to refactor the code. However, Scratch lacks many of the common abstraction mechanisms used when refactoring programs written in higher programming languages. In order to improve Scratch code, we therefore propose a set of atomic code transformations to optimise readability by (1) rewriting control structures and (2) simplifying scripts using the inherently concurrent nature of Scratch programs. By automating these transformations it is possible to explore the space of possible variations of Scratch programs. In this paper, we describe a multi-objective search-based approach that determines sequences of code transformations which improve the readability of a given Scratch program and therefore form refactorings. Evaluation on a random sample of 1000 Scratch programs demonstrates that the generated refactorings reduce complexity and entropy in 70.4% of the cases, and 354 projects are improved in at least one metric without making any other metric worse. The refactored programs can help both novices and their teachers to improve their code., Comment: To be published in the Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM'21). This version includes an extended appendix with transformation examples

Published
2021

4. Anomaly Detection in Scratch Assignments

Author

Körber, Nina

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

For teachers, automated tool support for debugging and assessing their students' programming assignments is a great help in their everyday business. For block-based programming languages which are commonly used to introduce younger learners to programming, testing frameworks and other software analysis tools exist, but require manual work such as writing test suites or formal specifications. However, most of the teachers using languages like Scratch are not trained for or experienced in this kind of task. Linters do not require manual work but are limited to generic bugs and therefore miss potential task-specific bugs in student solutions. In prior work, we proposed the use of anomaly detection to find project-specific bugs in sets of student programming assignments automatically, without any additional manual labour required from the teachers' side. Evaluation on student solutions for typical programming assignments showed that anomaly detection is a reliable way to locate bugs in a data set of student programs. In this paper, we enhance our initial approach by lowering the abstraction level. The results suggest that the lower abstraction level can focus anomaly detection on the relevant parts of the programs., Comment: To be published in International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion), 2021 in the context of the ACM Student Research Competition

Published
2021

5. LitterBox: A Linter for Scratch Programs

Author

Fraser, Gordon, Heuer, Ute, Körber, Nina, Obermüller, Florian, and Wasmeier, Ewald

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, Computer Science - Programming Languages, 97P50, D.2.5, K.3.2
Abstract

Creating programs with block-based programming languages like Scratch is easy and fun. Block-based programs can nevertheless contain bugs, in particular when learners have misconceptions about programming. Even when they do not, Scratch code is often of low quality and contains code smells, further inhibiting understanding, reuse, and fun. To address this problem, in this paper we introduce LitterBox, a linter for Scratch programs. Given a program or its public project ID, LitterBox checks the program against patterns of known bugs and code smells. For each issue identified, LitterBox provides not only the location in the code, but also a helpful explanation of the underlying reason and possible misconceptions. Learners can access LitterBox through an easy to use web interface with visual information about the errors in the block-code, while for researchers LitterBox provides a general, open source, and extensible framework for static analysis of Scratch programs., Comment: To be published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'21), Joint Track on Software Engineering Education and Training

Published
2021

6. Finding Anomalies in Scratch Assignments

Author

Körber, Nina, Geldreich, Katharina, Stahlbauer, Andreas, and Fraser, Gordon

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, 97P50, D.2.5, K.3.2
Abstract

In programming education, teachers need to monitor and assess the progress of their students by investigating the code they write. Code quality of programs written in traditional programming languages can be automatically assessed with automated tests, verification tools, or linters. In many cases these approaches rely on some form of manually written formal specification to analyze the given programs. Writing such specifications, however, is hard for teachers, who are often not adequately trained for this task. Furthermore, automated tool support for popular block-based introductory programming languages like Scratch is lacking. Anomaly detection is an approach to automatically identify deviations of common behavior in datasets without any need for writing a specification. In this paper, we use anomaly detection to automatically find deviations of Scratch code in a classroom setting, where anomalies can represent erroneous code, alternative solutions, or distinguished work. Evaluation on solutions of different programming tasks demonstrates that anomaly detection can successfully be applied to tightly specified as well as open-ended programming tasks., Comment: To be published in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'21), Joint Track on Software Engineering Education and Training

