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Seed cotton drying is an important and costly part of cotton ginning. Seed cotton having a moisture content above 7% cannot be cleaned or ginned properly. In this study, 73 dryers were surveyed by on-site visits in 23 gins located in the southwestern United States during the 2007 to 2010 ginning seasons. Drying systems surveyed included: standard tower, short tower, hot shelf, hi-volume tower, belt, big reel, vertical, hot air cleaner, pipe, cross-flow, hot box, hi-slip, jet, fountain, and collider systems. Forty-eight percent of dryers had the recommended dual temperature controls, while 26% had only a primary temperature control and 26% had only a maximum temperature control. Belt and big reel dryers had the lowest specific airflow rates (0.34 to 0.72 m3/kg of seed cotton) and also had the lowest energy in the conveying air (1.7 kJ/kg of lint or less). Collider, fountain, and hi-volume tower dryers had the highest specific airflow rates (1.9 to 2.8 m3/kg) and hi-slip, hi-volume tower, and standard tower dryers had the highest energy in the conveying air (7.7 kJ/kg or more). Belt, cross-flow, and hot air cleaner dryers had the lowest pressure drop across the dryer (0.5 kPa or less), while hi-slip, pipe, and standard tower dryers had the highest pressure drop (1.8 kPa or more). Fuel use was positively correlated with airflow (r=0.58) and temperature rise (r=0.59). Systems with fountain, collider, belt, big reel, jet, and hot air cleaner dryers had favorable, low values for fuel use (13.7 kJ/kg of lint or less), while systems with crossflow and hi-volume tower dryers had high values for fuel use (30.0 kJ/kg or more).

In order to determine the best recommendations for seed cotton dryer temperature control as part of ASABE standard S530.1, 20 tests were conducted during the ginning seasons of 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 to measure air temperature variation along various heated air seed cotton drying systems. The cooperating cotton gins were located in Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and the San Joaquin Valley, California. Drying systems tested included: standard tower, short tower, hot shelf, crossflow, hi-slip, pipe, hot box, fountain, and collider systems. Temperature measurements were taken over a 2-h time period at the mixpoint and every 2 m (6.5 ft) after the mixpoint. Although there was a significant correlation between mixpoint temperature variation and distance of the primary temperature control sensor from the mixpoint, the sensor location recommendations of ASABE standard S530.1, Temperature Sensor Locations for Seed-Cotton Drying Systems, appear to be satisfactory for seed cotton drying systems with well-maintained burners and well-adjusted temperature controls. All systems, except for the hot shelf dryer, had a larger temperature drop in the first 2 m (6.5 ft) after the mixpoint than occurred in the remainder of the drying system. Thus, for all but the hot shelf dryer, locating a temperature control sensor at 2 m or more past the mixpoint would achieve satisfactory temperature control.

Tests were conducted using a rotor spray system to apply moisture in the form of fine water droplets to cotton lint at the lint slide just before bale packaging. Two studies were conducted, one in which bales were stored for 6 months and another in which bales were stored for 15 months. For the first study, initial cotton lint moisture content averaged 5.1% and ranged from 4.4% to 5.7%, wet basis, and for the second study the initial moisture content averaged 5.5% and ranged from 5.1% to 5.9%. For the 6-month storage test, five levels of moisture addition were studied, including average moisture levels of 6.3%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.7%, and 7.9% moisture (just after rewetting), in addition to bales with no additional moisture added. For the 15-month storage test, three levels of moisture addition were studied, including 8.0%, 8.4%, and 10.0% moisture (just after rewetting). In both studies, cotton quality degradation was determined after each of the respective storage periods. No significant changes were found in HVI micronaire, strength, length, or uniformity or any properties measured with the Advanced Fiber Information System. At moistures of 7.5% and greater, the color +b value decreased slightly and the decrease was statistically significant. When considering the moisture range used in this study, results are consistent with earlier studies using atomizing spray nozzles, therefore recommendations for using a rotor spray system for adding moisture to cotton fiber at the lint slide should be the same as those for using an atomizing spray nozzle system. Thus, in order to minimize color degradation during storage, cotton lint moisture should be less than 7.5% wet basis (8.0% dry basis) when the bale is formed.

Equations were developed to compute nutrient contributions on a daily basis to waterways from feedlots with stocking rates equivalent to up to 250 steers/ha (100 steers/acre), such as is common in the midwestern United States. The algorithm set uses recorded weather data (daily values) and other input values and computes mass and concentration of selected nutrients in runoff, considering spatial and temporal aspects. Methodology to divide a large feedlot which contains more than one drainage outlet was determined, so that the described algorithms may be used for any size feedlot. Equations from USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service were adapted to determine curve numbers for frozen soil, or soil of any moisture, as well as to determine runoff from rainfall and snowmelt events. Equations from ASAE were adapted to determine manure production from temporally changing animal loads on the feedlot and to compute temporal changes in the manure pack on the feedlot. Equations from USDA, Agricultural Research Service were adapted to determine nutrient concentrations in runoff for each runoff event. Equations were developed to incorporate mechanical removal of waste from a feedlot, as well as to include decomposition of nutrients on the feedlot. Previously derived equations were revised to determine nutrient reduction in feedlot buffer regions and due to dilution from mixing stream flows. The algorithms described in this study were verified for mathematical stability and accuracy in a spreadsheet program.

