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Background. Interdigital neuroma (IN), otherwise known as Morton’s neuroma, is a common cause of metatarsalgia presenting to the elective foot and ankle clinic. Surgical excision of the IN in patients who fail to respond to nonoperative measures is considered to be the gold standard of care in many centers. The Royal College of Pathologists UK recommend that all excised interdigital Morton’s neuromas are sent for formal histopathological analysis. We present a study correlating clinical and radiological diagnosis with histopathologic appearances of IN following surgical excision, and question if routine histopathological analysis is warranted. Methods. A retrospective study was carried out in a single center. Ninety-six operative records were reviewed to identify all the cases of IN surgically resected between January 2007 and July 2016. The histopathology result of the resected IN specimen, that had a clinical and radiological diagnosis of IN, was analyzed. Results. A total of 85 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. We found that 100% of patients with a clinical, radiographic, and intraoperative diagnosis of a Morton’s neuroma had a histopathological report confirming a Morton’s interdigital neuroma. Conclusion. In our single-surgeon series, histopathologic diagnosis is in complete agreement with clinical and radiological diagnosis. We therefore recommend that routine histopathological analysis of IN is not necessary, saving resources and providing a cost benefit. Histopathologic examination should be reserved only in cases where intraoperative findings do not concur with clinical and radiological features. Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Case series

In this paper, the effects of fin height and fin angle on condensation heat transfer inside microfin tubes were investigated. One smooth and six microfin tubes with outer diameters of 9.52 mm were used to condense R134a at 30 °C and a mass flux range 157–347 kg/m2s. Each of the microfin tubes tested had 60 fins and a spiral angle of 18°. In three of these tubes only the fin height was altered to 0.15, 0.20, or 0.25 mm while the fin angle remained at 30°. The remaining microfin tubes had altered fin angles to 40, 50, or 60°, with the fin heights remaining at 0.20 mm. Experimental results showed that microfin tubes had distinct performance advantages over the smooth tube. Particularly, the microfin tube with fin height of 0.20 mm and fin angle of 50° produced condensation heat transfer coefficients 215–250 per cent higher than those of the smooth tube, with average increases in pressure drops at 115–160 per cent. Four frequently cited correlations were used to predict the heat transfer coefficient for condensation inside smooth tubes. Of these correlations, the predictive method proposed by Cavallini et al. [1] that takes into account the wide range of flow patterns encountered in condensation at various mass fluxes was found to best predict the experimental results. For microfin tubes, the model by Yu and Koyama [2] predicted the experimental results with least deviation from experimental results compared to that of Cavallini et al. [3, 4] and that of Kedzierski and Goncalves [5].

