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Aim: The present study was taken up to assess the imidacloprid residue pattern in order to define strategies for improvement of quality and safety mainly healthfulness in grapes. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out in Tamil Nadu during the period 2020-2021. Methodology: Dissipation studies were carried out in a farmer’s field at Theni, India (9o N latitude and 76o E longitude and 375m above mean sea level) with all good agricultural practices. During this study Grapes (Muscat Hamburg variety) was grown and the commercial formulation of imidacloprid 17.8% SL was applied at recommended dose (53 a.i ha-1) and double dose (106 a.i ha-1) Two sprays were given with an interval of 10 day by using a power operated sprayer as 500 L ha-1 spray fluid for dissipation study. The samples were processed by adopting modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method. Results: The initial deposit imidacloprid in grape berries was 0.65 and 1.56 mg kg-1 at the recommended dose (53 g a.i ha-1) and double dose respectively (106 g a.i ha-1). The insecticide exhibited a slower dissipation rate and reached below its quantification level (

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are generally neither totally removed by sewage treatment nor completely destroyed in the environment. Metformin (MET) and triclosan (TRI) are two compounds in PPCPs that have the potential to be environmental pollutants. This research aimed to determine MET and TRI in sewage sludge using a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LCMS-8040) and a sewage sludge extraction method. The Milli-Q water and sewage sludge were also tested at three different MET and TRI concentrations (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 mg L-1). As a result, the corresponding recoveries of MET and TRI in both matrixes ranged from 85.93 to 116.10 per cent and 90.50 to 116.30 per cent (n = 7, RSD < 10%). Then, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for MET and TRI were found to be 0.005 and 0.01 mg L-1. The amounts of MET and TRI in the sewage sludge samples from the Ukkadam sewage treatment plant (USTP), Coimbatore, ranged from BDL to 0.0587 mg L-1 and 0.0719 to 0.1851 mg L-1, respectively. Consequently, the amounts of MET and TRI in the sewage sludge samples from the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University sewage treatment plant (TSTP), Coimbatore, ranged from BDL to 0.0227 mg L-1 and 0.0393 to 0.1296 mg L-1, respectively. This exclusive use of the highly sensitive LCMS-8040 consumes less time than other analytical methods for measuring the amount of MET and TRI in sewage sludge by overcoming the risk of chemical degradation.

Climate influences the spread of the any crop by imposing environmental restrictions. The present investigation was carried to understand the effect of climate on cocoa in various cocoa growing regions. In order to establish the relationship between weather parameters and cocoa productivity, Coimbatore, Theni, and Tenkasi were chosen as the study regions. Historical climate data was acquired from India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the past 30 years (1991-2020). Cocoa yield was simulated by using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) and it was correlated with the weather variables such as rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, atmospheric water demand (PET), and crop water requirement (ET). Cocoa crop had positive correlation with rainfall and Actual Evapotranspiration. Whereas, both maximum and minimum temperature had significantly negative effect. Climatic conditions, such as decrease in rainfall, increase in temperature and increase in PET, would significantly reduce the cocoa bean yield. The anticipated increase in temperature and erratic rainfall distribution requires suitable management measures for sustainable cocoa productivity.

There exist a huge uncertainty cascade in projecting the future climate and in-turn using the same in assessing the impact on crop yields. To address the problem of projecting the future climate over Tamil Nadu in Southern India, 29 Global Circulation Models defined under coupled model inter comparison project (CMIP5) of IPCC were employed for understanding the range of deviations in future climate from current condition. Outputs of representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for mid-century were processed for impact assessment. Selected models output was forced in dynamic crop simulation model DSSAT for assessing the impact on spatial variability in maize productivity over Tamil Nadu and possible adaptation options were tailored forreducing impacts. During the Northeast Monsoon (NEM), the maximum temperature is expected to rise by 2.0 °C for RCP 4.5 and 3.0 °C for RCP 8.5, while the minimum temperature is expected to rise by 1.8 °C for RCP 4.5 and 2.4 °C for RCP 8.5 in the mid-century. Rainfall is anticipated to vary from -22.8 to 21.1% for RCP 4.5 and -31.3 to 32.6% for RCP 8.5. The magnitude of decline in yield would be more in RCP 8.5 (30.7%) over RCP 4.5 (10.6%) scenario. Impacts of future climate change could be reduced by altering the date of sowing (early sowing) to September 1st against September 15th (normal sowing) under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Additional dose of (25%) fertilizer had positive response with yield increase up to 15% under future climatic conditions.

