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In the last few decades, non-traditional machining has increased the efficiency of the machining process. One of the most prevalent non-traditional methods of milling is through the use of an EDM process. Traditional machining methods can't easily machine materials with a complicated profile or hardness that EDM can handle. The industrial sector makes extensive use of EDM. Cryogenically treated copper electrodes and regular copper electrodes were used to conduct an experiment on an EN24 material using varied input parameters, such as electrode rotation, gap voltage, and discharge current. Electric discharge machining was used in a study. The Taguchi method is used to design experiments. Three input parameters were employed in an orthogonal L16 array to find an optimal value for each of the three components. OC (overcut), TWR (Tool wear rate), and Ra (surface roughness) are the three output variables. The S/N ratio can be used to determine the best values and relative relevance of each of these factors using a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. Additionally, the overcut, tool wear rate, and surface roughness of traditional and non-traditional EDM are examined. For the deep cryogenic and non-traditional machining method, conventional and non-traditional electric discharge machining methods were found to have optimal or dominant factors for the TWR and Ra.

The advancement of mechatronic enabling technologies and the mechatronic design approach has resulted in sophisticated mechatronic systems. Automated mechatronic systems are becoming more complicated and more intelligent. Mechanical systems that enable the next generation of manufacturing systems will have whole new features and capabilities as a result of these modifications. Even basic monitoring has grown into self-optimizing performance in these gadgets. With the addition of bio-mechatronics and micro-mechatronics, the application fields of mechatronics have expanded. Bio or microcontroller-based applications are the focus of this publication, which aids researchers in building and testing control systems. Design considerations for mechatronic systems are addressed in this work. In order to implement more complicated control algorithms in an industrial setting, new controller design tools are required. The early evaluation of designs and the support of critical design choices may be made possible via the use of modelling and simulation technologies.

In this paper, for sensing and monitoring the biochemical analyte dissolved in liquid, antigen-antibody interaction or protein-DNA/RNA binding process, we design a surface plasmon resonance refractive index based biosensor by using a dual core D-shaped six-fold photonic crystal fibre which is embedded with silver nanowires for multi-detection. We numerically analyze both the dispersion relations and the loss spectra for various analytes by finite element method. This optical fibre bio-sensor monitors the changes of the refractive index for different analytes by measuring the spectral shifts of the fibre loss peaks at their resonance wavelengths. With the wavelength interrogation method, we find that the proposed biosensor with two sensing channels exhibits a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 3400 nm/RIU and a resolution of $2.94\times 10^{-5}$ RIU for a large sensing range from 1.35 to 1.50, which covers most known analytes of proteins, viruses or DNA/RNA. By utilizing 200 nm silver nanowires in the sensing channels, the sensitivity can be enhanced up to 4000 nm/RIU. Due to its special two-channel design for multi-sensing, it is possible to distinguish/study the binding possibility/capability of unknown analyte with two different target proteins simultaneously. Further, by introducing another critical channel, the confinement loss for either channel I or channel II can be greatly enhanced for high accurate result and more reliable sensing. Moreover, we numerically prove that the diameter of nano silver wires has great influences on the sensing peaks and sensitivity of the proposed biosensor.

One of the effective unconventional machining processes used in industries is Electrical Discharge Drilling. High quality material removal, good surface finish, high tolerance but with minimal tool wear are the key features expected in a drilling operation. These can be accomplished by adding of powder particles with dielectric fluid by proportionately varying process parameters. This project focus on the Tool Wear Rate (TWR) of Tungsten Powder Mixed for Electrical Discharge Drilling (W-PMEDD) of Inconel 718 superalloy using single channel hollow Copper Cadmium as electrode. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used as an experimental analysis tool in order to compare the input variable such as peak current (Ip), pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff). ANOVA table was used to determine the capability of varying parameter in the drilling operation and finally came to a conclusion that Ip, Ton and, Toff is the most significant parameters.

The most important significant renewable energy for power production is solar radiation. In solar products emissivity of the material used create more impact on performance. So this investigation study about the emissivity of black nickel coated stainless steel surfaces by varying the thickness of the coating. In this study three different thickness of coating are considered for investigating such as 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm of black nickel coating. In each thickness have three different heats such as 150 W, 180 W and 210 W are the input for identification of surface temperature of the black body and black nickel coated body.