Many water desalination technologies have been developed but in general they are energy intensive and have high cost and adverse environmental impact. Recently, adsorption technology for water desalination has been investigated showing the potential of using low temperature waste heat (50-85oC) thus reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This work mathematically compares the performance of an adsorption cycle that produces two useful effects namely, fresh water and cooling using two different adsorbents, silica-gel and an advanced zeolite material AQSOA-ZO2, produced by Mitsubishi plastics. It was found that at low chilled water temperatures, typically below 20oC, the AQSOA-Z02 is more efficient than silica-gel as the cycle can produce 5.8 m3 of fresh water per day and 50.1 Rton of cooling per tonne of AQSOA-ZO2. Above 20oC silica-gel is still better as the cycle production reaches 8.4 m3 per day and 62.4 Rton per tonne of silica-gel. These results show the potential of using the AQSOA-Z02 at low chilled water temperature for water desalination and cooling applications., {"references":["A. Chakraborty, K. Thu, B. B. Saha, and K. C. Ng, \"Adsorption -\ndesalination cycle,\" in Advances in water desalination, N. Lior, Ed.\nWILEY, 2013, pp. 377-451.","J. Cotruvo, N. Voutchkov, J. Fawell, P. Payment, D. Cunliffe, and S.\nLattemann, Desalination technology health and environmental impacts:\nTaylor and Francis Group, 2010.","T. Mezher, H. Fath, Z. Abbas, and A. Khaled, \"Techno-economic\nassessment and environmental impacts of desalination technologies,\"\nDesalination, vol. 266, pp. 263-273, 2011.","I. I. El-Sharkawy, H. AbdelMeguid, and B. B. Saha, \"Potential\napplication of solar powered adsorption cooling systems in the Middle\nEast,\" Applied Energy, vol. 126, pp. 235-245, 2014.","A. Rezk, R. Al-Dadah, S. Mahmoud, and A. Elsayed, \"Effects of contact\nresistance and metal additives in finned-tube adsorbent beds on the\nperformance of silica gel/water adsorption chiller,\" Applied Thermal\nEngineering, vol. 53, pp. 278-284, 2013.","K. Thu, A. Chakraborty, Y.-D. Kim, A. Myat, B. B. Saha, and K. C. Ng,\n\"Numerical simulation and performance investigation of an advanced\nadsorption desalination cycle,\" Desalination, vol. 308, pp. 209-218,\n2013.","X. Wang and K. C. Ng, \"Experimental investigation of an adsorption\ndesalination plant using low-temperature waste heat,\" Applied Thermal\nEngineering, vol. 25, pp. 2780-2789, 2005.","K. Thu, K. C. Ng, B. B. Saha, A. Chakraborty, and S. Koyama,\n\"Operational strategy of adsorption desalination systems,\" International\nJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 52, pp. 1811-1816, 2009.","K. C. Ng, K. Thu, B. B. Saha, and A. Chakraborty, \"Study on a waste\nheat-driven adsorption cooling cum desalination cycle,\" International\nJournal of Refrigeration, vol. 35, pp. 685-693, 2012.\n[10] J. W. Wu, E. J. Hu, and M. J. Biggs, \"Thermodynamic cycles of\nadsorption desalination system,\" Applied Energy, vol. 90, pp. 316-322,\n2012.\n[11] A. Chakraborty, K. Thu, and K. C. Ng, \"Advanced adsorption cooling\ncum desalination cycle- a thermodynamic framework,\" in Proc. ASME\n2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition\nIMECE2011, Denver, Colorado, USA, 2011.\n[12] K. C. Ng, K. Thu, A. Chakraborty, B. B. Saha, and W. G. Chun, \"Solarassisted\ndual-effect adsorption cycle for the production of cooling effect\nand potable water,\" International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies,\nvol. 4, pp. 61-67, 2009.\n[13] K. C. Ng, X.-L. Wang, L. Gao, A. Chakraborty, B. B. Saha, S. Koyama,\net al., \"Apparatus and method for desalination,\" US 2010/0258426 A1,\n2010.\n[14] T. X. Li, R. Z. Wang, and H. Li, \"Progress in the development of solid–\ngas sorption refrigeration thermodynamic cycle driven by low-grade\nthermal energy,\" Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 40,\npp. 1-58, 2014.\n[15] A. Rezk, R. Al-Dadah, S. Mahmoud, and A. Elsayed, \"Characterisation\nof metal organic frameworks for adsorption cooling,\" International\nJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 55, pp. 7366-7374, 2012.\n[16] B. Sun and A. Chakraborty, \"Thermodynamic formalism of water\nuptakes on solid porous adsorbents for adsorption cooling applications,\"\nApplied Physics Letters, vol. 104, p. 201901, 2014.\n[17] A. Rezk and R. Al-Dadah, \"Physical and operating conditions effects on\nsilica gel/water adsorption chiller performance,\" Applied Energy, vol.\n89, pp. 142-149, 2012.\n[18] K. C. Ng, K. Thu, Y. Kim, A. Chakraborty, and G. Amy, \"Adsorption\ndesalination: An emerging low-cost thermal desalination method,\"\nDesalination, vol. 308, pp. 161-179, 2013.\n[19] K. Thu, \"Adsorption desalination Theory and experiment,\" PhD,\nNational University of Singapore, 2010."]}

This research investigates the effect of pulsed flow input on the energy consumption of panel radiators in hydronic central heating systems. CFD modelling of a panel radiator was developed using the conjugate heat transfer module in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The radiator used was of single finned radiator (type 11) with the dimensions of 500mm long and 300mm high. The CFD results performed in this paper were compared to published experimental work found in literature showing good agreement with maximum deviation of 2.14% in the heat output. A wide range of input pulsating flows were investigated in terms of velocity amplitude (from 0.035 m/s to 0.05 m/s) and frequency (from 0.052rad/s to 0.209rad/s) while the flow input temperature remains constant. The simulation results showed that compared to constant flow operating condition, the use of pulsed flow can reduce the energy consumption of panel radiators by up to 20% while maintaining the same radiator surface temperature. Such results highlight the potential of using pulsed flow to reduce the energy consumption of central heating systems in buildings.