This study has been designed to determine the extent of pesticide residue removal from chilli fruits through common household practices. One time foliar application of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion, cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid was done as a tank mix at recommended doses at 50% fruit formation stage. Samples were collected after 48 hr of spray, subjected to various decontamination treatments, and analysed using the validated QuEChERS method employing GC-ECD (Gas Chromatograph Electron capture detector), and Liquid Chromatograph Tandem Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Compared to all the treatments, soaking in 5% acetic acid for one min was found to be most effective in the removal of quinalphos (23.68%), profenophos (19.47%), ethion (23.33%), and cyhalothrin (25.00%). The next best treatment was found to be soaking for one min in lukewarm water, which removed 20-30% of quinalphos, ethion, cyhalothrin, and acetamiprid residues.

Climate change, as well as an increase in extreme weather, are posing a serious threat to socioeconomic and livelihood security. For this study, the Cauvery delta zone (CDZ) was chosen to examine current and anticipated climate variability and trend. The four largest districts of Tamil Nadu's Cauvery delta region are Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Mayiladuthurai, and Nagapattinam. The Indian meteorological agency provided the baseline data sets (IMD). Using IPCC AR5 RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the maximum and minimum temperatures, as well as precipitation, were investigated. The maximum temperature could rise to 1.1oC to 3.6oC, while the minimum temperature could rise to 2.8 to 4.5oC, according to the findings. It was also concluded that there will be 15-16% rise in the rainfall during end of the century.

Increased concentration of greenhouse gases is expected to alter the radiative balance of atmosphere, causing increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns. Climate variability has been principal source of fluctuations in Indian food production. Even though there is no long-term trend, inter - annual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall leading to frequent droughts and floods has profound influence on agriculture and intern, national economy. It is well recognized that El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of climate variability on seasonal to inter-annual scales and its impacts are felt worldwide. ENSO often affects seasonal temperature, precipitation and thus crop yields in many regions, however, the overall impacts of ENSO on global yields are uncertain Maximum and minimum average temperature was calculated for different seasons such as Cold Weather Period (CWP), Hot Weather Period (HWP), South West Monsoon (SWM), North East Monsoon (NEM) for each El Niño, La Niña and neutral years at various districts of Tamil Nadu. Relation between ENSO and temperature was analyzed by computing the anomaly in temperature at different districts of Tamil Nadu. The temperature deviation between the ENSO and neutral phases was not significant as the deviation was within + 0.3oC in all the seasons.

Control of weeds in nursery is necessary for production of healthy and sturdy seedlings. In this regard, field experiments were conducted to study the effect of different weed management practices on weed control efficiency and performance of onion seedling in nursery at two phases. The results from the first experiment revealed that, among the herbicide treatments, lowest weed density and weed dry weight was observed in Pre-emergence (PE) application of oxyfluorfen at 0.250 kg a.i ha-1 followed by PE application of oxyfluorfen at 0.125 kg a.i ha-1. Whereas, the highest weed control efficiency was observed in hand weeded plots followed by pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen at 0.250 kg a.i ha 1. In the second experiment, lower weed density, weed dry weight and higher weed control efficiency was observed in lay by application oxyfluorfen @ 0.125 kg ha-1 as PE + 2nd application @ 0.0625 kg ha-1 at 20 DAS. Seedling characters viz., higher root length, seedling height, 100 seedling weight and seedling yield was recorded in PE application of oxyfluorfen at 0.125 kg a.i ha-1 and PE application of oxyfluorfen at 0.125 kg a.i ha-1 + oxyfluorfen at 0.0625 kg a.i ha-1 (lay by) at 20 DAS in the first and second experiments respectively.

