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1. Detailed characterization of a laboratory magnetized supercritical collisionless shock and of the associated proton energization

Author

W. Yao, A. Fazzini, S. N. Chen, K. Burdonov, P. Antici, J. Béard, S. Bolaños, A. Ciardi, R. Diab, E. D. Filippov, S. Kisyov, V. Lelasseux, M. Miceli, Q. Moreno, V. Nastasa, S. Orlando, S. Pikuz, D. C. Popescu, G. Revet, X. Ribeyre, E. d’Humières, and J. Fuchs

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of nonthermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theory shows that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields that are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation. Using our platform in which we couple a rapidly expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers (JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000) with high-strength magnetic fields, we have investigated the generation of a magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization. We have characterized the shock as being collisionless and supercritical. We report here on measurements of the plasma density and temperature, the electromagnetic field structures, and the particle energization in the experiments, under various conditions of ambient plasma and magnetic field. We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. As a companion paper to Yao et al. [Nat. Phys. 17, 1177–1182 (2021)], here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations, providing more information to allow their reproduction and to demonstrate the robustness of our interpretation of the proton energization mechanism as being shock surfing acceleration.

Published
2022
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2. Characterization and performance of the Apollon short-focal-area facility following its commissioning at 1 PW level

Author

K. Burdonov, A. Fazzini, V. Lelasseux, J. Albrecht, P. Antici, Y. Ayoul, A. Beluze, D. Cavanna, T. Ceccotti, M. Chabanis, A. Chaleil, S. N. Chen, Z. Chen, F. Consoli, M. Cuciuc, X. Davoine, J. P. Delaneau, E. d’Humières, J.-L. Dubois, C. Evrard, E. Filippov, A. Freneaux, P. Forestier-Colleoni, L. Gremillet, V. Horny, L. Lancia, L. Lecherbourg, N. Lebas, A. Leblanc, W. Ma, L. Martin, F. Negoita, J.-L. Paillard, D. Papadopoulos, F. Perez, S. Pikuz, G. Qi, F. Quéré, L. Ranc, P.-A. Söderström, M. Scisciò, S. Sun, S. Vallières, P. Wang, W. Yao, F. Mathieu, P. Audebert, and J. Fuchs

Subjects
Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the short-focal-length area of the Apollon laser facility (located in Saclay, France), which was performed with the first available laser beam (F2), scaled to a nominal power of 1 PW. Under the conditions that were tested, this beam delivered on-target pulses of 10 J average energy and 24 fs duration. Several diagnostics were fielded to assess the performance of the facility. The on-target focal spot and its spatial stability, the temporal intensity profile prior to the main pulse, and the resulting density gradient formed at the irradiated side of solid targets have been thoroughly characterized, with the goal of helping users design future experiments. Emissions of energetic electrons, ions, and electromagnetic radiation were recorded, showing good laser-to-target coupling efficiency and an overall performance comparable to that of similar international facilities. This will be followed in 2022 by a further commissioning stage at the multi-petawatt level.

Published
2021
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3. Investigating particle acceleration dynamics in interpenetrating magnetized collisionless super-critical shocks

Author

W. Yao, A. Fazzini, S.N. Chen, K. Burdonov, J. Béard, M. Borghesi, A. Ciardi, M. Miceli, S. Orlando, X. Ribeyre, E. d'Humières, J. Fuchs, W. Yao, A. Fazzini, S.N. Chen, K. Burdonov, J. B??ard, M. Borghesi, A. Ciardi, M. Miceli, S. Orlando, X. Ribeyre, E. d'Humi??re, J. Fuchs, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, plasma simulation, FOS: Physical sciences, Condensed Matter Physics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], plasma nonlinear phenomena, Physics - Plasma Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph]
Abstract

