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Examination malpractice is a deliberate wrong doing contrary to official examina-tion rules designed to place a candidate at unfair advantage or disadvantage. The proposed system depicts a new use of technology to identify malpractice in E-Exams which is essential due to growth of online education. The current solu-tions for such a problem either require complete manual labor or have various vulnerabilities that can be exploited by an examinee. The proposed application en-compasses an end-to-end system that assists an examiner/evaluator in deciding whether a student passes an online exam without any probable attempts of mal-practice or cheating in e-exams with the help of visual aids. The system works by categorizing the student’s VFOA (visual focus of attention) data by capturing the head pose estimates and eye gaze estimates using state-of-the-art machine learn-ing techniques. The system only requires the student (test-taker) to have a func-tioning internet connection along with a webcam to transmit the feed. The exam-iner is alerted when the student wavers in his VFOA, from the screen greater than X, a predefined threshold of times. If this threshold X is crossed, the appli-cation will save the data of the person when his VFOA is off the screen and send it to the examiner to be manually checked and marked whether the action per-formed by the student was an attempt at malpractice or just momentary lapse in concentration. The system use a hybrid classifier approach where two different classifiers are used, one when gaze values are being read successfully (which may fail due to various reasons like transmission quality or glare from his specta-cles), the model falls back to the default classifier which only reads the head pose values to classify the attention metric, which is used to map the student’s VFOA to check the likelihood of malpractice. The model has achieved an accuracy of 96.04 percent in classifying the attention metric.

With the growing popularity of streaming content, streaming platforms have emerged that offer content in resolutions of 4k, 2k, HD etc. Some regions of the world face a terrible network reception. Delivering content and a pleasant viewing experience to the users of such locations becomes a challenge. audio/video streaming at available network speeds is just not feasible for people at those locations. The only way is to reduce the data footprint of the concerned audio/video without compromising the quality. For this purpose, there exists algorithms and techniques that attempt to realize the same. Fortunately, the field of compression is an active one when it comes to content delivering. With a lot of algorithms in the play, which one actually delivers content while putting less strain on the users' network bandwidth? This paper carries out an extensive analysis of present popular algorithms to come to the conclusion of the best algorithm for streaming data. Both audio and video compression are put under scrutiny and are compared on various aspects prime to delivery of data.

Data is the most crucial component of a successful ML system. Once a machine learning model is developed, it gets obsolete over time due to presence of new input data being generated every second. In order to keep our predictions accurate we need to find a way to keep our models up to date. Our research work involves finding a mechanism which can retrain the model with new data automatically. This research also involves exploring the possibilities of automating machine learning processes. We started this project by training and testing our model using conventional machine learning methods. The outcome was then compared with the outcome of those experiments conducted using the AutoML methods like TPOT. This helped us in finding an efficient technique to retrain our models. These techniques can be used in areas where people do not deal with the actual working of a ML model but only require the outputs of ML processes.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to develop a secure, efficient, and enhanced user authentication mechanism to achieve reliable and authenticated connection. In online transactions, users and resources are located at different places, and the sensitive information is to be protected and transferred using the suitable, reliable mechanism. Design/methodology/approach One of the latest approach to handle the requirement is by a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) or its variant Wireless Public Key Infrastructure (WPKI). Fundamental management techniques are required to be very secure and vital since they are one of the points of attack in public key cryptosystem. Entity authentication and key agreement (AKA) is a critical cryptographic problem in wireless communication, where a mutual entity authentication plays a vital role in the establishment of the secure and authentic connection. This paper proposes an efficient and enhanced AKA scheme (EAKA) with the end-to-end security and verifies the proposed system for protection using automated validation of internet security protocols and applications. An efficient way for the implementation of an enhanced version of the protocol is proposed using a lattice-based cryptographic algorithm. Findings The time consumed for the proposed research work shows that it is practical and acceptable. Originality/value The proposed research work is an efficient and enhanced user authentication mechanism.

Public key cryptography is widely used for secure data transfer in various applications. The Public key infrastructure provides a foundation that supports public key cryptography, and it is required to deliver the public keys to existing systems or users securely. The public key is exchanged digitally in the form of digital certificates having a certain period of validity. Circumstances may arise under which the validity of the certificates should be ceased, and they need to be revoked. The fast growth of e-commerce demands verification and data transfers to be done in minimum time to maintain high efficiency of communication. In this paper, a new method of developing certificate revocation lists is proposed. The formal model of enhanced PKI for mobile commerce security is put forward. The performance of NTRU is compared with the RSA algorithm and the ElGamal algorithm. The paper also sets forth a comparative analysis of the proposed method with other existing techniques. The results show that the proposed technology has the upper hand over the current methods.