Dissipation of tetraniliprole and its metabolite, chinazolinon in tomato was studied. Immature fruit samples were collected at specific intervals with three applications. Modified QuEChERS method was used and satisfactory recovery of 78.28 to 104.77 % was obtained. Good linearity (0.05 to 1.00 μg g-1) with coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.99 was recorded. The initial deposit at 60 (x) and 120 g a.i. ha-1 (2x) was 0.42 and 0.65 μg g-1 and reached the below limit of quantification on 5th and 7th days after spraying. The half-life period was 1.3 and 1.6 days and the safe waiting period was 4.5 and 5.8 days at x and 2x doses, respectively. The harvest time (20th day) samples, mature fruit and soil were at BLQ in both the doses. The metabolite, chinazolinon was not detected in any of the sample analyzed. Theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) was less than maximum permissible intake even on the day of spraying.

Drought happen aimlessly and there is no periodicity in its event and can't be anticipated ahead of time. In semiarid stations, the event of precipitation is occasional and is known something else for its changeability regarding reality. Meteorological drought is characterized as the time of drawn-out dry weather pattern because of underneath ordinary precipitation. Drought is an extensive stretch of incredibly low precipitation that essentially affects crop result and individuals' prosperity. Recent study has made substantial progress in understanding drought in Tamil Nadu, as well as the implications of climate change, but more research is needed because regional climatic responses remain unknown. The Meteorological Drought Indicator was also a useful and appropriate index for drought monitoring in the research area since it provided drought analysis on a variety of timeframes. This study might help us better understand the features of drought.

Fertigation, a latest technology wherein nutrients are applied along with irrigation water. Fertigation opens new possibilities for controlling water and nutrient supplies to crops besides maintaining the desired concentration and distribution of water and nutrients to the soil. Research works on drip fertigation under intercropping situation is very limited. Input information on optimal schedules for micro-irrigation and fertigation to cotton and maize with intercropping of pulses will have to be generated, thus enabling the option of micro irrigation under intercropping situation. The experiment was laid out in split split plot design with three replications. The main plot consists of two irrigation levels viz., 75 and 100 % PE reading, sub plot contains three drip fertigation levels viz., 75, 100 and 125 % and sub sub plot consist intercropping with short duration pulses viz., sole crop of maize/cotton, intercrop with cow pea, blackgram and cluster bean. The result revealed that no significant differences were noticed in number of bolls, boll weight under different irrigation regimes. Among the fertigation level, 125% RDF recorded higher number of bolls plant-1 and boll weight. The cotton equivalent yield of 3860 kg ha-1 with water saving of 24 per cent was accrued under cotton intercropped with blackgram and irrigation regime of 100% PE with application of 125% RDF (150:75:75 kgs NPK/ha) and it was followed by irrigation regime at 75% PE it increased 18.9% cotton yield compared to control (2099 kg ha-1) with water saving of 40.6%. Regarding maize based intercropping system, maize + black gram intercropping with irrigation regime of 100% PE and 100% RDF (250: 75: 75 kg NPK/ha) gave higher maize equivalent yield of 7735 kg/ha. In cotton – maize sequence, intercropping of black gram found to be best suitable system with the irrigation level of 100% PE and 125% RDF (150:75:75 kg NPK/ha) for cotton and 100% RDF (250: 75: 75 kg NPK/ha) for maize is recommended to get higher yield.