Colliding collisionless shocks appear in a great variety of astrophysical phenomena and are thought to be possible sources of particle acceleration in the Universe. We have previously investigated particle acceleration induced by single super-critical shocks (whose magnetosonic Mach number is higher than the critical value of 2.7) (Yao et al., Nat. Phys., vol. 17, issue 10, 2021, pp. 1177–1182; Yao et al., Matter Radiat. Extrem., vol. 7, issue 1, 2022, 014402), as well as the collision of two sub-critical shocks (Fazzini et al., Astron. Astrophys., vol. 665, 2022, A87). Here, we propose to make measurements of accelerated particles from interpenetrating super-critical shocks to observe the ‘phase-locking effect’ (Fazzini et al., Astron. Astrophys., vol. 665, 2022, A87) from such an event. This effect is predicted to significantly boost the energy spectrum of the energized ions compared with a single super-critical collisionless shock. We thus anticipate that the results obtained in the proposed experiment could have a significant impact on our understanding of one type of primary source (acceleration of thermal ions as opposed to secondary acceleration mechanisms of already energetic ions) of ion energization of particles in the Universe.

Published
2023

4. Detailed characterization of laboratory magnetized super-critical collisionless shock and of the associated proton energization

Author

W. Yao, A. Fazzini, S. N. Chen, K. Burdonov, P. Antici, J. Béard, S. Bolaños, A. Ciardi, R. Diab, E. D. Filippov, S. Kisyov, V. Lelasseux, M. Miceli, Q. Moreno, V. Nastasa, S. Orlando, S. Pikuz, D. C. Popescu, G. Revet, X. Ribeyre, E. d’Humières, J. Fuchs, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, IAP, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603155, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications - INRS (EMT-INRS), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the RAS (JIHT), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (FZU / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Yao W., Fazzini A., Chen S.N., Burdonov K., Antici P., Beard J., Bolanos S., Ciardi A., Diab R., Filippov E.D., Kisyov S., Lelasseux V., Miceli M., Moreno Q., Nastasa V., Orlando S., Pikuz S., Popescu D.C., Revet G., Ribeyre X., D'Humieres E., and Fuchs J.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, magnetic field, QC770-798, shock waves, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Space Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of nonthermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theory shows that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields that are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation. Using our platform in which we couple a rapidly expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers (JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000) with high-strength magnetic fields, we have investigated the generation of a magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization. We have characterized the shock as being collisionless and supercritical. We report here on measurements of the plasma density and temperature, the electromagnetic field structures, and the particle energization in the experiments, under various conditions of ambient plasma and magnetic field. We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. As a companion paper to Yao et al. [Nat. Phys. 17, 1177–1182 (2021)], here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations, providing more information to allow their reproduction and to demonstrate the robustness of our interpretation of the proton energization mechanism as being shock surfing acceleration.

Published
2022

5. Design and commissioning of a neutron counter adapted to high-intensity laser matter interactions

Author

Mirela Cerchez, M. Gugiu, S. Dorard, Julien Fuchs, V. Lelasseux, S. Aogaki, K. Burdonov, P.-A. Söderström, Oswald Willi, A. Fazzini, Sophia Chen, F. Rotaru, S. A. Pikuz, F. Negoita, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-17-CE30-0026,PiNNaCLE,Développement d'une ligne de neutrons pulsés compacte et de haute brillance(2017)

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, High intensity, Nuclear engineering, Detector, Scintillator, Modular design, Laser, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, law, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Neutron source, Neutron, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; The advent of multi-PW laser facilities world-wide opens new opportunities for nuclear physics. With this perspective, we developed a neutron counter taking into account the specifics of a high-intensity laser environment. Using GEANT4 simulations and prototype testings, we report on the design of a modular neutron counter based on boron-10 enriched scintillators and a high-density polyethylene moderator. This detector has been calibrated using a plutonium-beryllium neutron source and commissioned during an actual neutron-producing laser experiment at the LULI2000 facility (France). An overall efficiency of 4.37(59)% has been demonstrated during calibration with a recovery time of a few hundred microseconds after laser-plasma interaction.

