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Background and aims: Smoking is recognised as an independent risk factor in the development of chronic pancreatitis (CP). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function and ductal fluid and bicarbonate secretion are also known to be impaired in CP, so it is crucial to understand the relationships between smoking, pancreatic ductal function and the development of CP. Methods: We measured sweat chloride (Cl–) concentrations in patients with and without CP, both smokers and non‐smokers, to assess CFTR activity. Serum heavy metal levels and tissue cadmium concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry in smoking and non‐smoking patients. Guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was prepared to characterise its effects on pancreatic HCO3– and fluid secretion and CFTR function. We administered cerulein to both the smoking and non‐smoking groups of mice to induce pancreatitis. Results: Sweat samples from smokers, both with and without CP, exhibited elevated Cl– concentrations compared to those from non‐smokers, indicating a decrease in CFTR activity due to smoking. Pancreatic tissues from smokers, regardless of CP status, displayed lower CFTR expression than those from non‐smokers. Serum levels of cadmium and mercury, as well as pancreatic tissue cadmium, were increased in smokers. Smoking, CSE, cadmium, mercury and nicotine all hindered fluid and HCO3– secretion and CFTR activity in pancreatic ductal cells. These effects were mediated by sustained increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), depletion of intracellular ATP (ATPi) and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation. Conclusion: Smoking impairs pancreatic ductal function and contributes to the development of CP. Heavy metals, notably cadmium, play a significant role in the harmful effects of smoking. Key points: Smoking and cigarette smoke extract diminish pancreatic ductal fluid and HCO3– secretion as well as the expression and function of CFTRCd and Hg concentrations are significantly higher in the serum samples of smokersCd accumulates in the pancreatic tissue of smokers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood cells of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster show many similarities to their vertebrate counterparts, both in their functions and their differentiation. In the past decades, a wide palette of immunological and transgenic tools and methods have been developed to study hematopoiesis in the Drosophila larva. However, the in vivo observation of blood cells is technically restricted by the limited transparency of the body and the difficulty in keeping the organism alive during imaging. Here we describe an improved ex vivo culturing method that allows effective visualization and selection of live blood cells in primary cultures derived from Drosophila larvae. Our results show that cultured hemocytes accurately represent morphological and functional changes following immune challenges and in case of genetic alterations. Since cell culturing has hugely contributed to the understanding of the physiological properties of vertebrate blood cells, this method provides a versatile tool for studying Drosophila hemocyte differentiation and functions ex vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]