In this paper, we mainly investigate the sensing performance of a fabricable 6-fold D-shaped photonic crystal fibre sensor based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Its resonance couplings between fundamental core mode and three surface plasmonic modes which have different electric filed distributions for analytes of various refractive indices have been studied in detail. We firstly observe two different types of SPRs, namely, ‘dielectric like’ resonance with low-loss peak and ‘plasmon like’ resonance with high-loss peak, by analysing the electric field distribution of the fibre modes. Then, we discuss the influence of the secondary SPR over the main SPR which is directly related to the limitation on the detection sensing range of the proposed sensor. In order to mitigate the adverse effect of the sub-peak of the secondary SPR on the sensor’s sensing performance, we reduce the thickness of analyte’s binding layer from 1500 nm to 500 nm. Thus, the sensing range of the proposed sensor can be tuned from 1.33 – 1.41 to 1.33 – 1.45 at the cost of a reduced maximum sensitivity from 7900 nm/RIU to 5300 nm/RIU. Owning to the simple structure design of the proposed sensor, we envisage that this highly sensitive D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor could be developed as a versatile and competitive instrument with a large and flexible refractive index detection range.

A 4D printing is created by keeping the base of 3D Printing. 3D printing has major advances in the field of engineering, from the time of beginning of the concept, the applications of this field is also extended in very huge scale. The applications are like biomaterials, miniature modeling and various engineering applications. It makes over 3D files into physical items very simply but the produced items are only inactive and not applicable when comes into dynamic use. The 4D printed components can be modified to the required shape based on demand, over the period of time the components are fabricated in controlled dynamical manner based on the shapes. The 4D printed items will have the capacity to change the dimensions over the time and it has well prospective for the biomedical field. In the medical field the customized products can produced easily for bone, ear tissue and muscle construction and unnatural products can be made-up using 4D printing.

The REE (rare-earth-elements) cerium (Ce) is the most abundant earth-crust element and their oxides have great attention in the form of nanocrystalline nature with superior physical and chemical properties. Pure and Co (1%, 3% and 5%) doped CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by co-precipitation technique were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD shows face-centred-cubic (FCC) crystal symmetry with average crystallite size 6–12nm. HRTEM exhibits almost identical cubical shaped particles with average size 4–10nm. Tuned band-gap may be observed from UV-visible spectrum of CeO2-NPs upon Co (1%, 3% & 5%) incorporation. Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity observed for Co-doped (1%, 3% & 5%) to the degradation of methylene-blue (MB) dye under visible-light absorption.

In this paper, we design a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) chemical sensor wherein the cladding structure is made of a steering-wheel (SW)-shaped large non-circular air-hole. In this PCF, we int...

Gossypibomas are masses formed by accidentally retained cotton matrix anywhere in the body, following a surgical procedure. It has catastrophic effects not only on patients but also on the health professionals and health care providers. We have retrospectively reviewed 6 patients of intra-abdominal gossypibomas who had presented over a 10-year period, to our centre. The relevant preoperative and intraoperative details along with the clinical course of these patients have been described. Through the management of these patients, we have shared our experience in relation to the clinical presentations, probable risk factors, and radiological features for diagnosis and treatment, along with the ethical and medicolegal implications of the issue. The safety measures that exist are also reviewed. An intraoperative “correct count” during a surgical operation does not always exclude the possibility of a gossypiboma or a retained foreign body. Increased awareness, familiarity with the existing local protocols, and strict adherence of these protocols, along with open communication, are essential in minimizing the frequency of such events. A concerted effort by the entire surgical team is crucial. Newer technology such as barcoding of sponges and radiofrequency identification (RFID) tagging may help decrease the occurrence of this problem.