Aims: The purpose of the present paper was to study the toxicity of aqueous and methanol Red macro algal extracts against the cosmopolitan pest, Tobacco cutworm: Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Methodology: The bioassay was carried by treating aqueous and methanol extracts of three different Red macroalgae at 0.7, 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00 and 10.00 per cent concentration with three replications of ten larvae per treatment and the mortality data was recorded every 24 hours up to adult emergence. Results: The aqueous and methanol extracts of three different Red macroalgae viz., Acanthophora spicifera, Gracilaria corticata and Jania rubens were used to find out their lethal effects against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura under laboratory condition. The larval mortalities were observed for both extracts. Percentages of mortalities, after 96 hours of exposure, increased at the highest concentration of 10 per cent of A. spicifera, G. corticata and J. rubens, extracts. Respectively, 60.00, 46.66 and 26.66 per cent of larvae mortalities were observed in aqueous extracts and 40.00, 26.66 and 23.33 per cent of lethality were recorded in methanol extracts. The pre-pupal and pupal mortalities were recorded in all the concentrations showing malformations during the growth. The pupation and the adult emergence were also affected with the highest inhibition by the extracts of A. spicifera. Conclusion: The Red macroalgae possess an insecticidal and growth inhibitory potential which can be exploited for eco-friendly management of Spodoptera litura. Further studies should be carried out to purify the active biomolecules of the tested extracts and to evaluate the effect of Red macroalgae on other lepidopteran larvae.

Aim: Forage preference of Indian honey bee on neonicotinoid insecticides treated sunflower Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD) Place and Duration of Study: Insectary, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore between August 2021 to December 2021 during the Adipattam season Methodology: Bee activity was recorded by in situ counting method. Seven treatments with three replications (5flowers/replication) in Randomized Block Design were followed. Different treatments viz., Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 280µl/l, Clothianidin 50 WDG @ 80µg/l, Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 250µg/l, Thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 1100/µl, Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1400µl/l (chemical check), Water control (Water spray) and Absolute control (no spray) were given at 50% flowering period using Knapsack sprayer. The number of bees visiting 5 flowers per 5 minutes was observed during morning (09.00-11.00), afternoon (13.00-15.00) and evening (16.00-18.00) hours of the day for seven days after spray (DAS). DAS. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) academics was used to statistically analyse the data. Results: The mean population of Apis cerana indica Fab. was more in absolute control (5.97) followed by water control (4.77), imidacloprid (4.10), clothianidin (3.40), thiacloprid (3.21), thiamethoxam (3.14) and dimethoate (1.90) during morning hours (09.00-11.00) of the day. The mean bee visitation rate was high in control (3.40), followed by water control (2.65), imidacloprid (1.77), clothianidin (1.52), thiacloprid (1.55), thiamethoxam (1.40) and dimethoate (1.17) during afternoon hours (13.00-15.00) of the day. In the evening hours (16.00-18.00), mean bee activity was high in control (4.95) followed by water control (4.27), imidacloprid (3.40), clothianidin (3.13), thiamethoxam (2.75), thiacloprid (2.53) and dimethoate (1.88). Among these different hours, morning forage activity of the bees are high in morning hours of the day followed by evening and very less in afternoon hours. Conclusion: The present study revealed that Indian honey bees preferred to forage both on neonicotinoid treated, however at a reduced rate, and untreated flowers. Since, neonicotinoids are odourless, tasteless compounds that increase the risk of pesticide exposure for the bee colony owing to less capability for segregation of insecticide treated surfaces.

Through a field experiment, the dissipation pattern of dimethoate in grapes was evaluated during December 2020 - February 2021. Dimethoate 30%EC was sprayed twice at ten-days interval at recommended (X) dose (445 g a.i ha-1) and double the recommended (2x) dose (890 g a.i ha-1). The samples were collected from 0 (2hr), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days or till degradation to below detectable level (BDL) and at harvest time. The residues were extracted by the modified QuEChERS method and analyzed by LCMS. The method performance was satisfactory in terms of SANTE guidelines and with good linearity (r2>0.99). The mean total dimethoate residue including omethoate was 1.047 and 2.168 mg kg-1 at x and 2x doses, respectively with half-lives of 5.47 and 5.59 days. The calculated Risk Quotient (RQ) at both x and 2x dose with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) indicated that for dimethoate these are not safe for human health due to the intake of residue.