Peanut curing must proceed fast enough to avoid mold problems and harvest delays, and yet proceed slow enough to avoid milling quality loss. A new dryer heat control method, termed drying rate control (DRC), was developed to better meet the above criteria. DRC was tested and compared with humidistat control (HC) and conventional control (CC) using a bulk simulation model and laboratory curing tests. Airflow rates of 5, 10, and 15 m3/min/m3 were used. Simulation studies incorporated five years of actual weather data from Suffolk, Va. Laboratory curing tests were done on nine lots of peanuts over two years. Average curing times were the same for CC and DRC, but averaged 17% longer with HC. Estimated fuel costs were nearly the same for CC and DRC, but were 14% less for HC. Mold risk, percent splits in the grade sample, and volatile organic matter concentrations were nearly the same for all heater control methods. Percent skin slippage in ELKs, measured with a subjective test, averaged approximately 30% less with DRC and HC as compared to CC. In summary, HC resulted in better peanut quality than CC with lower fuel cost, but increased curing time. DRC resulted in better peanut quality than CC with similar curing time and similar fuel cost.

Four lots of F1-hybrid seed corn were dried in laboratory dryers to help understand the performance of a commercial Wisconsin bin-system dryer. Two airflow direction reversal strategies were studied. Drying temperatures were 35 and 40.5° C (95 and 105° F) in two dryers and 40.5 and 46° C (105 and 115° F) in two other dryers. Germination and energy use were not affected by the differences in drying air temperature or airflow direction reversal strategy. Drying times averaged 22% less with the higher drying air temperatures. Decreased drying time due to increased drying temperatures resulted in a 28% increase in drying capacity on the average. Final moisture gradients were greater with increased drying temperatures because airflow direction reversal was not timed properly when using the higher drying air temperatures.

Measurements inside a high velocity neutral barium beam show a factor of six increase in plasma density in a moving ionizing front. This region was co-located with intense electric fields (δE ≈ 300 mV/m2) perpendicular to the local geomagnetic field and field aligned currents all fluctuating at frequencies well under the lower hybrid frequency for barium but above the oxygen cycloton frequency. It was determined that these structures were moving with the barium stream near the neutral barium velocity. Large quasi-dc electric and magnetic field fluctuations were also detected. The heart of the ionizing front, a cross beam current of nearly 10 mA/m2, was estimated from the magnetic field variation. This is three orders of magnitude higher than typical auroral zone currents associated with auroral arcs. This current sheet was co-located with fluxes of soft electrons which saturated the particle detector. An Alfven wave with a finite electric field component parallel to the geomagnetic field was observed to propagate along Bo where it was detected by an instrumented sub-payload.

During the past decade, the plasma frequency probe (PFP) has evolved into an accurate, proven method of measuring electron density in the ionosphere above about 90 km. The instrument uses an electrically short antenna mounted on a sounding rocket that is immersed in the plasma and notes the frequency where the antenna impedance is large and nonreactive. This frequency is closely related to the plasma frequency, which is a direct function of free electron concentration. The probe uses phase-locked loop technology to follow a changing electron density. Several sections of the plasma frequency probe circuitry are unique, especially the voltage-controlled oscillator that uses both an electronically tuned capacitor and inductor to give the wide tuning range needed for electron density measurements. The results from two recent sounding rocket flights (Thunderstorm II and CRIT II) under vastly different plasma conditions demonstrate the capabilities of the PFP and show the importance of in situ electron density measurements of understanding plasma processes.

Airflow rates through each plenum port of 71 peanut dryers were measured in situ and ranged from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Dryers with one fan, or two fans in tandem, and with four or more plenum ports had lower airflow rates through the two ports closest to the fan(s) than through the other ports unless there was a V-shaped baffle in the plenum. Airflow rates were nearly equal in dryers with baffles. Simulation results for curing peanuts from 25 to 10% moisture content predicted a reduction in curing time from 61 to 46 h as airflow rate increased from 5 to 10 m3/min/m3. Little reduction in curing time resulted from increasing airflow rates above 10 m3/min/m3. Electrical energy consumption increased from 17 to 246 kWh/trailer and LP-gas consumption increased from 135 to 274 L./trailer as airflow rate increased from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Installing a baffle in a dryer to balance the airflow rates to individual drying trailers resulted in seasonal curing time and energy savings ranging from 0.5% to 3.5% for dryers with average airflow deviations. Economic return from installing a baffle in a dryer should pay for the cost of installation in one to three years.