Purpose: This work presents the measure of fundamental interaction parameters like mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ), mean energy, total atomic (σa) and electronic (σe) cross section, effective atomic number (Zeff), electron density (Nel) and mean free path (mfp) using FF and UF megavoltage x-ray beam for high Z implants. Methods: Narrow beam geometry is used to find out mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) (MAC) which is then used to calculate mean energy (using NIST data), total atomic (σa) and electronic cross section (σe) for different energies. The effective atomic number (Zeff), Electron density (Nel), mean free path (mfp) for both flattened and unflattened x-ray beams for high Z material stainless steel (SS316) and titanium alloy (Grade 5) are studied. Results: The mean energies calculated from NIST data against mass attenuation coefficient were in good agreement with Monte Carlo value. It shows that spectral weighted effective atomic number is independent of megavoltage energies in the Compton region. Effective electron density calculated using Zeff and MAC method is lesser compared to direct method for both high Z materials. The mean free path (mfp) is higher along the central axis than off-axis for flattened beam in comparison to unflattened beam for both of the high Z materials studied because of the variation in energy spectrum for both FF and UF x-ray beams. Conclusion: This study elaborated the fundamental interaction parameters of different energies of flattened and unflattened x-ray beam interactions with high Z materials such as Stainless Steel (SS316) and Titanium (Grade5) relevant in a clinical scenario.

We design a multi-resonance metasurface at terahertz frequency, which can act as a polarization manipulator in the reflective mode. The proposed polarization converter consists of periodic unit cells and each unit cell has a resonator on the top surface. While a dielectric material forms the middle layer, a gold foil constitutes the bottom layer. The proposed polarization converter converts a linearly polarized terahertz wave into an orthogonal one for a wide range of operating frequencies. It provides a maximum conversion efficiency in the frequency range of 0.64–1.47 THz where the magnitudes of the cross reflection coefficients exceed 90%. The calculated relative bandwidth of the proposed converter is 78.67%. The phase difference of the reflected wave is between − 180∘ and 180∘ depending upon the operating frequency. Further, based on the detailed numerical results, we corroborate that the proposed device is robust against the variations in the structural parameters. The proposed converter maintains the conversion efficiency for various incident angles from 0∘ to 30∘. Besides, we also demonstrate the possibility of tuning the polarization conversion ratio by integrating silicon in the metasurface. The proposed metasurface may find potential applications in communications, antenna, and radar cross-section reduction technology.

In this work, we present the design of a polarization independent broadband absorber in the terahertz (THz) frequency range using a metasurface resonator. The absorber comprises of three layers, of which, the top layer is made of a vanadium dioxide (VO(2)) resonator with an electrical conductivity of σ = 200000 S/m; the bottom layer consists of a planar layer made of gold metal, and a dielectric layer is sandwiched between these two layers. The optimized absorber exhibits absorption greater than 90% from 2.54–5.54 THz. Thus, the corresponding bandwidth of the designed absorber is 3 THz. Further, the thermal tunable absorption and reflection spectra have been analyzed by varying the electrical conductivity of VO(2). The impact of the various geometrical parameters on the absorption characteristics has also been assessed. The physics of generation of broadband absorption of the proposed device has been explored using field analysis. Finally, the absorption characteristics of the unit cell has been studied for various incident and polarization angles. [Image: see text]

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the astrointestinal tract. They can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, though most commonly in the stomach (60%) followed by the small intestine (30%). These tumors originate from interstitial cells of Cajal (pacemaker cells) located within the myenteric plexus.

Nowadays many of the conventional materials are effectively replaced by composite materials, because of their light weight to stiffness ratio. Gears are the very essential components in mechanical power transmission, and drive in the most industrial rotating machinery. Polymer gears are used in motion and power transmission under different loads and speeds. Gears are generally made from metallic materials but recently advanced polymeric materials were developed because of low cost, light weight, high strength and improved performance of the system. Nylon, polymers, acetal and derlin are the structural polymeric materials used in printing and robotics, mechanical machines such as washing machines, sugarcane crushing machine and gear pump that are used for power and speed transmission. The paper investigates the polymer matrix composites gear with different fiber proportions. The main objective is to make glass fiber reinforced polymer gears using epoxy resin with various proportions of E-glass CSM (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). The work investigates the wear testing of polymer gears of different proportions with metal gear using gear testing rig. The paper focused on morphology of fractured surfaces of polymer gears using scanning electron microscope. Finally, the gear is modeled in Catia software and imported to Ansys for static structural application.