Published
2021

6. Inferring possible magnetic field strength of accreting inflows in EXor-type objects from scaled laboratory experiments

Author

Mikhail Gushchin, Rosaria Bonito, K. Gubskiy, Efim A. Khazanov, Julien Fuchs, A. V. Strikovskiy, V. I. Gundorin, A. Kuznetsov, S. N. Ryazantsev, S. A. Pikuz, Salvatore Orlando, Alexander Soloviev, W. P. Yao, I. Shaykin, Teresa Giannini, R. Zemskov, Ivan V. Yakovlev, Shihua Chen, N. A. Aidakina, I. Zudin, Andrey Shaykin, M. V. Starodubtsev, Vladislav Ginzburg, K. Burdonov, A. A. Kuzmin, J. Béard, G. Revet, A. A. Kochetkov, Andrea Ciardi, S. V. Korobkov, Costanza Argiroffi, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo (OAPa), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma (OAR), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the RAS (JIHT), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], This work was partly done within the LABEX Plas@Par, the DIM ACAV funded by the Region Ile-de-France, and supported by Grant No. 11-IDEX- 0004-02 from ANR, The research leading to these results is supported by Extreme Light Infrastructure Nuclear Physics (ELINP) Phase II, a project co-financed by the Romanian Government and European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, and by the project ELI-RO-2020-23 funded by IFA (Romania)., European Project: ERC787539,GENESIS, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), HEP, INSPIRE, Burdonov K., Bonito R., Giannini T., Aidakina N., Argiroffi C., Beard J., Chen S.N., Ciardi A., Ginzburg V., Gubskiy K., Gundorin V., Gushchin M., Kochetkov A., Korobkov S., Kuzmin A., Kuznetsov A., Pikuz S., Revet G., Ryazantsev S., Shaykin A., Shaykin I., Soloviev A., Starodubtsev M., Strikovskiy A., Yao W., Yakovlev I., Zemskov R., Zudin I., Khazanov E., Orlando S., and Fuchs J.

Subjects
Shock wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Field strength, Astrophysics, stars: pre-main sequence, 01 natural sciences, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, accretion, 0103 physical sciences, Protostar, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], accretion disks, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Plasma, shock waves, Accretion, accretion disks, Accretion (astrophysics), Magnetic field, T Tauri star, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, instabilities, stars: individual: V1118 Ori, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

Aims. EXor-type objects are protostars that display powerful UV-optical outbursts caused by intermittent and powerful events of magnetospheric accretion. These objects are not yet well investigated and are quite difficult to characterize. Several parameters, such as plasma stream velocities, characteristic densities, and temperatures, can be retrieved from present observations. As of yet, however, there is no information about the magnetic field values and the exact underlying accretion scenario is also under discussion. Methods. We use laboratory plasmas, created by a high power laser impacting a solid target or by a plasma gun injector, and make these plasmas propagate perpendicularly to a strong external magnetic field. The propagating plasmas are found to be well scaled to the presently inferred parameters of EXor-type accretion event, thus allowing us to study the behaviour of such episodic accretion processes in scaled conditions. Results. We propose a scenario of additional matter accretion in the equatorial plane, which claims to explain the increased accretion rates of the EXor objects, supported by the experimental demonstration of effective plasma propagation across the magnetic field. In particular, our laboratory investigation allows us to determine that the field strength in the accretion stream of EXor objects, in a position intermediate between the truncation radius and the stellar surface, should be of the order of 100 G. This, in turn, suggests a field strength of a few kilogausses on the stellar surface, which is similar to values inferred from observations of classical T Tauri stars.

Published
2021

7. Laboratory evidence for proton energization by collisionless shock surfing

Author

G. Revet, K. Burdonov, J. Béard, A. Fazzini, E. D. Filippov, S. Bolaños, Julien Fuchs, V. Lelasseux, S. A. Pikuz, D. C. Popescu, Salvatore Orlando, W. P. Yao, V. Nastasa, Patrizio Antici, Andrea Ciardi, S. Kisyov, Quentin Moreno, Marco Miceli, Xavier Ribeyre, Emmanuel d'Humières, R. Diab, Sophia Chen, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITA, FRA, CAN, CZE, ROU, RUS, Yao W., Fazzini A., Chen S.N., Burdonov K., Antici P., Beard J., Bolanos S., Ciardi A., Diab R., Filippov E.D., Kisyov S., Lelasseux V., Miceli M., Moreno Q., Nastasa V., Orlando S., Pikuz S., Popescu D.C., Revet G., Ribeyre X., d'Humieres E., Fuchs J., Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA (UMR_8112)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)