Field experiments at two locations were conducted for the validation of IPM modules against sucking and borer pests of okra. In both locations, the proposed IPM module led to the least incidence of sucking pests viz., leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (1.63, 2.41 and 0.79/ leaf, respectively). The leastshoot and fruit damage caused by Earias spp. was in the IPM and BIPM modules (4.67-4.81; 7.65-8.01%, respectively). Thus, IPM module was found to be effective with maximum reduction of both sucking and borer pests, which led to the maximum cost-benefit ratio of 1:8.34.

The QuEChERS analytical method in combination with GC and LC-MS/MS was validated to quantify the insecticide residues in immature kernel, mature kernel, cashew apple and in the field soil. The method performance was satisfactory with the LOQ, recovery and RSD values. Residue persistence of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid on cashew was carried out after foliar spray of the combination formulation, betacyfluthrin 90 g -1 + imidacloprid 210 g -1 OD (Solomon) at recommended (2.5 ml 10 -1) and double the recommended (5 ml 10 -1) doses. The residues of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid were at below LOQ of 0.05 mg kg-1 in all the samples at recommended and double the recommended dose. Soil sample collected at the time of harvest did not show betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid residues at their detection limit of 0.05 mg kg−1. The analytical method standardized for the extraction of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid residues in cashew matrices offers advantages such as simplicity and also, less time consuming.

Land, water, and food resources are essential for human survival, economic development, and social stability. Water and land are the basic resources in irrigated agricultural systems. Sustainable agricultural development entails effective management of the land-water-food nexus. The complex relationship in land-water-food nexus, with large uncertainties encompassed therein. Approaches that interconnect Land-Water-Food have grown significantly in scope and intricacy. In evaluating solutions to accomplish Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) under the contexts of rising demands, resource paucity, and climate change, nexus techniques are helpful. The nexus analysis includes the important interlinkages that could be addressed. In the water-food-land nexus system, optimization approach can increase irrigation water production and optimise the allocation of scarce resources. Model optimisation considers the uncertainties in the systems to help decision-makers devise effective strategies for allocating water and land resources effectively. Integrated modelling with efficient optimization methods aid in solving real-world nexus management issues and provides the results that could serve as the basis for effective management of land-water-food nexus and formulation of agricultural policies.

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil drenching and foliar application of different biostimulants on physiological and quality parameters of curry leaf (Murraya Koenigii Spreng.) at Karamadai, Coimbatore during 2019 to 2021. This study was laid out in factorial randomized block design with control, factor 1 as soil drenching (D1- humic acid @ 5 ml/plant and D2- jeevamrutham @ 50 ml/plant), factor 2 as foliar spray of different biostimulants (S1- Effective microorganism culture @ 2 %, S2- Egg amino acid @ 1%, S3-Panchagavya @ 3%, S4- Sea weed extract @ 2% and S5- Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrops (PPFM) @ 1 % and control as farmer practices. The experimental results revealed that significantly higher leaf area (9.88 cm2), leaf area index (15.36), chlorophyll a (0.89 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.66 mg/) and total chlorophyll (1.80 mg/g), relative water content (74.41%) and fresh herbage yield (840.18g) in the treatment D1S3 (Humic acid + Panchagavya @3 %). Quality parameters like essential oil (0.19%) and oleoresin (2.86%) were significantly higher in the treatment D1S4 (Humic acid + sea weed extract).