We propose a sixfold photonic quasi-crystal fiber with a trapezoidal analyte channel based on surface plasmon resonance for the detection of high-refractive-index (RI) liquid analytes and numerically analyze its sensing performance for different liquid analyte refractive indices and heights using the finite-element method. In contrast to the common D-shaped structure photonic crystal fiber, we design a trapezoidal analyte channel to investigate the role of the sample liquid height within the channel and discussed the feasibility of the fabrication process. We find that with various liquid analyte heights ratios of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 50% of the maximum channel height, the proposed biosensor exhibits linear sensing performance with a maximum RI sensitivity of 4400, 6100, 8000, and 17000 nm/RIU, respectively, for analytes RI range of 1.44–1.57, 1.41–1.51, 1.40–1.49, and 1.40–1.44. This sensor is suitable to detect various high RI chemicals, biochemicals, and organic chemical samples. Owing to its simple structure of the proposed biosensor with promising linear sensing performance, we envisage that this biosensor could turn out to be a versatile and competitive instrument for the detection of high-RI liquid analytes.

Purpose: The aim of this work is to study the dosimetric parameters of newly introduced 2.5 MV imaging x-ray beam used as inline imaging to do setup verification of the patient undergoing radiation therapy. As this x-ray beam is in megavoltage range but comprises of a lower energy spectrum. It is essential to study the pros and cons of 2.5 MV imaging x-ray beam for clinical use. Methods: The mean energy was calculated using the NIST XCOM table through MAC. Profile analysis was done using RFA to understand the percentage depth dose, degree of unflatteness, symmetry, penumbra and out of field dose. Dose to skin for the 2.5 MV x-ray beam was analysed for field sizes 10x10 cm2, 20x20 cm2, 30x30 cm2. Leakage measurements for treatment head and at the patient plane were done using IEC 819/98 protocol. Finally, the spatial resolution and contrast were analyzed with and without patient scatter medium. Results: The MAC at 15 cm off-axis was found to be lower than that at the CAX. Similarly, there was a decrease in mean energy from 0.47 MV to 0.37 MV at 15 cm off-axis. The reduction of mean energy towards off-axis is lower than the other high energy MV x-ray beams. The tuned absolute dose of 1 cGy/MU is consistent and within < ±1 %. The relative output factors were found to be in correlation with Co-60. The beam quality of 2.5 MV x-ray beam was found to be 0.4771. The profile parameters like the degree of unflatness of the 2.5 x-ray beam were studied at 85 %, 90 %, 95 % lateral distances, and the penumbra at different depth and field sizes are higher than the 6 MV treatment beam. In addition, out of field dose also drastically increases to a maximum of up to 30 % laterally at 5cm at deeper depths. The skin dose increases from 48.51 % to 88.15 % from 6 MV to 2.5 MV x-ray beam for the field size 10x10 cm2. Also, the skin dose increases from 88.15 % to 91.78 % from the field size 10x10 cm2 to 30x30 cm2. Although the measured leakage radiation for 2.5 MV x-ray beam at the patient plane and other than patient planes are with the tolerance limit, an increase in exposure towards gantry side compared to other areas around treatment head and the patient plane may lead to more skin dose to head and chest while imaging pelvis region. The MLC transmission of 2.5 MV x-ray beam such as inter, intra and edge effect are 0.40 %, 0.37 % and 11% respectively. The spatial resolution of 2.0, 1.25 and 0.9 LP/mm was observed for KV, 2.5MV, and 6 MV x-ray beams. The spatial resolution and contrast of 2.5 MV x-ray beam are superior to 6 MV x-ray beam and inferior to KV x-rays. Conclusions: The 2.5 MV x-ray imaging beam is analysed in view of beam characteristics and radiation safety to understand the above-studied concepts while using this imaging beam in a clinical situation. In future, if 2.5MV x-ray beam is used for treatment purpose with increased dose rate, the above-studied notions can be incorporated prior to implementation.

We design a simple photonic crystal fiber-based refractive index biosensor (PCF-RIBS) and analyze its sensing performances using the finite element method. We analyze the loss spectra of PCF-RIBS for a wide range of wavelengths from visible to near infrared (0.4–2 μm). Besides, we extend the sensing performances in terms of loss spectra for three sets of refractive indices of analyte, na. From the detailed study, we find that the PCF-RIBS exhibits a highest spectral sensitivity of 12,000 nm/RIU with a corresponding resolution of 8.33 × 10−6 RIU and amplitude sensitivity of 11,412 RIU−1 with a resolution of 8.76 × 10−8 RIU when the refractive index is varied from 1.44 to 1.45. Finally, we also examine the robustness of the proposed sensor by perturbing some of the structural parameters, namely, thickness of the metal layer and diameter of the air-holes.