Subjects
Shock wave, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Acceleration, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, 0103 physical sciences, Bow shock (aerodynamics), 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Mechanics, plasmas, Physics - Plasma Physics, Charged particle, Computer Science::Computers and Society, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], Magnetic field, Shock (mechanics), Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Supernova, 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics
Abstract

Charged particles can be accelerated to high energies by collisionless shock waves in astrophysical environments, such as supernova remnants. By interacting with the magnetized ambient medium, these shocks can transfer energy to particles. Despite increasing efforts in the characterization of these shocks from satellite measurements at Earth’s bow shock as well as powerful numerical simulations, the underlying acceleration mechanism or a combination thereof is still widely debated. Here we show that astrophysically relevant super-critical quasi-perpendicular magnetized collisionless shocks can be produced and characterized in the laboratory. We observe the characteristics of super-criticality in the shock profile as well as the energization of protons picked up from the ambient gas to hundreds of kiloelectronvolts. Kinetic simulations modelling the laboratory experiment identified shock surfing as the proton acceleration mechanism. Our observations not only provide direct evidence of early-stage ion energization by collisionless shocks but also highlight the role played by this particular mechanism in energizing ambient ions to feed further stages of acceleration. Furthermore, our results open the door to future laboratory experiments investigating the possible transition to other mechanisms, when increasing the magnetic field strength, or the effect that induced shock front ripples could have on acceleration processes. Proton acceleration by a super-critical collisionless shock is observed in laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations suggest shock surfing as the underlying acceleration mechanism.

Published
2021

8. Characterization and performance of the Apollon Short-Focal-Area facility following its commissioning at 1 PW level

Author

A. Chaleil, Jean-Luc Paillard, Y. Ayoul, A. Beluze, W. P. Yao, F. Negoita, A. Leblanc, Julien Fuchs, Xavier Davoine, V. Lelasseux, G. Qi, A. Fazzini, Fabrizio Consoli, N. Lebas, F. Perez, A. Freneaux, S. A. Pikuz, J. P. Delaneau, L. Lecherbourg, Emmanuel d'Humières, V. Horny, P.-A. Söderström, E. D. Filippov, Sophia Chen, D. Cavanna, Patrick Audebert, J. L. Dubois, M. Chabanis, F. Mathieu, Patrizio Antici, Zhi-wei Chen, Fabien Quéré, T. Ceccotti, L. Lancia, J. Albrecht, P. Forestier-Colleoni, W. Ma, M. Cuciuc, Laurent Gremillet, M. Scisciò, S. Vallières, Camille Evrard, Lucas Ranc, Shuhui Sun, Dimitris N. Papadopoulos, K. Burdonov, Luc Martin, P. Wang, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications - INRS (EMT-INRS), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Physique à Haute Intensité (PHI), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA- Saclay (CEA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (NIPNE), IFIN-HH, Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the RAS (JIHT), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Laboratoire d'optique appliquée (LOA), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology (SKL-NPT), Peking University [Beijing], Burdonov, Konstantin, Laboratoire Interactions, Dynamiques et Lasers (ex SPAM) (LIDyl), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matière sous Conditions Extrêmes (LMCE), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati] (ENEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), A.M.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Laboratoire Charles Fabry / Lasers, Laboratoire Charles Fabry (LCF), Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales LAS France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS), ANR-17-CE30-0026,PiNNaCLE,Développement d'une ligne de neutrons pulsés compacte et de haute brillance(2017), European Project: 787539,GENESIS - 10.3030/787539, European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), Burdonov, K., Fazzini, A., Lelasseux, V., Albrecht, J., Antici, P., Ayoul, Y., Beluze, A., Cavanna, D., Ceccotti, T., Chabanis, M., Chaleil, A., Chen, S. N., Chen, Z., Consoli, F., Cuciuc, M., Davoine, X., Delaneau, J. P., D'Humieres, E., Dubois, J. -L., Evrard, C., Filippov, E., Freneaux, A., Forestier-Colleoni, P., Gremillet, L., Horny, V., Lancia, L., Lecherbourg, L., Lebas, N., Leblanc, A., Ma, W., Martin, L., Negoita, F., Paillard, J. -L., Papadopoulos, D., Perez, F., Pikuz, S., Qi, G., Quere, F., Ranc, L., Soderstrom, P. -A., Scisciò, M., Sun, S., Vallieres, S., Wang, P., Yao, W., Mathieu, F., Audebert, P., and Fuchs, J.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, QC770-798, 01 natural sciences, Electromagnetic radiation, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, [PHYS] Physics [physics], Optics, law, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Physics - Plasma Physics, Characterization (materials science), Intensity (physics), Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business, Beam (structure), Nominal power (photovoltaic)
Abstract