The complex and multi-dimensional nature of droughts in Tamil Nadu state and its impact on agricultural sector and farming community requires a thorough analysis for developing short and long– term adaptation and mitigation measures with institutional arrangement and policy support. In the present investigation, drought analysis was made for Tamil Nadu state using 148 years (1871 – 2018) monthly rainfall data obtained at district scale from India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University by employing various drought indices. Larger co-efficient of variation (139 and 149 %) during the major growing seasons (Southwest and Northeast monsoon)evidenced high undependability of rainfall over Tamil Nadu. Drought Index (DI) analysis indicated a 51 per cent drought years in SWM and 48 per cent in NEM season, while Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) exhibited 43 and 48 per cent of drought years in SWM and NEM respectively, indicating occurrence of drought once in every four years. More number of Consecutive Drought years (CDY) posed serious impacts on food production and livelihoods. Drought management framework as well as input for designing drought policy for Tamil Nadu.

In the present study, combustion technique is adopted to study the impact of Mg2+ ion doping on ZnAI2O4 nanoparticles (NPs). L-arginine is used as a fuel component. The Mg2+ ions play a pivotal role in persuading various characteristics of ZnAI2O4 NPs. Various characterization technqiues such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were carried out in order to synthesize the nanoparticles. Single phase cubic spinel structure of ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) formation was confirmed from the XRD characterization process of the nanoparticles. Estimated average crystallite size range of 11.85 nm to 19.02 nm was observed from Debye-Scherrer. Spherical morphology with uniform distributions was observed from HR-SEM characterization images. From the band gap studies, the attained band gap values were found to lie within 5.41 eV–4.66 eV range. The ZnAl2O4 and Mg:ZnAl2O4 NPs exhibited super-paramagnetic nature confirmed by magnetic measurements. The obtained results make ZnAl2O 4and Mg:ZnAl2O4 NPs appropriate for various optical, catalytic, energy and data storage applications.

Using the ultrasonic approach, we produced a morphology involving a cerium oxide/ zinc oxide/graphene oxide nanocomposite-based system. The developed nanocomposite was examined using X-Ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The average crystallite size was found to be 11.44 nm, as determined by XRD. An FTIR analysis was used to confirm the existence of functional groups. FESEM was used to verify the morphological properties of CeO2/ZnO/GO. The micromorphology of the CeO2/ZnO/GO nanocomposite reveals a smoother sheet-like structure. In addition, using an antiproliferative assay test, the developed nanosystem was evaluated for its scavenging anti-cancer capability against HeLa cell lines in various doses at various incubation intervals. In our investigation, the effective IC50 concentration was reported to be 62.5 µg/ml at 72 h. Further, the developed nanosystem was evaluated for its killing efficacy against a normal cell line. To identify the apoptosis-associated alterations of cell membranes throughout the apoptosis process, a dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent staining was done using the CeO2/ZnO/GO nanocomposite in three specific concentrations. The quantitative analysis was carried out using flow cytometry (FACS study) to determine the cell cycle during which the greatest number of HeLa cells were destroyed. According to the results of the FACS investigation, the maximum cell cycle has taken place in P2, P4.As a result, the newly designed CeO2/ZnO/GO hybrid has demonstrated improved anti-cancer efficacy against the HeLa cell line, making it a better therapeutic agent for cervical cancer detection.

Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanorods have been prepared using a simple and low-cost reflux method. This method is easy to handle and opens up a way to manufacture photocatalytic pigment at a low cost. The Bi2S3 catalyst was subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The structures of the Bi2S3 nanorod have been investigated and were seen to be orthorhombic. The electron microscopic observations showed that surfactants greatly affect the morphologies of the as-prepared Bi2S3 samples. The XRD and TEM results confirmed that the Bi2S3 nanorods have a high surface area and are good crystallinity. TEM measurements revealed that the average breadth and length is 75 nm and 385 nm for Bi2S3 nanorods prepared using NaOH. The uniform one-dimensional Bi2S3 nanorods are due to the presence of NaOH which controls the nucleation and growth process of Bi2S3 nanorods. The photocatalytic activity of the Bi2S3 nanocrystallites has been estimated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under the irradiation of halogen light. It was noted that the absorption peak corresponding to MB reduced indicating the photocatalytic nature of the sample. In these conditions, the maximum degradation of the dye was achieved within 140 min for KOH added Bi2S3 samples and the photodegradation efficiency is 87.98%. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the Bi2S3 samples has also been proposed.