Purpose Addition of high Z implants in the treatment vicinity or beam path is unavoidable in certain clinical situation. In this work, we study the properties of radiation interaction parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), x ray beam transmission factor (indirect beam attenuation), interface effects like backscatter dose perturbation factor (BSDF) and forward dose perturbation factor (FDPF) for flattened (FF) and unflattened (UF) x ray beams. Methods MAC for stainless steel and titanium alloy was measured using CC13 chamber with appropriate buildup in narrow beam geometry. The x ray beam transmission factors were measured for stainless steel and titanium alloy for different field size, off‐axis, and depths. Profile analysis was performed using a radiation field analyzer (RFA) as a function of field size and depth to study the influence of phantom scattering and spectral variation in the beam. In addition, interface effects such as BSDF and FDPF were measured with gafchromic films at maximum BSDF peak position calculated using Acuros XB algorithm and with PPC40 chamber measured at exit side of high Z material, respectively. Results The MAC in both cases decreases with increase in energy for stainless steel (SS) and titanium (Ti) alloy. The MAC increases with the change in x ray beam type from flattened to UF beam because of relatively lower mean energy. The x ray beam transmission factor increases with the increase in energy, field size, and depth owing to increase in penetration power phantom scatter, respectively. The measured BSDF and FDPF were found to be in good agreement with AXB algorithm. Conclusion The dosimetric properties of x ray photon beam were studied comprehensively in the presence of high Z material like stainless steel and titanium alloy using both flattened and UF beams to understand and incorporate the findings of various parameters in clinical condition due to the variation in energy spectrum from FF to UF x ray beam.

Prediction of the fiber crack density (as one of the microstructural damages) for unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composite under monotonic tensile load, using strength models, has been reported in the literature. However, the microstructural damage prediction for a fiber-reinforced polymer subjected to fatigue loading is still a challenge. In this work, a progressive damage initiation model was developed to predict the fiber crack density in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite subjected to fatigue loading. A stochastic model was used for modeling the fiber fatigue strength. Reduction in effective life of the fiber was modeled using linear Miner’s rule. Effect of fatigue strength parameters on fiber crack density was found to be considerable compared to the effect of interface shear strength. At a low number of cycles, fiber crack density obtained from the model was in good agreement with the experimentally measured fiber crack density.

We propose a simple scheme to generate high-energy ultrashort pulses by combination and compression of multiple input pulses which share the same chirp profile. First, the multiple raised-cosine pulses in the input pulse train are modulated by a phase modulator, in which each modulation cycle covers two, three, four, or five pulses. Then, the modulated pulses are launched into a nonlinear fiber with the exponentially decreasing dispersion. We find that these pulses initially coalesce into a single pulse whose pulse profile is nearly hyperbolic secant, which then undergoes self-similar compression. Thus in the proposed method, first the combination of the multiple optical pulses occurs and then self-similar compression takes over. Besides, we also report the generation of ultrashort pulses by combination and compression of multiple hyperbolic secant pulses with the same chirp. The numerical results reveal that the resulting ultrashort pulse possesses a large portion of the input pulses for both raised-cosine and hyperbolic secant pulses. However, the compression factor and energy ratio are relatively higher for the hyperbolic secant pulses when compared with the raised-cosine pulses.

Prediction of the residual stiffness of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite, subjected to fatigue loading, can be performed using some of the phenomenological models. However, it is still a challenge to find the stiffness based on the known microstructural damage state (that was developed irrespective of the load history). In this work, two micromechanics-based models were developed to predict reduction in the stiffness of the damaged composite. Fiber crack density and interface debonding was used to define the microstructural damage state of the composite. These models account for the fiber crack density in the form of change in either geometry (equivalent ellipsoid model) or material property of the fiber (reduced stiffness model). The microstructural damage state in the unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite, obtained from the on-axis tension–tension fatigue loading, was used to validate the models. The results from reduced fiber stiffness model were compared against experiment and finite element analysis for the given microstructural damage. The stiffness obtained using reduced fiber stiffness model was in good agreement with that obtained from the experiment. However, reduced fiber stiffness model underestimated reduction in stiffness compared to finite element analysis.