Published
2021

7. An Experience of Introducing Primary School Children to Programming using Ozobots (Practical Report)

Author

Körber, Nina, Bailey, Lisa, Greifenstein, Luisa, Fraser, Gordon, Sabitzer, Barbara, and Rottenhofer, Marina

Subjects
Computer Science - Computers and Society, Computer Science - Software Engineering, 97P50, K.3.2, D.2.6
Abstract

Algorithmic thinking is a central concept in the context of computational thinking, and it is commonly taught by computer programming. A recent trend is to introduce basic programming concepts already very early on at primary school level. There are, however, several challenges in teaching programming at this level: Schools and teachers are often neither equipped nor trained appropriately, and the best way to move from initial "unplugged" activities to creating programs on a computer are still a matter of open debate. In this paper, we describe our experience of a small INTERREG-project aiming at supporting local primary schools in introducing children to programming concepts using Ozobot robots. These robots have two distinct advantages: First, they can be programmed with and without computers, thus helping the transition from unplugged programming to programming with a computer. Second, they are small and easy to transport, even when used together with tablet computers. Although we learned in our outreach events that the use of Ozobots is not without challenges, our overall experience is positive and can hopefully support others in setting up first encounters with programming at primary schools., Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the 16th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (WIPSCE)

Published
2020
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8. Clinical and immunological benefits of full primary COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections: a prospective cohort study in non-hospitalized adults

Author

Prelog, Martina, primary, Jeske, Samuel D., additional, Asam, Claudia, additional, Fuchs, Andre, additional, Wieser, Andreas, additional, Gall, Christine, additional, Wytopil, Monika, additional, Mueller-Schmucker, Sandra M., additional, Beileke, Stephanie, additional, Goekkaya, Mehmet, additional, Kling, Elisabeth, additional, Geldmacher, Christof, additional, Rubio-Acero, Raquel, additional, Plank, Michael, additional, Christa, Catharina, additional, Willmann, Annika, additional, Vu, Martin, additional, Einhauser, Sebastian, additional, Weps, Manuela, additional, Lampl, Benedikt M.J., additional, Almanzar, Giovanni, additional, Kousha, Kimia, additional, Schwägerl, Valeria, additional, Liebl, Bernhard, additional, Weber, Beatrix, additional, Drescher, Johannes, additional, Scheidt, Jörg, additional, Gefeller, Olaf, additional, Messmann, Helmut, additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, Liese, Johannes, additional, Hoelscher, Michael, additional, Wagner, Ralf, additional, Überla, Klaus, additional, Steininger, Philipp, additional, Ebigbo, Alanna, additional, Römmele, Christoph, additional, Ullrich, Maximilian, additional, Freitag, Marie, additional, Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia, additional, Metz, Aline, additional, Holetschek, Corinna, additional, Neumann, Avidan, additional, Hoffmann, Reinhard, additional, Pruteanu, Mihail, additional, Wibmer, Thomas, additional, Rost, Susanne, additional, Müller-Schmucker, Sandra M., additional, Korn, Klaus, additional, Hastreiter, Tamara, additional, Fraedrich, Kirsten, additional, Obergfäll, Debora, additional, Neumann, Frank, additional, Kuhn, Claudia, additional, Günther, Katja, additional, Friedrich, Elke, additional, Janke, Christian, additional, Guggenbühl, Jessica, additional, Reinkemeyer, Christina, additional, Noreña, Ivan, additional, Castelletti, Noemi, additional, Acero, Raquel Rubio, additional, Ahmed, M. I.M., additional, Diepers, Paulina, additional, Eser, Tabea M., additional, Fuchs, Anna, additional, Baranov, Olga, additional, Bauer, Bernadette, additional, Wang, Danni, additional, Paunovic, Ivana, additional, Tinnefeld, Kathrin, additional, Roggendorf, Hedwig, additional, Körber, Nina, additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, Gleich, Sabine, additional, Senninger, Antonia, additional, Carnell, George, additional, Heeney, Jonathan Luke, additional, Ebner, Antonia, additional, de Schultz, Maria José, additional, Rajes, Cedric, additional, Wafai, Aya Al, additional, Brenner, David, additional, Sicheneder, Laura, additional, Berr, Melanie, additional, Schütz, Anja, additional, Bauernfeind, Stilla, additional, Gessner, André, additional, Schmidt, Barbara, additional, Biermeier, Daniela, additional, Rothe, Ulrich, additional, Gleißner, Ute, additional, Brückner, Susanne, additional, Treml, Michaela, additional, Schedl, Holger, additional, Biermaier, Beate, additional, Achatz, Markus, additional, Hierhammer, Daniela, additional, Englhardt, Johanna, additional, Scheidl, Werner, additional, Jeyaraman, Sivaji, additional, Schutt, Barbara, additional, Prelog, Martina, additional, Bley, Julia, additional, Vogt, Tim, additional, Ziegler, Lars, additional, Stein, Astrid, additional, Förg, Franziska, additional, Löw, Johann, additional, Finkenberg, Barbara, additional, Pollak, Dennis, additional, Zamzow, Alexander, additional, Eberbach, Nicole, additional, Balkie, Lara, additional, Kretzschmann, Tanja, additional, Gehrig, Matthias, additional, Bandorf, Matthias, additional, Keck, Kilian, additional, Allmanritter, Jan, additional, Rafique, Shahid, additional, Finster, Mona, additional, Baumgart, Ingo, additional, Heumüller-Klug, Sabine, additional, Koglin, Hans-Jürgen, additional, Pfahlberg, Annette B., additional, Kaiser, Isabelle, additional, Siebenhaar, Yannic, additional, Wogenstein, Florian, additional, Reinel, Dirk, additional, Zarzitzky, Fabian, additional, Herr, Caroline, additional, Katz, Katharina, additional, Sing, Andreas, additional, and Dangel, Alexandra, additional