Whole ear, half ear, and shelled com samples of three hybrids of Fl-generation seed com were dried in thin-layer laboratory dryers. Drying rate was 25% faster for two hybrids than for a third hybrid. Shelled com dried three times faster, and ears broken in half dried 15% faster than whole ears. The slowest drying hybrid was more susceptible to germination reduction than were the other hybrids. For each hybrid tested, rate of germination loss was faster for shelled com than for whole ears. Since faster drying causes greater stress on cell membranes, the data support the hypothesis that membrane damage during dehydration causes loss of germination when drying temperatures are too high. KEYWORDS. Seed corn. Moisture, Drying, Germination.

Measurements from rocket-borne sensors inside a high-velocity neutral barium beam show a-factor-of-six increase in plasma density in a moving ionizing front. This region was colocated with intense fluctuating electric fields at frequencies well under the lower hybrid frequency for a barium plasma. Large quasi-dc electric and magnetic field fluctuations were also detected with a large component of the current and the electric field parallel to B(0). An Alfven wave with a finite electric field component parallel to the geomagnetic field was observed to propagate along B(0), where it was detected by an instrumented subpayload.

The relative efficacy of professional and paraprofessional therapists in providing group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mutual support group therapy (MSG) was examined. Depressed outpatients (N = 98) were randomly assigned to CBT or MSG led by either 2 professional or 2 paraprofessional therapists. Results suggest that nonprofessionals were as effective as professionals in reducing depressive symptoms and that clients in the CBT and MSG conditions improved equally. Clinically significant improvement was demonstrated for both conditions. However, following treatment, more patients in the professionally led CBT groups were classified as nondepressed and alleviated than in the paraprofessionally led CBT groups. Additionally, therapist adherence to manual-based treatments was associated with greater improvement in clinician-rated depressive symptoms in both conditions and skills in cognitive restructuring were associated with greater improvement among clients in CBT.

This paper concerns the recovery of intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters using perspective views of rectangles. Several algorithms are described. The intrinsic parameters (aspect ratio, effective focal length, and the principal point) are determined in closed-form using a minimum of four views. The recovery of the intrinsic parameters and the rotation angles is independent of the size of the rectangles. The absolute translation is recovered by knowing either the length of one side of the rectangle or the area of the rectangle or any other absolute information. The new method for recovering extrinsic parameters is shown to be significantly more robust than the widely used method based on vanishing points. Experiments with both synthetic and real images are presented.

This naturalistic study of 352 depressed patients admitted to a mood disorders program in a private psychiatric hospital demonstrated that, for the majority of patients, combining cognitive group therapy with ongoing supportive individual, psychoeducational, milieu, and pharmacological interventions resulted in rapid overall improvement and discharge within a few weeks. Improvement was manifested across cognitive and vegetative factor scores of the Beck Depression Inventory. However, patterns of symptom remission differed for subgroups defined by different lengths of stay. For example, patients hospitalized for 4 weeks showed good initial response, followed by a plateau in improvement, and, finally, continued response. These patients eventually reached the same level of functioning at discharge as did more rapidly responding patients with briefer stays. In contrast, a subset of patients (10% of the sample) hospitalized 5 weeks or more showed less overall improvement (especially in vegetative symptoms), plateauing at a moderately symptomatic level. These data suggest that in a minority of depressed individuals, continuing physiological disturbances may underlie dysthymia or residual depression. However, in contrast to the high rates (20-30%) of chronicity reported from tertiary care settings, these data indicate the relatively good initial treatment response of depressed patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital.

Linear algorithms are presented for computing the 3-D structure and motion of vehicles in traffic scenes under the ground-plane constraint. Point matches in multiple image frames are used. The algorithms first determine the inter-frame rotation angles, then the point depths, and finally the inter-frame translations. All computations are linear and require no parameter tuning. The algorithms are tested with both synthetic data and routine traffic images. Extensive experimental results are reported that demonstrate the validity of the algorithms.

Scattered solar ultraviolet light in the spectral region from 250 to 320 nm was measured from a balloon platform at altitudes ranging from 14.5 to 38.8 km with a wavelength resolution of approximately 0.3 nm and an accuracy in determining the wavelength position of 0.5 nm. We used these scatter data to compare and validate a single scattering model developed for this purpose. Using these semi-empirical results, we constructed the single scattered component of the ultraviolet irradiance as a function of height and wavelength. From these data, it is possible to determine the percentage dissociation rate of a variety of species due to scattered ultraviolet radiation. These results are presented as a ratio of intensities R = I1/(I0+I1), where I1 is the first order scattering and I0 is the direct attenuated radiation from the sun. The attenuated direct radiation from the sun can be multiplied by the factor 1/(1-R), the Rayleigh amplification ratio used by Nicolet et al. (1982), to include the contribution to the irradiance from first order scattered light. The results are multiplied by a cross section of the species under consideration to obtain the dissociation rates. Ozone overburden and an approximate ozone particle density altitude profile are obtained when validating the single scatter model.