We present the results of the first commissioning phase of the ``short focal length'' area (SFA) of the Apollon laser facility (located in Saclay, France), which was performed with the first available laser beam (F2), scaled to a nominal power of one petawatt. Under the conditions that were tested, this beam delivered on target pulses of 10 J average energy and 24 fs duration. Several diagnostics were fielded to assess the performance of the facility. The on-target focal spot, its spatial stability, the temporal intensity profile prior to the main pulse, as well as the resulting density gradient formed at the irradiated side of solid targets, have been thoroughly characterized, with the goal of helping users design future experiments. Emissions of energetic electrons, ions, and electromagnetic radiation were recorded, showing good laser-to-target coupling efficiency and an overall performance comparable with that of similar international facilities. This will be followed in 2022 by a further commissioning stage at the multi-petawatt level.

9. Particle energization in colliding subcritical collisionless shocks investigated in the laboratory

Author

Fazzini, A., Yao, W., Burdonov, K., Béard, J., Chen, S. N., Ciardi, A., d'Humières, E., Diab, R., Filippov, E. D., Kisyov, S., Lelasseux, V., Miceli, M., Moreno, Q., Orlando, S., Pikuz, S., Ribeyre, X., Starodubtsev, M., Zemskov, R., Fuchs, J., A. Fazzini, W. Yao, K. Burdonov, J. B??ard, S. N. Chen, A. Ciardi, E. d???Humi??re, R. Diab, E. D. Filippov, S. Kisyov, V. Lelasseux, M. Miceli, Q. Moreno, S. Orlando, S. Pikuz, X. Ribeyre, M. Starodubtsev, R. Zemskov, J. Fuchs, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre d'Etudes Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia E Astrofisica, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, shock waves, interplanetary medium, Physics - Plasma Physics, acceleration of particles
Abstract

Context. Colliding collisionless shocks appear across a broad variety of astrophysical phenomena and are thought to be possible sources of particle acceleration in the Universe. Aims. The main goal of our experimental and computational work is to understand the effect of the interpenetration between two subcritical collisionless shocks on particle energization. Methods. To investigate the detailed dynamics of this phenomenon, we performed a dedicated laboratory experiment. We generated two counter-streaming subcritical collisionless magnetized shocks by irradiating two Teflon (C2F4) targets with 100 J, 1 ns laser beams on the LULI2000 laser facility. The interaction region between the plasma flows was pre-filled with a low-density background hydrogen plasma and initialized with an externally applied homogeneous magnetic field perpendicular to the shocks. We also modeled the macroscopic evolution of the system via hydrodynamic simulations and the microphysics at play during the interaction via particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Results. Here, we report our measurements of the plasma density and temperature during the formation of the supercritical shocks, their transition to subcritical, and their final interpenetration. We find that in the presence of two shocks, the ambient ions reach energies around 1.5 times of those obtained with single shocks. Both the presence of the downstream zone of the second shock and of the downstream zone common for the two shocks play a role in the different energization: the characteristics of the perpendicular electric fields in the two areas indeed allow for certain particles to continue being accelerated or, at least, to avoid being decelerated. Conclusions. The findings of our laboratory investigation are relevant for our understanding of the energy distribution of high-energy particles that populate the interplanetary space in our solar system and the very local interstellar medium around the heliopause, where observations have indicated evidence of subcritical collisionless shocks that may eventually go on to collide with one another.