Thermography is widely used in the damage characterization of the composite materials. Effective thermal conductivity of the damaged composite can be predicted based on the temperature distribution obtained using pulse thermography. In this work, a new equivalent circuit model (ECM), based on thermal resistance of the constituents, was developed to compute longitudinal and transverse thermal conductivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite for given microstructural damage state. The damage state, in terms of fiber breakage and interface debonding, was obtained from fatigue loading of CFRP composite. The thermal conductivity of the composite obtained using ECM was in excellent agreement with finite element simulations. Finally, the transverse conductivity obtained from ECM was linearly proportional to the mean grey scale obtained from IR thermography. This is for the first time that an observed thermal property (IR thermography) was correlated to an independently modeled thermal property (transverse conductivity) based on microstructural attributes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A silica quasi-periodic clad leakage channel fiber (LCF) is proposed to enhance the mode filtering characteristics with large effective mode area ( A eff ). In this work, we explore the fiber characteristics, namely, bending loss (BL), A eff and differential loss for different micro-structured cladding LCF designs. Of the various LCFs, an octagonal core–octagonal quasi-periodic clad LCF provides a large loss ratio ( > 10 3 ) between fundamental mode (LP 01 mode) and most competitive higher order mode (LP 11 mode). Further, it exhibits a high BL of 66.48 dB/m for LP 11 mode by resonance mode filtering along with a bend induced modal discrimination at 1.05 μm wavelength. The detailed numerical results reveal that the differential loss ratio goes high when the effective index of the second ring of eight sectional elements in a quasi-periodic cladding is scaled up and the A eff increases when it is scaled down. Thus, the proposed octagonal core–octagonal quasi-periodic clad LCF exhibits a large mode area of 1161 μm 2 , a low BL of 0.04 dB/m for the LP 01 mode and a high differential loss ratio of 1624 between LP 11 and LP 01 modes at a critical bending radius of 15 cm with an air-filling ratio of 0.4. These interesting properties of the LCF could pave way for developing a compact high power fiber laser system.

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres’ orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications.

This work aims to downsize a four-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine with the aid of two-stage turbocharging. The target is to increase the maximum torque and power specification by 20% on this four-cylinder engine which makes it similar in specification to a six-cylinder engine with single-stage turbocharging. This would help in achieving improved power to weight ratio. Critical design limits considered during the study were in-cylinder peak firing pressure and maximum exhaust gas temperature. Quasi-dimensional thermodynamic simulation study was carried out to predict performance characteristics of the subject engine where the cylinders were treated zero-dimensionally and the intake and exhaust system were treated one-dimensionally (1D). In the first part of the work, simulation was carried out for the single-stage turbocharged engine configuration which formed the basis of downsizing simulations. Simulation model validation was carried out in this configuration with experimental correlation of over 90%. The validated simulation model was then modified to two-stage turbocharged configuration by specific focus on modelling the turbocharger with waste-gating. Results of the study showed that the range of waste-gating required for the high-pressure turbocharger is wider than the low-pressure turbocharger, and inter-stage cooler helps in improving volumetric efficiency by 10%.

We investigate the propagation characteristics of the chirped self-similar solitary waves in non-Kerr nonlinear media within the framework of the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with distributed dispersion, two-power-law nonlinearities, and gain or loss. This model contains many special types of nonlinear equations that appear in various branches of contemporary physics. We extend the self-similar analysis presented for searching chirped self-similar structures of the cubic model to a more general problem involving two nonlinear terms of arbitrary power. A variety of exact linearly chirped localized solutions with interesting properties are derived in the presence of all physical effects. The solutions comprise bright, kink and antikink, and algebraic solitary wave solutions, illustrating the potentially rich set of self-similar pulses of the model. It is shown that these optical pulses possess a linear chirp that leads to efficient compression or amplification, and thus are particularly useful in the design of optical fiber amplifiers, optical pulse compressors, and solitary wave based communication links. Finally, the stability of the self-similar solutions is discussed numerically under finite initial perturbations.