This paper reports on results from a study of the poleward edge of the auroral oval in the morning sector using a comprehensive blend of in-situ and ground-based measurements. Three rockets, equipped to measure electric and magnetic fields, energetic particles, and plasma density flew into an auroral display whose dynamical features were reorded with a digital image into an auroral display intensified all-sky camera as well as with an incoherent scatter radar. In addition, a number of DMSP satellite measurements bracketed the launch time. Evidence is presented here that in a condition of declining magnetic activity Sun-aligned arcs are injected into the polar cap at velocities approximately 7 km/s from locations of periodic brightening along the morningside of the auroral oval. The multipoint in situ measurements allow some separation of temporal and spatial effects and strongly suggest a poleward contraction of the convention pattern of about 0.25 deg INVL in 70 s. The most equatorward of the two brightest arcs studied erupted into a region which already was characterized by strong sunward convection. The most poleward, however, pushed into a region that had been convecting in an antisunward direction at velocities exceeding 1 km/s less than 2 min earlier, and it is likely that sunward convection subsequently pertained poleward of that arc as well. We believe that these events mark the reconfiguration of the magnetosphere into a system characterized by a smaller polar cap.

Vector electric field measurements were made inside two ionizing, high-velocity streams of barium atoms in the earth's ionosphere, and a variety of electrical phenomena across the frequency spectrum are reported. A very large quasi-dc electric field was detected antiparallel to the beam velocity at a roughly 45 deg angle with the magnetic field B0. A very large component of E is found parallel to B0. The fluctuating electric fields are also quite large, of the same order of magnitude as the quasi-dc pulse. The wave energy maximizes at frequencies below the barium lower hybrid frequency and includes strong signatures of the oxygen cyclotron frequency. Measurements made on a subpayload separated across B0 by several hundred meters and along B0 by several km do not show the large pulse. Very large amplitude magnetic field fluctuations were observed in both bursts.

Altitude distributions of O(3P), the λ1.27 μm emission from metastable O2, and the OH Meinel Δυ = 1 emissions near λ = 2.9 μm were measured at (51°N, 94°W) during the solar eclipse of 26 February 1979. Atomic oxygen concentrations were determined directly with a rocket-borne OI λ1304 A resonant-scattering system and indirectly from an analysis of O2λ1.27 μm data obtained with a cryogenic radiometer. The maximum value of O density was found to be 7 x 1011 cm−3, with a fact or of two uncertainty, and to occur near 95 km. Pre-eclipsc O3 concentrations, derived from the O2λ1.27 /urn measurements, do not exhibit an 85 km bulge. The inferred O3 concentration at 85 km was (6.0±3.0) x 107 cm−3, with a column abundance of about 1 x 1014 cm−2 above 80 km. These reduced wintertime mesospheric ozone densities at 51°N may reflect the perturbation of mesospheric O3 by a major stratospheric wanning event. The OH Meinel δυ = 1 measurements at totality yielded a differential radiance profile characterized by apeak height of about 85 km and a full width at half maximum of 6.5 km. Previous reported relative intensities of the OH Meinel Δυ = 1 emissions were used to estimate I(1,0) ≌ 50 kR from below the layer.

The altitude distribution of O(³P) above White Sands, New Mexico (33°N), was investigated in situ at 1900 hours MST (0200 UT) on December 2, 1975. A rocket-borne OI 1304-A resonance-scattering system provided data over the altitude range 75-126 km on ascent and descent. The oxygen profiles inferred from the data exhibit considerable structure, with more structure evident on ascent than descent. A double peak (≃1011 cm−3 at 90 and 98 km) occurs in both profiles. Ground-based photometric measurements of the [OI] 5577-A airglow at the time of the flight agree with the [O] measurements to within 50% when interpreted within the framework of either the Chapman or Barth mechanisms. Preliminary consideration of several processes leads to the suggestion that wind shears provide the best possibility for explaining the double-peaked concentration profiles.

Stratosphere and mesosphere temperatures were measured during four winter months (November–February) at high latitudes (Andoya, ESRANGE) by means of numerous rocket flights during the Energy Budget Campaign 1980 and the MAP/WINE Campaign 1983–1984. They are compared to ground-based OH∗ measurements and SSU satellite data. The atmosphere was found to be very active, with several minor and one major stratospheric warming occurring. A harmonic analysis of the temperature oscillations observed is performed and found to be suitable to model the atmospheric disturbances (warmings) to a large extent by superposition of waves with appropriate periods. These periods are of the order of several days and weeks and are thus similar to those of planetary waves. Stratospheric warmings tend to be correlated with mesospheric coolings, and vice versa. This is reproduced by the model, giving details of the phase relationships as they depend on altitude. These are found to be more complicated than just an anticorrelation of the altitude regimes. Strong phase changes occur in narrow altitude layers, with oscillation amplitudes being very small at these places. These ‘quiet layers’ are frequent phenomena and are independently found in the data sets of the two campaigns. They are tentatively interpreted as the nodes of standing waves. The time development of temperature altitude profiles shows strong variations that lead to peculiar features, such as a split stratopause or a near-adiabatic lapse rate in the mesosphere on occasion. The superposition model is able to reproduce these features, too. On one occasion it even shows super-adiabatic temperature gradients in the lower mesosphere for several days. Though this should be taken as an artifact, it nevertheless suggests a considerable contribution of the long period waves to atmospheric turbulence. The many rocket data are also used to determine monthly mean temperature profiles. These are compared to reference atmospheres recently developed for the CIRA ( Barnett and Corney , 1985; Groves , 1985). Fair agreement is found, which is much better than with CIRA (1972). This is not true for February 1984, because of the major warming that occurred late in that month. Before this warming took place, atmospheric preconditioning appears to have been present for more than two months.