Published
2023
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11. Comparable cellular and humoral immunity upon homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in kidney transplant recipients

Author

Körber, Nina, primary, Holzmann-Littig, Christopher, additional, Wilkens, Gesa, additional, Liao, Bo-Hung, additional, Werz, Maia L., additional, Platen, Louise, additional, Cheng, Cho-Chin, additional, Tellenbach, Myriam, additional, Kappler, Verena, additional, Lehner, Viktor, additional, Mijočević, Hrvoje, additional, Christa, Catharina, additional, Assfalg, Volker, additional, Heemann, Uwe, additional, Schmaderer, Christoph, additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, Braunisch, Matthias C., additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, and Renders, Lutz, additional

Published
2023
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12. Dynamics of humoral and cellular immune responses after homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2

Author

Vogel, Emanuel, primary, Kocher, Katharina, additional, Priller, Alina, additional, Cheng, Cho-Chin, additional, Steininger, Philipp, additional, Liao, Bo-Hung, additional, Körber, Nina, additional, Willmann, Annika, additional, Irrgang, Pascal, additional, Held, Jürgen, additional, Moosmann, Carolin, additional, Schmidt, Viviane, additional, Beileke, Stephanie, additional, Wytopil, Monika, additional, Heringer, Sarah, additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, Brockhoff, Ronja, additional, Jeske, Samuel, additional, Mijocevic, Hrvoje, additional, Christa, Catharina, additional, Salmanton-García, Jon, additional, Tinnefeld, Kathrin, additional, Bogdan, Christian, additional, Yazici, Sarah, additional, Knolle, Percy, additional, Cornely, Oliver A., additional, Überla, Klaus, additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, Schober, Kilian, additional, and Tenbusch, Matthias, additional

Published
2022
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15. Long-term follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 convalescents reveals distinct magnitude of spike-specific immunity after viral re-exposure and vaccination