In this research article, the mechanical properties and microstructure analysis ofFriction Stir Welded (FSW) of dissimilar aluminium alloys AA8011-AA6082 were evaluated. The FSW tool with taper cylindrical shape of H13 steel was selected to fabricate the weld joints between the dissimilar alloys. In this regard, three different rotational speed tools, three welding speeds and an unvarying axial load of 7 kN are used in this investigation. The tool rotational speeds are 800 rpm, 1000 rpm and 1200 rpm. The tool travelling speeds are 25mm/min, 30 mm/min and 35 mm/min. These constraints are used to generate frictional heat and interface into the soft range where the joining process can take place between the two materials. The mechanical tests were carried out on the weld joints. Microstructure analysis, tensile and hardness tests were considered by changing the tool rotating speed, welding speed and maintaining a constant axial force during material joining process. The micro hardness of the FSW weld joints in the stir zone increased to increase the tool rotational speed as well as to maintain a low range of welding speed during material joining process. The micro hardness of the stir zone in the FSW weld joints is increased as to reduce the welding speed. It was found that the highest value of the tensile strength in the joints is made-up of using the taper-shaped tool at 800 rpm, welding speed of 35mm/min and unvarying downward force of 7kN. These identified parameters give sufficient mechanical properties and fewer defects in weld joints such as tensile strength of 68 N and micro hardness of 42 Hv. The tensile and hardness tests values are examined by the part of mechanical characterization and the values are correlated to recognize the superiority of the weld joint.

In this paper, we design a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) chemical sensor in terahertz region wherein the cladding structure is made of a dual steering-wheel (DSW) shape of large non-circular air-hole. In this PCF, rectangular structured air holes are introduced in the core, which, in turn, is filled with any of the analytes, namely, water, ethanol and benzene. We use the full-vectorial finite element method (FEM) to optimize the structural parameters. The findings of the simulation show a high relative sensitivity of 94.9%, 95.4% and 95.6% for water, ethanol and benzene, respectively. Further, we study the various characteristics of the proposed PCF, namely, birefringence, effective area and numerical aperture (NA).

In the earlier stage of 1500 BC’S composites were invented. The initial stage of composites was created with the help of mixing the mud and straw for construction purpose, in order to build strong and durable component in the view, to ensure the longer life on the products. After some years, the usage of composite materials is become more, depends on different applications such as appliances, construction, electrical distribution, energy and marine usages and so on. Since the past few decades’ natural fibres plays a vital role in structural applications such as ease of fabrication, low cost, high durability, and for low thermal properties. In the present experimental investigation work, jute fiber has been chosen as the reinforcement agent along with the epoxy matrix material. With help of the hand layup technique the composites have been fabricated along with the standard ratio of (3% & 6%) calcium carbonate as the filler material. The fabricated jute fiber reinforced epoxy matrix (standard ratio of calcium carbonate filler) laminate were cut as per the ASTM standards to do the tests like tensile, flexural & impact, in order to completely analyse the physical strengths of the laminate, and the same data’s were compared with filler materials and without filler material. At last the fractured surfaces were thoroughly investigated with help of scanning electron microscope to understand the morphological behaviour of the fabricated composite.

With the help of microwave-assisted technique, zirconia (ZrO 2 ) nanocrystalline powder was synthesized using a structure directing agent which could be controlled by the nucleation and particle growth. The various characterizations, namely, phase, surface morphology, surface area analysis and optical property were carried out by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and UV–visible spectroscopy. From XRD analysis, it was found that the synthesized materials reveal the tetragonal crystalline phase. The average particle size of ZrO 2 was found 14.7 nm by TEM. Specific surface area, pore volume and the pore size for ZrO 2 are 220 m 2 /g, 0.02 cm 3 /g and 10.7 nm investigated by BET, respectively. UV–vis DRS spectra of the prepared material confirmed that the Zr atoms are exclusively incorporated within silica framework. Besides, the maximum absorption peaks were observed at 215 nm and 217 nm for as-synthesized and calcined samples, respectively.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are presently used for geometric verification for daily patient positioning. In this work, we have compared the images of CBCT with the images of conventional fan beam CT (FBCT) in terms of image quality and Hounsfield units (HUs). We also compared the dose calculated using CBCT with that of FBCT. Homogenous RW3 plates and Catphan phantom were scanned by FBCT and CBCT. In RW3 and Catphan phantom, percentage depth dose (PDD), profiles, isodose distributions (for intensity modulated radiotherapy plans), and calculated dose volume histograms were compared. The HU difference was within ± 20 HU (central region) and ± 30 HU (peripheral region) for homogeneous RW3 plates. In the Catphan phantom, the difference in HU was ± 20 HU in the central area and peripheral areas. The HU differences were within ± 30 HU for all HU ranges starting from -1000 to 990 in phantom and patient images. In treatment plans done with simple symmetric and asymmetric fields, dose difference (DD) between CBCT plan and FBCT plan was within 1.2% for both phantoms. In intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans, for different target volumes, the difference was