Published
2022
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10. Absolute calibration up to 20 MeV of an online readout CMOS system suitable to detect high-power lasers accelerated protons.

Author

Burdonov K, Lelièvre R, Forestier-Colleoni P, Ceccotti T, Cuciuc M, Lancia L, Yao W, and Fuchs J

Abstract

We present the design and absolute calibration of a charged particle online readout CMOS system tailored for high-power laser experiments. This system equips a Thomson parabola spectrometer, which is used at the Apollon petawatt scale laser facility to measure the spectra of protons produced by high-intensity laser-target interactions. The RadEye1 CMOS matrices array detectors are paired with a custom triggering system for image grabbing. This allows us to register the proton and ion signals remotely. The repetition rate is presently 1 shot/min, but the frame grabbing enables the system to be compatible with modern high-power lasers running, e.g., at 1 Hz. We detail here the implementation, in the harsh electromagnetic environment of such interactions, of the system, and its absolute calibration, which was performed for proton energies from 4 to 20 MeV., (© 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

Published
2023
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11. Dynamics of Nanosecond Laser Pulse Propagation and of Associated Instabilities in a Magnetized Underdense Plasma.

Author

Yao W, Higginson A, Marquès JR, Antici P, Béard J, Burdonov K, Borghesi M, Castan A, Ciardi A, Coleman B, Chen SN, d'Humières E, Gangolf T, Gremillet L, Khiar B, Lancia L, Loiseau P, Ribeyre X, Soloviev A, Starodubtsev M, Wang Q, and Fuchs J

Subjects
Heart Rate, Kinetics, Lasers, Electrons, Heating
Abstract

The propagation and energy coupling of intense laser beams in plasmas are critical issues in inertial confinement fusion. Applying magnetic fields to such a setup has been shown to enhance fuel confinement and heating. Here we report on experimental measurements demonstrating improved transmission and increased smoothing of a high-power laser beam propagating in a magnetized underdense plasma. We also measure enhanced backscattering, which our kinetic simulations show is due to magnetic confinement of hot electrons, thus leading to reduced target preheating.

Published
2023
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12. Design and commissioning of a neutron counter adapted to high-intensity laser matter interactions.

Author

Lelasseux V, Söderström PA, Aogaki S, Burdonov K, Cerchez M, Chen SN, Dorard S, Fazzini A, Gugiu M, Pikuz S, Rotaru F, Willi O, Negoita F, and Fuchs J

Abstract

The advent of multi-PW laser facilities world-wide opens new opportunities for nuclear physics. With this perspective, we developed a neutron counter taking into account the specifics of a high-intensity laser environment. Using GEANT4 simulations and prototype testings, we report on the design of a modular neutron counter based on boron-10 enriched scintillators and a high-density polyethylene moderator. This detector has been calibrated using a plutonium-beryllium neutron source and commissioned during an actual neutron-producing laser experiment at the LULI2000 facility (France). An overall efficiency of 4.37(59)% has been demonstrated during calibration with a recovery time of a few hundred microseconds after laser-plasma interaction.

Published
2021
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13. Laser-Produced Magnetic-Rayleigh-Taylor Unstable Plasma Slabs in a 20 T Magnetic Field.

Author

Khiar B, Revet G, Ciardi A, Burdonov K, Filippov E, Béard J, Cerchez M, Chen SN, Gangolf T, Makarov SS, Ouillé M, Safronova M, Skobelev IY, Soloviev A, Starodubtsev M, Willi O, Pikuz S, and Fuchs J

Abstract

Magnetized laser-produced plasmas are central to many novel laboratory astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion studies, as well as in industrial applications. Here we provide the first complete description of the three-dimensional dynamics of a laser-driven plasma plume expanding in a 20 T transverse magnetic field. The plasma is collimated by the magnetic field into a slender, rapidly elongating slab, whose plasma-vacuum interface is unstable to the growth of the "classical," fluidlike magnetized Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

Published
2019
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14. Enhancement of Quasistationary Shocks and Heating via Temporal Staging in a Magnetized Laser-Plasma Jet.