Strong electrostatic double layers were produced with a triple plasma configuration in the large plasma chamber (5 m long, 2·5 m diameter) at IPM in Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Owing to relatively low densities (1011 1012m−3), Debye lengths of a few centimetres and layer thicknesses of the order of a metre were obtained. Layers both with and without magnetic fields were studied. Analysis of particle spectra prove that wave-particle interactions play a minor role in maintaining the strong electric field. The three-dimensional potential distribution is measured and is qualitatively discussed in terms of particle budget. For cases with a magnetic field it tends to agree with observations above the aurora. Comparisons are made with double-layer theory and computer experiments, and general agreement is found as far as the available results allow.

In the Energy Budget Campaign two rockets, one from Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, and one from Esrange, Sweden, each carrying a liquid helium cooled infrared spectrometer, were simultaneously launched as part of salvo B. The launches occurred during the recovery phase of the last of four auroral magnetic events after a Joule heating criteria was exceeded. At Andoya, zenith radiance altitude profiles were obtained of nitric oxide (NO) near 5.4μm from 70 to 185 km (rocket apogee), of ozone (O 3 ) near 9.6 μm from 70 to 105 km (instrument sensitivity) and of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) near 15 μm from 70 to 150 km (instrument sensitivity). Measured CO 2 spectra at 72 km are shown to compare favorably to those calculated for local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions and instrument resolution. By comparing Andoya and Esrange CO 2 radiance profiles it is shown that there is evidence for spatial variation in the emission. Further, it is shown that the very disturbed conditions of salvo B prior to and during these launches appears to have significantly changed the O 3 9.6μm radiance profiles compared to previous rocket measurements in polar disturbed and quiet atmospheres. Using the nitric oxide radiance profiles and spectrum, previous rocket results and computed models it is shown that no radiance increase could be detected from prompt auroral energy deposition. The results support the thesis that the NO density in auroral regions is significantly enhanced over mid-latitude values and that for weak auroras, the reaction NO ( v = 0) + O → NO ( r = 1) + O is the dominant radiation mechanism.

During the Structure and Atmospheric Turbulence Environment (STATE) campaign in June 1983, three small rockets (Super Arcas) containing dc probes to measure electron density irregularities with high spatial resolution were launched at Poker Flat, Alaska. The rockets were launched at three different times when the nearby MST (mesospheric, stratospheric, and tropospheric) radar showed intense regions of backscatter in the mesosphere. The first and third flights (STATE 1 and STATE 3) were perfectly successful, providing high-quality electron density measurements; STATE 2 did not produce any useful results. When the electron density measurements are compared with the radar echo power as a function of altitude for STATE 1 and 3, large fluctuations and strong gradients in the electron density profiles are observed in the region of most intense backscatter. The electron density profiles show different characteristics in the peak scattering region with respect to altitude, electron density gradients, and irregularities. Power spectra of the electron density spatial fluctuations were derived from the measured electron densities for the region from approximately 65 to 90 km for several height intervals, with the smallest being approximately 100 m. In the region of most intense backscatter, the spectral power over the entire frequency range increases by almost 3 orders of magnitude for both rocket data sets. For STATE 1 a linear fit to the log-log power spectral plots between 1.0–80 Hz (i.e., spatial scales from about 500 to 5 m) can be approximated by a power law with an index of about –(5/3), as would be expected in an inertial subrange of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. The spectra, moreover, show a continuous steepening of the spectral slope in the viscous subrange at frequencies above 100 Hz (approximately 4.5–0.5 m), giving a much higher spectral index. The STATE 3 spectra, on the other hand, show a steeper spectral index near −2.0 in the inertial subrange but steepening at the higher frequencies, as do the STATE 1 data. A detailed intercomparison of the probe data is presented, followed by an absolute comparison between the radar and rocket measurements. Reasonable agreement is seen between the observed echo power profile and the profile calculated using the 3-m electron density fluctuations obtained from the rocket data.

Resolved spectra have been obtained from the ground of the O2(a¹Δg) emissions from the upper atmosphere utilizing a wide-field interferometer with a cryogenically cooled germanium detector. The rotational structure of both the (0, 0) band at 1.27 µm and the (0, 1) band at 1.58 µm are clearly separable from the hydroxyl airglow. The decay rate of the O2(a¹Δg) during the twilight transition has been observed.