Author

Knolle, Percy, primary, Körber, Nina, additional, Priller, Alina, additional, Yazici, Sarah, additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, Cheng, Cho-Chin, additional, Mijocevic, Hrvoje, additional, Wintersteller, Hannah, additional, Jeske, Samuel, additional, Vogel, Emanuel, additional, Tinnefeld, Kathrin, additional, Gerhard, Markus, additional, Haller, Bernhard, additional, Christa, Catharina, additional, Zelger, Otto, additional, Roggendorf, Hedwig, additional, Halle, Martin, additional, Erber, Johanna, additional, Keppler, Oliver, additional, Zehn, Dietmar, additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, and Lingor, Paul, additional

Published
2021
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16. Additional file 3 of Evaluation of T-activated proteins as recall antigens to monitor Epstein–Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in a clinical trial setting

Author

Körber, Nina, Behrends, Uta, Protzer, Ulrike, and Bauer, Tanja

Subjects
hemic and lymphatic diseases, viruses, virus diseases, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition
Abstract

Additional file 3: Table S3: Specificity of EBV-BZLF1, EBV-EBNA3A, HCMV-pp65, and HCMV-IE1 T-activated proteins in a cohort of EBV- and HCMV-seronegative donors.

Published
2020
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22. Regulatory myeloid cells paralyze T cells through cell–cell transfer of the metabolite methylglyoxal

Author

Baumann, Tobias, primary, Dunkel, Andreas, additional, Schmid, Christian, additional, Schmitt, Sabine, additional, Hiltensperger, Michael, additional, Lohr, Kerstin, additional, Laketa, Vibor, additional, Donakonda, Sainitin, additional, Ahting, Uwe, additional, Lorenz-Depiereux, Bettina, additional, Heil, Jan E., additional, Schredelseker, Johann, additional, Simeoni, Luca, additional, Fecher, Caroline, additional, Körber, Nina, additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, Hüser, Norbert, additional, Hartmann, Daniel, additional, Laschinger, Melanie, additional, Eyerich, Kilian, additional, Eyerich, Stefanie, additional, Anton, Martina, additional, Streeter, Matthew, additional, Wang, Tina, additional, Schraven, Burkhart, additional, Spiegel, David, additional, Assaad, Farhah, additional, Misgeld, Thomas, additional, Zischka, Hans, additional, Murray, Peter J., additional, Heine, Annkristin, additional, Heikenwälder, Mathias, additional, Korn, Thomas, additional, Dawid, Corinna, additional, Hofmann, Thomas, additional, Knolle, Percy A., additional, and Höchst, Bastian, additional

Published
2020
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23. Differential upregulation of host cell protein kinases by the replication of α-, β- and γ-herpesviruses provides a signature of virus-specific signalling

Author

Marschall, Manfred, primary, Strojan, Hanife, additional, Kiener, Richard, additional, Wangen, Christina, additional, Sonntag, Eric, additional, Müller, Regina, additional, Zeitträger, Isabel, additional, Wagner, Sabrina, additional, Stamminger, Thomas, additional, Milbradt, Jens, additional, Behrends, Uta, additional, Körber, Nina, additional, Bauer, Tanja, additional, Schrödel, Silke, additional, Thirion, Christian, additional, Wagner, Ralf, additional, and Hutterer, Corina, additional

Published
2020
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24. Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Responders Show Higher Frequencies of CD24highCD38high Regulatory B Cells and Lower Levels of IL-10 Expression Compared to Responders.

Author

Körber, Nina, Pohl, Laureen, Weinberger, Birgit, Grubeck-Loebenstein, Beatrix, Wawer, Andrea, Knolle, Percy A., Roggendorf, Hedwig, Protzer, Ulrike, and Bauer, Tanja

Subjects
REGULATORY B cells, HEPATITIS B vaccines, MONONUCLEAR leukocytes, ANTIBODY formation
Abstract