Secure communication and Secure data transfer are one of the significant challenges in the era of Internet. With the development in information technology, there arose a need for invulnerable transfer of data. Visual Cryptography is the method in which the secrets are encoded in the form of shares which can be decrypted by overlapping the shares that are obtained. As the usage of images in the industrial process is rapidly rising, it is vital to protect the confidential image data from unauthorized access. The (2,2) Visual Cryptography scheme involves the encoding of the image to create two shares. It is later obtained through the stacking process. Further, Halftoning technique can be applied by the dithering process for the approximation of the colors in the image. It makes use of Floyd’s Steinberg Algorithm which uses the dithering process by mapping the required color from the eight color bit palette assigned. The design layout is broken down into two module. The first module is used to convert the image into a binary image, and the other module is used to pass the input image to Floyd’s Steinberg algorithm. This technique can be best suited for the application in the banking system or any other field where confidentiality is the primary concern.

Entity Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA), is a critical cryptographic problem in wireless communication, where a mutual entity authentication plays a vital role in the establishment of the secure and authentic connection. The paper proposes an efficient authenticated key agreement scheme and increases the speed of authentication process more securely. The signaling overhead is minimized by creating the validity token at home agent of mobile equipment, which indicates if the certificate of the foreign agent is valid or invalid. An efficient way for the implementation of an enhanced version of the protocol is proposed. NTRU algorithm is applied to encrypt and decrypt the messages. NTRU algorithm is one of the efficient asymmetric key lattice-based cryptographic algorithm. NTRU has been proved to be the fastest and secure encryption algorithm. AES is used for symmetric key encryption. The result demonstrates that the proposed method is efficient.

The number of on-road vehicles has increased by almost 140% over the past decade, thereby increasing pollution levels, congestion and fuel consumption. To contain such a situation, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) technology is almost on the verge of large scale practical deployment. Hence, the aim is to provide a system to control the above using VANET and to provide an infrastructure to reduce the commute time, traffic congestion and increase fuel efficiency as well as secure communication between vehicles. An algorithm is proposed, which uses the concept of weighted variables and Dijkstra's to predict the most viable path with the least traffic density and congestion. However, this system is prone to various active and passive attacks, therefore, to deal with the issue of secure transfer of information between the OBU's and the cloud, a security mechanism is established, central to which would be the Certification Authority (CA), responsible for registering vehicles, monitoring loyalty and distribution of keys. This security infrastructure uses pre-existing algorithms like RSA and Hashing to obtain viable results. Thus, a secure system can be established which would route the drivers to the best possible path and notify them in case of an imminent traffic jam thereby increasing fuel efficiency. The feasibility and performance of the algorithm was tested via simulation due to the lack of real time data. The simulation was performed on open source platforms such as SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility). The proposed algorithm gave much better results than most of the existing counterparts or routing without any interference.

The concern for security increases due to the advances in the falsification technology. Biometrics is the only authentication method which truly identifies an individual when compared to other methods like PINs and passwords. Even though there are numerous biometric approaches, these are not robust. In this paper, we aimed at building a protocol which focuses on Electrocardiogram (ECG) being used as a parameter along with Kerberos version4 authentication protocol, which will allow client and server to mutually authenticate with each other in an insecure network.

Security is one of the basic needs of a system. New methods of providing security need to be found. To overcome all the security issues in current protocol, a new protocol is defined. The protocol makes use of visual cryptography technique by which images can be used as password. Here, we use the visual secret sharing scheme to protect the data that cannot afford getting hacked. Authentication is a very important, as it prevents unauthorized person from accessing the confidential file and protects it by allowing only authorized members to use it. We authenticate the user by assigning image password using the visual secret sharing scheme. This protocol is best suited for a file which can be used by more than one user at a time with equal rights. It prevents only one user using it without other user members knowing about it. Here, access to the confidential file is not given even if a small part of the password is incorrect.

An enhancement of the authentication protocol for Otway-Rees protocol is proposed to improve some drawbacks of original Otway-Rees protocol and Improved Otway-Rees protocol. In context, a problem is in original Otway-Rees protocol suffer from lack of data integrity and data confidentiality invites impersonation attack by modifying message format sequence and adding other messages. The Improved Otway-Rees protocol removes redundancy in Otway-Rees protocol messages and also avoids impersonation attack. This protocol does not supporting bilateral authentication. This paper proposes a novel enhanced work on authentication protocol, which eliminates redundancy in original Otway-Rees protocol and removes the limitations like impersonation attack by modifying and adding some cipher chunks messages and also eliminates flaws in Improved Otway-Rees protocol by providing bi-lateral authentication mechanism. As a result, the protocol satisfies the strong goals of identifying authentication and also meet mutual authentication with assuring data integrity, data confidentiality and secure key distribution between involving parties.

Authentication protocol is used for authenticating the two communicating entities in order to build a secure communication channel between them to exchange messages. This authentication is built using exchange of keys. The existing authentication protocol has flaws of mutual authentication and tried to overcome the existing flaw. The paper combines the Otway Rees protocol with a new protocol termed as CHAP (Challenge handshake authentication protocol). It authenticates the communicating entities by using a shared key. Authors also compare symmetric algorithms and choose the best algorithm for encryption.