Author

Higginson DP, Khiar B, Revet G, Béard J, Blecher M, Borghesi M, Burdonov K, Chen SN, Filippov E, Khaghani D, Naughton K, Pépin H, Pikuz S, Portugall O, Riconda C, Riquier R, Rodriguez R, Ryazantsev SN, Skobelev IY, Soloviev A, Starodubtsev M, Vinci T, Willi O, Ciardi A, and Fuchs J

Abstract

We investigate the formation of a laser-produced magnetized jet under conditions of a varying mass ejection rate and a varying divergence of the ejected plasma flow. This is done by irradiating a solid target placed in a 20 T magnetic field with, first, a collinear precursor laser pulse (10^{12}  W/cm^{2}) and, then, a main pulse (10^{13}  W/cm^{2}) arriving 9-19 ns later. Varying the time delay between the two pulses is found to control the divergence of the expanding plasma, which is shown to increase the strength of and heating in the conical shock that is responsible for jet collimation. These results show that plasma collimation due to shocks against a strong magnetic field can lead to stable, astrophysically relevant jets that are sustained over time scales 100 times the laser pulse duration (i.e., >70  ns), even in the case of strong variability at the source.

Published
2017
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15. Laboratory unraveling of matter accretion in young stars.

Author

Revet G, Chen SN, Bonito R, Khiar B, Filippov E, Argiroffi C, Higginson DP, Orlando S, Béard J, Blecher M, Borghesi M, Burdonov K, Khaghani D, Naughton K, Pépin H, Portugall O, Riquier R, Rodriguez R, Ryazantsev SN, Yu Skobelev I, Soloviev A, Willi O, Pikuz S, Ciardi A, and Fuchs J

Abstract

Accretion dynamics in the formation of young stars is still a matter of debate because of limitations in observations and modeling. Through scaled laboratory experiments of collimated plasma accretion onto a solid in the presence of a magnetic field, we open a first window on this phenomenon by tracking, with spatial and temporal resolution, the dynamics of the system and simultaneously measuring multiband emissions. We observe in these experiments that matter, upon impact, is ejected laterally from the solid surface and then refocused by the magnetic field toward the incoming stream. This ejected matter forms a plasma shell that envelops the shocked core, reducing escaped x-ray emission. This finding demonstrates one possible structure reconciling current discrepancies between mass accretion rates derived from x-ray and optical observations, respectively.

Published
2017
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16. Experimental evidence for short-pulse laser heating of solid-density target to high bulk temperatures.

Author

Soloviev A, Burdonov K, Chen SN, Eremeev A, Korzhimanov A, Pokrovskiy GV, Pikuz TA, Revet G, Sladkov A, Ginzburg V, Khazanov E, Kuzmin A, Osmanov R, Shaikin I, Shaykin A, Yakovlev I, Pikuz S, Starodubtsev M, and Fuchs J

Abstract

Heating efficiently solid-density, or even compressed, matter has been a long-sought goal in order to allow investigation of the properties of such state of matter of interest for various domains, e.g. astrophysics. High-power lasers, pinches, and more recently Free-Electron-Lasers (FELs) have been used in this respect. Here we show that by using the high-power, high-contrast "PEARL" laser (Institute of Applied Physics-Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) delivering 7.5 J in a 60 fs laser pulse, such coupling can be efficiently obtained, resulting in heating of a slab of solid-density Al of 0.8 µm thickness at a temperature of 300 eV, and with minimal density gradients. The characterization of the target heating is achieved combining X-ray spectrometry and measurement of the protons accelerated from the Al slab. The measured heating conditions are consistent with a three-temperatures model that simulates resistive and collisional heating of the bulk induced by the hot electrons. Such effective laser energy deposition is achieved owing to the intrinsic high contrast of the laser which results from the Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification technology it is based on, allowing to attain high target temperatures in a very compact manner, e.g. in comparison with large-scale FEL facilities.

Published
2017
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