Background: The cellular mechanisms involved in the lack of protective antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination are still rather unclear. Regulatory B cells (Breg) known as modulators of B-and T-cell responses may contribute to poor vaccine responsiveness. The current study aimed to investigate the role of regulatory B cells (Breg) in hepatitis B vaccine non-responsiveness after immunization with second- or third-generation hepatitis B vaccines. Method: We performed comparative phenotypic and frequency analysis of Breg subsets (CD24+CD27+ and CD24highCD38high Breg) in second-generation hepatitis B vaccine non-responders (2nd HBvac NR, n = 11) and responders (2nd HBvac R, n = 8) before (d0), on day 7 (d7), and 28 (d28) after booster vaccination. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated ex vivo with a combination of CpG, PMA, and Ionomycin (CpG+P/I) and analyzed for numbers and IL-10 expression levels of Breg by flow cytometry-based analyses. Results: Flow cytometry-based analyses revealed elevated frequencies of CD24+CD27+ Breg at all time points and significantly higher frequencies of CD24highCD38high Breg on d0 (p = 0.004) and 28 (p = 0.012) in 2nd HBvac NR compared to 2nd HBvac R. In parallel, we observed significantly lower levels of CpG+P/I-induced IL-10 expression levels of CD24+CD27+ and CD24highCD38high Breg (d0: p < 0.0001; d7: p = 0.0004; d28: p = 0.0003 and d0: p = 0.016; d7: p = 0.016, respectively) in 2nd HBvac NR compared to 2nd HBvac R before and after booster immunization. Frequencies of CD24+CD27+ and CD24highCD38high Breg significantly decreased after third-generation hepatitis B booster vaccination (d7: p = 0.014; d28: p = 0.032 and d7: p = 0.045, respectively), whereas IL-10 expression levels of both Breg subsets remained stable. Conclusion: Here we report significantly higher frequencies of CD24highCD38high Breg in parallel with significantly lower IL-10 expression levels of CD24+CD27+ and CD24highCD38high Breg in 2nd HBvac NR compared to 2nd HBvac R. Anti-HBs seroconversion accompanied by a decrease of Breg numbers after booster immunization with a third-generation hepatitis B vaccine could indicate a positive effect of third-generation hepatitis B vaccines on Breg-mediated immunomodulation in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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25. Immune control of Epstein-Barr virus infection as a functional biomarker in young competitive athletes

Author

Körber, Nina, Protzer, Ulrike (Prof. Dr.), and Haller, Dirk (Prof. Dr.)

Subjects
Medizin und Gesundheit, Biowissenschaften, Biologie, ddc:570, ddc:790, ddc:610, Sport, Spiele, Unterhaltung
Abstract

Im Bereich des Hochleistungssports wird häufig darüber diskutiert, ob Athleten aufgrund der hohen physischen und psychischen Belastung eine geschwächte Immunfunktion haben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Hypothese einer immunschwächenden Auswirkung des Hochleistungssports anhand der EBV-spezifischen Immunantwort untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Höhe der anti-EBV IgG-Titer, der zellvermittelten EBV-spezifischen Immunantworten und die EBV-Last analysiert. In einem Kollektiv von NachwuchsleistungssportlerInnen ließ sich eine Immunalteration im Vergleich zu einer altersgleichen Kontrollgruppe nicht bestätigen. There is an ongoing discussion, if competitive athletes may have a compromised immune function to extensive exercise and stress. In the scope of this thesis the hypothesis was investigated that competitive sports alters immune functions by investigating the EBV-specific immune response in a cohort of young competitive athletes in comparison to an age-matched non-athlete group. Analyses of anti-EBV IgG-titers, EBV load and EBV-specific cell-mediated immunity using a novel assay did not confirm any altered immune responses.

Published
2017

27. Temas Suizos

Author

Boerlin, E., Koerber, Nina, Reverdin, Olivier, and Bieri, Ernst

Published
1962

32. Overnight Resting of PBMC Changes Functional Signatures of Antigen Specific T- Cell Responses: Impact for Immune Monitoring within Clinical Trials

Author

Kutscher, Sarah, primary, Dembek, Claudia J., additional, Deckert, Simone, additional, Russo, Carolina, additional, Körber, Nina, additional, Bogner, Johannes R., additional, Geisler, Fabian, additional, Umgelter, Andreas, additional, Neuenhahn, Michael, additional, Albrecht, Julia, additional, Cosma, Antonio, additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, and Bauer, Tanja, additional

Published
2013
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35. Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Responders Show Higher Frequencies of CD24 high CD38 high Regulatory B Cells and Lower Levels of IL-10 Expression Compared to Responders.