Measurements of the neutral thermosphere were conducted in northern Scandinavia during the Energy Budget Campaign. These measurements included determinations of N2, O, and Ar densities using rocket-borne experiments. The results obtained in the experiments are presented, taking into account also details regarding the employed experimental methods, and an evaluation of the significance of the data. It is found that there are striking differences in thermospheric distributions of the neutral constituents under different geomagnetic conditions. Under quiet geomagnetic conditions there was reasonable agreement with the United States Standard Atmosphere. The concentrations of N2 and Ar were about 70 percent of the predicted values, while the O concentration was about 2.5 times greater.

Electric field wave measurements have been performed on two sounding rockets in the equatorial ionosphere. During a daytime flight from Chilca, Peru, intense electrostatic waves were detected on the upward-directed electron density gradient. During a nighttime flight from Kwajalein Atoll, similar waves were detected on a downward directed gradient. These results are in agreement with a gradient drift instability explanation of the generation of the waves. The wave amplitudes were as high as 5 mV/m, implying perturbation drifts comparable to the driving drift velocities. Power spectra from the turbulent region show a peak at long wavelengths, followed by a nearly flat spectral region before breaking into a power law form with negative index of 3.6-3.7 for wavelengths not greater than 30 m. Similarities between the spectra of the two flights suggest that the fundamental processes of the instabilities are the same in the day and nighttime conditions. The rocket data are consistent with radar results presented in a companion paper which show coherent, kilometer scale waves present in the electrojet.

Abundances of atomic oxygen and ozone have been measured by various techniques over northern Scandinavia during the MAP/WINE campaign in the winter 1983–1984. On 10 February at Kiruna, Sweden, rocket experiments used resonance fluorescence and twin path absorption at 130 nm to measure [O]between 70 and 178 km. Rocket-borne measurements of nightglow at 557.7, 761.9 and 551.1 nm and at 1.27 μm have also been obtained and [O]values derived from the atmospheric band intensities. Ozone abundances between 50 and 90 km have been determined from rocket-borne measurements of the ν 3 9.6 μm nightglow intensity from Andoya, Norway, and Kiruna. These have been compared with [O 3 ] measured on the same day from the Solar Mesospheric Explorer satellite, using measurements of dayglow at 1.27 μm, and with results from other rocket launchings in MAP/WINE. The results show evidence of low, perhaps exceedingly low, [O] and below normal [O 3 ] above the mesopause. Below 75 km at night [O 3 ] exceeded earlier and subsequent observations in the campaign. The measurements were made during a minor stratospheric warming, characterised by an offset polar vortex centred near the measurement zone.

Accurate measurement of the electron density profile and its variations is crucial to further progress in understanding the physics of the disturbed equatorial ionosphere. To accomplish this, a plasma frequency probe was included in the payload complement of two rockets flown during the Condor rocket campaign conducted from Peru in March 1983. This paper presents density profiles of the disturbed equatorial ionosphere from a night-time flight in which spread-F conditions were present and from a day-time flight during strong electrojet conditions. Results from both flights are in excellent agreement with simultaneous radar data in that the regions of highly disturbed plasma coincide with the radar signatures. The spread-F rocket penetrated a topside depletion during both the upleg and downleg. The electrojet measurements showed a profile peaking at 1.3 x 10 to the 5th per cu cm at 106 km, with large scale fluctuations having amplitudes of roughly 10 percent seen only in the upward gradient in electron density. This is in agreement with plasma instability theory. It is further shown that simultaneous measurements by fixed-bias Langmuir probes, when normalized at a single point to the altitude profile of electron density, are inadequate to correctly parameterize the observed enhancements and depletions.

Two rocket-borne experiments for measuring EUV atmospheric emissions have been conducted. The first measured emissions at 391.4 nm and 557.7 nm, and the second measured emissions in the range from 50 to 650 nm. Height profiles of selected auroral emissions from atomic oxygen at 130.4 nm (exhibiting resonant radiation diffusion) and from atomic oxygen at 557.7 nm, and from neutral and ionized molecular nitrogen are shown. Some details of the recorded spectra are given. In the shorter wavelength regions, emissions from atomic oxygen and nitrogen dominate. Over 140 nm, Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands, second positive bands and Vegard-Kaplan bands of molecular nitrogen contribute most strongly except for some atomic lines. The Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands of molecular nitrogen are relatively weak during the auroral arc as compared to the diffuse aurora.