We consider a light wave propagation in tapered photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) wherein the wave propagation is described by the variable coefficient nonlinear Schrodinger equation. We solve it directly by means of the theta function identities and Hirota bilinear method in order to obtain the exact periodic waves of sn, cn and dn types. These chirped period waves demand exponential variations in both dispersion and nonlinearity. Besides, we analytically demonstrate the generation of a train of ultrashort pulses using the periodic waves by exploiting the exponentially varying optical properties of the tapered PCFs. As a special case, we discuss the chirped solitary pulses under long wave limit of these periodic waves. In addition, we derive these types of periodic waves using the self-similar analysis and compare the results.

Using finite-element method, we propose a photonic quasi-crystal fiber-based refractive index biosensor (PQF-RIBS), which works based on the surface plasmon polariton. We determine the loss spectra for two different variations of the refractive index of analyte, $n_{a}$ . From the detailed numerical analysis, we find that the PQF-RIBS exhibits a maximum refractive index sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU and a resolution of $1.6\,\, \times \,\,10^{-6}$ RIU when $n_{a}$ is increased from 1.45 to 1.46. Besides, this sensor does exhibit the negative refractive index sensitivity of −4000 nm/RIU and a resolution of $2.5\,\, \times \,\,10^{-6}$ RIU for a sensing range from 1.52 to 1.53. Furthermore, we carry out selective filling of liquid in the selective holes of the proposed biosensor for a sensing wavelength range from 900 to 1200 nm. Finally, we also study the influence of the structural parameters, namely, diameter of the core and diameter of the air holes in the cladding over the loss spectra of a fundamental mode for a particular $n_{a}$ of 1.47.

We investigate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, D-type photonic crystal fiber-based refractive index microbiosensor that works on surface plasmon resonance. We study the performance of the proposed sensor using the finite element method. Further, we analyze the influence of various materials, namely, gold, silver, and indium tin oxide that are deposited on the D-type fiber surface. Of these metals, gold has been examined to be advantageous owing to its enhanced sensitivity and greater chemical stability. The proposed microbiosensor exhibits a high wavelength sensitivity of 19,000 nm/RIU in the sensing range of 1.40–1.41, and its wavelength interrogation resolution is 5.26 × 10 − 6 RIU. Besides, this novel scheme provides a high amplitude sensitivity of 569 R I U − 1 with the corresponding resolution of 2.63 × 10 − 6 RIU. Further, the linearity of the proposed microbiosensor, R 2 , is 0.9745 in the sensing environment of the refractive index ranging between 1.31 and 1.40. Finally, optimizing the metal coating thickness, diameter of the air-hole, and the lattice pitch of the proposed sensor have been conducted systematically, in order to augment the sensing performance of the proposed sensor. We foresee that the proposed microbiosensor would turn out to be an appropriate candidate in sensing the analytes of high refractive index.

Over the years, transmission system plays a vital role in automobile industry in order to improve the performance of vehicle. Since 323 BC to till date gears plays a vital role in building the integral parts of washing machines, gear pumps, gear motors and wrist watches and so on. The lot of gear applications are extended in all sector of transmission mediums, without gear elements most of the transmission become invaluable in modern engineering industry. This paper aims to design and analysis of gear testing kit, for testing the load generation developed on the gear tooth through brake drum. The main objective of this work is to design the components in a gear testing kit and the components involved in the gear testing domain, are modelled using CATIA software. The main components in our paper are 1/2hp motor, coupling; shaft and bearing, mating gears are made of same dimensions and of different materials. Further the work is to analyse the mating gears which are made of same material and analysis are carried through ANSYS software. Static Structural Analysis is carried through ANSYS analytical Software. Two types of plots are performed and their corresponding Von – Misses stress and Total Deformation at three different torque levels are evaluated.