Author

Körber N, Pohl L, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Wawer A, Knolle PA, Roggendorf H, Protzer U, and Bauer T

Subjects
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 metabolism, B-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology, B-Lymphocyte Subsets metabolism, B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory metabolism, CD24 Antigen metabolism, Female, Flow Cytometry, Hepatitis B metabolism, Hepatitis B prevention & control, Hepatitis B virology, Hepatitis B Antibodies, Hepatitis B Vaccines administration & dosage, Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions immunology, Humans, Interleukin-10 metabolism, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins metabolism, Vaccination, B-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology, Gene Expression, Hepatitis B immunology, Hepatitis B Vaccines immunology, Hepatitis B virus immunology, Interleukin-10 genetics, Lymphocyte Count
Abstract

Background: The cellular mechanisms involved in the lack of protective antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination are still rather unclear. Regulatory B cells (Breg) known as modulators of B-and T-cell responses may contribute to poor vaccine responsiveness. The current study aimed to investigate the role of regulatory B cells (Breg) in hepatitis B vaccine non-responsiveness after immunization with second- or third-generation hepatitis B vaccines., Method: We performed comparative phenotypic and frequency analysis of Breg subsets (CD24 + CD27 + and CD24 high CD38 high Breg) in second-generation hepatitis B vaccine non-responders (2 nd HBvac NR, n = 11) and responders (2 nd HBvac R, n = 8) before (d0), on day 7 (d7), and 28 (d28) after booster vaccination. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated ex vivo with a combination of CpG, PMA, and Ionomycin (CpG+P/I) and analyzed for numbers and IL-10 expression levels of Breg by flow cytometry-based analyses., Results: Flow cytometry-based analyses revealed elevated frequencies of CD24 + CD27 + Breg at all time points and significantly higher frequencies of CD24 high CD38 high Breg on d0 ( p = 0.004) and 28 ( p = 0.012) in 2 nd HBvac NR compared to 2 nd HBvac R. In parallel, we observed significantly lower levels of CpG+P/I-induced IL-10 expression levels of CD24 + CD27 + and CD24 high CD38 high Breg (d0: p < 0.0001; d7: p = 0.0004; d28: p = 0.0003 and d0: p = 0.016; d7: p = 0.016, respectively) in 2 nd HBvac NR compared to 2 nd HBvac R before and after booster immunization. Frequencies of CD24 + CD27 + and CD24 high CD38 high Breg significantly decreased after third-generation hepatitis B booster vaccination (d7: p = 0.014; d28: p = 0.032 and d7: p = 0.045, respectively), whereas IL-10 expression levels of both Breg subsets remained stable., Conclusion: Here we report significantly higher frequencies of CD24 high CD38 high Breg in parallel with significantly lower IL-10 expression levels of CD24 + CD27 + and CD24 high CD38 high Breg in 2 nd HBvac NR compared to 2 nd HBvac R. Anti-HBs seroconversion accompanied by a decrease of Breg numbers after booster immunization with a third-generation hepatitis B vaccine could indicate a positive effect of third-generation hepatitis B vaccines on Breg-mediated immunomodulation in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders., Competing Interests: UP received funding for the project from the Helmholtz Association in context of the iMed initiative and the Helmholtz-Alberta-Initiative in Infectious Disease Research. UP serves as scientific advisor for Gilead, Leukocare, Abbvie, MSD, Arbutus, GSK, Vaccitech, Biontech, and Dicerna. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Körber, Pohl, Weinberger, Grubeck-Loebenstein, Wawer, Knolle, Roggendorf, Protzer and Bauer.)

Published
2021
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