Two rocket payloads carrying plasma density probes with high spatial resolution have been flown in the auroral zone during active conditions. Simultaneous Wideband satellite scintillation and Chatanika incoherent scatter radar observations were made in order to study the properties of high-latitude irregularities and their effects on radio wave transmission. Unlike barium cloud striations and bottomside equatorial spread F, the observed power law dependence of the irregularities does not seem to be due to steepening of kilometer-scale structures, rather, a turbulent process seems to occur. In addition the power law indexes determined both from the probe and from the scintillation measurements indicates an in situ one-dimensional spectrum less steep than the k−2 value often reported. Both the probe and the scintillation data indicate absolute electron density fluctuations (Δn2e)½ of several times 109 m−3 during the expansion phase of an auroral substorm, with a layer thickness of several hundred kilometers. The observed S4 levels at VHF were in the range of 0.1–0.4. This level of scintillation, as well as the absolute density fluctuation levels and the power spectral density at the kilometer scale, are shown to be comparable with bottomside equatorial spread F. It is suggested that differences between the power spectral index in the present data set and the other ionospheric experiments mentioned above may be due to a highly conductive E layer and its effects upon the nonlinear evolution of irregularities. During another flight with lower magnetic activity but several bright auroral areas in the trajectory, much lower levels of absolute and relative density fluctuations were observed with a corresponding lower value for S4. Two very sharp changes in electron density were observed (e-folding scales of 1.45 and 0.7 km) near the field line projected position of the auroral arcs. The associated density spectra were peaked at short wavelengths. The detection of very structured plasma within minutes of the poleward expansion phase of a substorm suggests that the F layer irregularities were formed in the precipitation event. On the other hand, evidence is also presented for production or enhancement of irregularities in the presence of horizontal density gradients which suggests that plasma instabilities also play a role in the production of auroral zone irregularities.

Experiments are reported with a program which recognizes London buses in busy street scenes. The program uses a 3D model of a bus. together with knowledge of camera and scene parameters, to compute the visual appearance of possible target events. In earlier work this took the form of 2D templates, which identify locations within the image where abrupt discontinuities of grey-value are expected. Each template corresponds to an hypothesis which is verified by measuring the agreement between the predicted features and the response of a Sobel filter to the image data. This paper reports an extension to the program which offers improved selectivity, and a more general-purpose method of linking predicted features to detected imageattributes. Multiple difference-of-Gaussian filters perform an initial object-independent analysis of the image to provide an intermediate domain in which object-dependent features, predicted by hypothesized instances of the model, are tested.

As part of the MAP/WINE campaign the infrared hydroxyl airglow layer was investigated at Kiruna, Sweden, by simultaneous measurements with rocket probes of OH≠ and O2(a1Δg) infrared emissions and concentrations of odd oxygen species (O and O3). Coordinated measurements of OH≠ and O2(a1Δg) zenith radiance and emission spectra and their time histories were made from the ground. The rocket-borne Λ = 1.55 μm radiometer ( ΔΛ ≊ 0.23 μm ) provided volume emission rates for OH for both rocket ascent and descent, showing a peak near 87 km with a maximum of nearly 106 photons sec−1 cm−3. The atomic oxygen distribution showed a concentration of about 1011 cm−3 between 88 and 100 km, dropping off sharply below 85 km. The ground-based radiometer at Λ = 1.56 μm, which had a similar filter bandpass to the rocket-borne instrument, yielded an equivalent of 130 kR for the total OH Δv = 2 sequence, which is consistent with the zenith-corrected rocket-based sequence radiance value of ≌ 110 kR. The rotational temperature of the OH night airglow obtained from the rotational structure of the OH M (3,1) band observed by the ground-based interferometer was about 195K at the time of the rocket measurement. Atomic oxygen concentrations were calculated from the OH profile and show agreement with the directly measured values. Atomic hydrogen concentrations of a few times 107 cm−3 near 85 km were inferred from the data set.

Prior to the study we report here it had been thought that the sole undisturbed nighttime mechanisms for producing CO2 vibrationally excited in the ν3 mode were (1) vibrational excitation by thermal collisions and (2) absorption of 4.3-µm earthshine by CO2. In this paper we show detailed evidence that the mechanism OH(υ) + N2 → OH(υ - 1) + N2≠, followed by N2≠ + CO2 → N2 + CO2(ν3), may be the dominant excitation mechanism for producing CO2(ν3) in the 85-km altitude region. The evidence is based on 4.3-µm zenith radiance data obtained on April 11, 1974, via a rocket-borne liquid N2 nitrogen cooled circular variable-filtered radiometer. The rocket was launched at night from the Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska. The data were obtained under conditions of essentially zero auroral activity. There is a feature in these data near 85-km altitude which can be explained by the mechanism . A column transfer of 0.12 ± 0.025 erg/cm² s from OH≠ to N2 is required to explain the feature. An alternate explanation on the basis of just the mechanisms 1 and 2 which are cited above requires that there existed a very unlikely mesospheric temperature profile on the evening of April 11, 1974. A similar nonauroral feature appears consistently near 85 km in preliminary 4.3-µm zenith data obtained on March 27, 1973, February 25, 1974, March 6, 1975, and March 12, 1975, thus providing further evidence that the feature most likely results from the OH mechanism rather than a strange mesopheric temperature profile. These data were obtained from the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory and Utah State University as part of the Infrared Chemistry Experiments, Coordinated Auroral Program supported by the Defense Nuclear Agency. In this article we confine our attention to analysis of the April 11, 1974, data.