The financial decision of any corporate house depends on the capital structure. The right capital structure (optimum capital structure) canincrease the wealth of the shareholders, often managers used debt to increase returns to shareholders and if overused by debt it may lead to increase financial expense and financial risk to the company.So, Leverage is one of the main factors which can affect company’s profitability. In the present competitive business era, the ability of company to increase revenue largely depends on efficient use of leverage. The successful selection and utilization of capital is one of the key components of a company’s financial strategy. Therefore, proper maintenance and attention needs should be given when deciding on a capital structure. Hence, this study made an attempt to investigate the impact of leverage and asset structure on profitability of selected private sugar companies in Tamil Nadu by using 11 years data (2009-2020) extracted from the financial statements of the five companies. The study found that the variables, like leverage, asset structure, growth in asset, inventory turnover ratio and intrinsic value of shares are significant with ROE during the period of the study., {"references":["1.\twww.ijbssnet.com/journals/vol_2_no_1%3b_january_2011/22.pdf 2.\thttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/215637389_capital_structure_determinants_an_exploratory_study_of_malaysian_companies_in_the_trading_and_services_sector 3.\thttps://journals-archieves27.webs.com/225-235.pdf 4.\thttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/326671181_the_determinants_of_capital_structure_of_firms_listed_in_nigerian_foodbeverages_and_tobacco_industry 5.\thttps://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/1344/articles_25_capital_structure_and_financial_performance.pdf 6.\twww.papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstrct_id=2849683 7.\twww.researchgate.net/publication/231589896_the_relationship_between_capital_structure_profitability 8.\thttp://www.ijbmi.org/papers/vol(4)12/f04012045053.pdf 9.\thttps://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/net-fixed-assets 10.\thttps://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resource/knowledge/valuation/intrinsic-value-guide 11.\thttps://www.slideshare.net/investingtips/intrinsic-value-of-stocks-24389849?next-slideshow=2 12.\thttps://www.elearnmarkets.com/blog/how-to-calculate.intrinsic-value 13.\thttps://grow.in/p/intrinsic-value-of-share/ 14.\thttp://www.svtuition.org/2014/01/intrinsic-value-getanalysis.html"]}

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the two capital structure (ROCE, ROE and ICR) in the model of the four selected private sugar companies in India from the financial year 2010-2020. Data are analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to find the correlation between variables. The results show that the capital structure has a significant impact on the ROCE when it is insignificant with ROE. The results also show that interest coverage ratio is negatively related to debt to total funds. These results are consistent with previous empirical studies. Further, recommendations are presented in the research., {"references":["1.\thttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/264422625_trade_off_theory_pecking_order_theory_and_market_timing_theory_a_comprehensive_review_of_capital_structure_theories 2.\thttps://www.indiainfoline.com/article/generate-blog/exports-could-be-the -big-story-for-indian-sugar-industry-this-season-120082100474_1.html 3.\thttps://journals-archieves27.webs.com/225-235.pdf 4.\thttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/326671181_the_determinants_of_capital_structure_of_firms_listed_in_nigerian_foodbeverages_and_tobacco_industry 5.\thttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s097038961400069x 6.\thttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/264426503_a_study_on_determinants_of_capital_structure_in_india 7.\thttps://www.slideshare.net/investingtips/intrinsic-value-of-stocks-24389849?next-slideshow=2 8.\thttps://www.moneycontrol.com/stocks/company_info/print_main.php 9.\thttps://www.elearnmarkets.com/blog/how-to-calculate.intrinsic-value 10.\thttps://grow.in/p/intrinsic-value-of-share/ 11.\thttp://www.svtuition.org/2014/01/intrinsic-value-getanalysis.html"]}