A Paiute-Tomahawk sounding rocket containing a 1.5- to 5.3-µm cryogenically cooled spectrometer was flown into a very bright (IBC III+) auroral breakup from Poker Flat, Alaska. The main emission features at 2.8, 4.3, and 5.3 µm were all found to be enhanced owing to the large energy input to the atmosphere associated with the aurora. The most prominent enhancement occurred in the 4.3-µm feature which is identified as emission from the CO2 (ν3) band. The maximum of the peak spectral radiance of this feature was observed at a rocket altitude of 92 km and had a value of about 130 MR/µm, which is nearly 2 orders of magnitude greater than that for an undisturbed atmosphere. By comparing upleg and downleg data, it was ascertained that the time constant for this excitation/radiation process is longer than 5 min. It is concluded that the excitation process involves vibrational excitation of nitrogen followed by collisional radiance ν-ν transfer to CO2, which then radiates at 4.3 µm. The 5.3- and 2.8-µm features are attributed to radiation from fundamental and first-overtone NO bands.

During the PLUMEX I rocket flight from Kwajalein Island, plasma density and electric field fluctuations were measured in situ, simultaneous with ground-based radar backscatter measurements at 0.96-m and 0.36-m wavelengths. The rocket penetrated an extremely turbulent topside region which had associated intense backscatter. As measured by the radar the backscatter power was decaying with time during and after the flight. The intermediate wavelength (0.1–10 km) in situ electron density measurements are described in a companion paper, while here we report the transitional and short wavelength results (λ < 100 m). These data include the first in situ equatorial spread F measurements of the electric field component of electrostatic fluctuations with wavelengths less than 1 m. At all altitudes above about 280 km, a repeatable form for the wave-number spectrum was found for the electron density and electric field fluctuations at wavelengths less than about 100 m. The density spectrum varies approximately as k−5 and the electric field spectrum as k−3. The steepness of the density spectrum corresponds to an absence of steep edges in the density waveform on the scale of 100 m and less. These two spectral forms are shown to be consistent with an explanation involving low-frequency waves with finite wave numbers parallel to the magnetic field (k∥). Both theory and laboratory experiments show a power law density fluctuation spectrum for gradient-driven drift waves with negative index in the range 4.5–6.0. Since such waves do have finite k∥, and since sharp gradients exist in the spread F environment, we conclude that at sufficiently high altitudes, drift waves act on the steep gradients caused by a primary longer-wavelength instability to create the observed spectral form. These waves may then create an anomalous diffusion as discussed by Huba and Ossakow (1981b). At lower altitudes a shallower spectral index was observed in the tens of meters range, which may be related to a collisional damping regime. This suggests an altitude threshold for the drift waves that is probably related to ion neutral collisions. The power law spectra show no marked change near k⊥ri ≈ 1 where ri is the ion gyroradius. Since low-frequency drift waves are linearly stable for k⊥ri ≳ 1, it seems that a wave-wave interaction (cascade) operates to deposit energy in a range where waves are linearly damped. There is a slight suggestion of a spectral change (smaller negative index) for k⊥re ≳ 0.2 which may be due to excitation of a lower-hybrid drift wave and which may be related to the observed enhanced backscatter at wavelengths on the order of 1 m. A stability analysis shows that the plasma is near but on the stable side of the marginal stability boundary for the lower-hybrid drift wave in the most intense region of backscatter. In regions devoid of drift waves, evidence is found for an exponential inner-scale cutoff at a wavelength of 200 m.

A system is presented for measuring the impedance of a dipole antenna on a satellite orbiting in the ionosphere. These impedance variations are used to determine the electron density of the ionosphere. Details of the instrumentation are given. Experimental results from many satellite flights are given in the form of antenna impedance to aid in antenna engineering. Electron density profiles are also presented. The density data show interesting spatial and temporal variations. Discussion is made of the electron density in the vehicle wake.

An Astrobee D rocket carrying a dual-channel radiometer (1.40- to 1.65-μm and 1.85- to 2.12-μm spectral band passes) was launched on March 6, 1972, at 0200 LT from Poker Flat, Alaska. The spectral band passes were chosen so that the lower (ν = 2, 3, 4, 5) and upper (ν = 7, 8, 9) vibrational levels of OH in the Δν = 2 sequence could be monitored simultaneously. Launch criteria were established from ground-based radiometric observations that indicated a steady night airglow of 240 kR in the 1.40- to 1.65-μm band pass 2 hours prior to and throughout the flight. Altitude profiles of OH emission were derived from data from both channels and show OH to be layered, peak volume emissions occurring at 83.5 km. Under the assumption that H + O3 → OH‡ + O2 is the principal production mechanism, synthetic spectra were integrated over the instrument spectral response characteristics of the two radiometer channels. At altitudes above 83 km, quenching due to the reaction OH‡ + O → O2 + H is evident, which requires an atomic oxygen concentration of 1011 cm−3 at 83 km, increasing to 8 × 1011 cm−3 at 88 km.