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Paratuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) and is a chronic, intestinal tract infection in the ruminant sector globally. A total of 122 EDTA mixed blood samples, 121 serum and 16 pooled faecal samples were collected from farms of 4 different districts i.e. Nayagarh, Cuttack, Khordha and Angul and a blind review was conducted at the Animal Health Division, CIRG, Mathura. Microscopic examination of 16 pooled faecal samples revealed +2 reactivity to Acid-Fast Bacilli. All the serum samples were subjected to indirect ELISA. Out of them, 23 (19.01%), 85 (70.25%), shows strongly positive, positive, antibody titre respectively. EDTA blood samples of 23 ELISA-strongly positive were subjected to 413 bp IS900 PCR and 11 (9%) of them were found positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP isolates were further subjected to genotyping using 608 bpIS1311 PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis (IS1311 PCR-REA) and 2 (1.64%) of them matched with “Indian Bison Type”. Genotyping of the isolates using IS1311 PCR-REA revealed that goat population of Odisha are primarily infected with “Indian Bison Type” strains.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the cause of granulomatous chronic enteritis in ruminants ( Johne's disease) is under reported due to difficulties in diagnosing pre-clinical cases. Compromised speci- ficity is a problem due to extensive sharing of antigens /epitopes among MAP and other mycobacterial strains. Culture filtrate (CF) proteins profile of native 'Indian Bison Type' strain of MAP was studied at different harvesting times (2-8 weeks of growth) in Middlebrook 7H9 medium supplemented with ADC, PANTA antibiotics and mycobac- tin J. Analysis of harvested CF proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that the greater part of CF proteins had molecular masses (

Johne's disease ( JD) or Paratuberculosis is one of the most wide-spread, highly prevalent and economically devastating infectious diseases of domestic livestock worldwide. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Disease is endemic in the domestic live- stock, and is a spectral disease characterized by long sub-clinical phase without signs of infection. Therefore control of disease is difficult and offers challenges at both scientific and management lev- els. Since disease is incurable, control of paratuberculosis has emerged as a new science and is con- tinuously evolving in last two decades. Present paper reviews the National disease control programs that are in practice in different countries around the world.

Bio-load and bio-profile of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was studied in the domestic livestock population of the country. Of the 23,429 farm and farmer's animals screened, average bio-load was 23.3% (Period of study; 28 years for goats; 13 years for sheep, cattle and buffaloes). Species-wise, bio-load was 20.1, 32.7, 39.3 and 28.3% in goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Bio-load was significantly lower in time period A (P < 0.001) and B (P < 0.03), compared with period C. Geographical zone-wise, bio-load of MAP was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Central zone compared with South, West, East and North zones. Bio-load in 11 states ranged from 16.2 to 87.8%. Of 8450, 5643, 8185 and 1151 samples screened by microscopy, culture, indigenous ELISA and IS900 blood PCR, 20.0, 10.6, 35.1 and 26.6% samples were positive, respectively. Bio-load was 32.8 and 31.6% in farm and farmer's goats and sheep, respectively, and 62.1% in farmer's cattle. MAP bio-load was also monitored in four farm units (three goats and one sheep) for breed improvement and three farm goats units for experimental purposes at Central Institute for Research on Goats in Mathura district. Of the 8025 goats and 1525 sheep that died from 1988 to 2013, 10.9 and 3.0% deaths were due to JD, respectively. On the basis of JD and suspected JD, 10.0 and 28.4% goats and 2.2 and 40.9% sheep, respectively were culled from the farm units in 25 years. Microscopic examination of 214 tissues (mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines) of 107 animals, it was observed that bio-load of MAP was high (25.0-60.0%) in farm animals. 'Indian Bison Type' was the dominant biotype, irrespective of domestic livestock species and the geographical zone.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the cause of granulomatous enteritis in ruminants, has also been associated with Inflammatory Bowel disease or Crohn’s disease in human population. Present study aimed to investigate bio-presence of MAP in suspected and confirmed cases of Type 1 Diabetes in clinical samples (blood and serum) of human beings from Chattarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Screening of 88 serum samples for the presence of MAP using ‘Indigenous ELISA’, 34 (38.6%) were positive for MAP infection. Whereas of the 71 blood samples screened, 28 (39.4%) were positive in IS900 PCR. Screening of 19 serum and 16 blood samples from 20 confirmed patients of ‘Type 1 diabetes’, 31.5 and 43.7% were positive by ‘Indigenous ELISA’ and IS900 PCR, respectively. Comparison of Indigenous ELISA and IS900 PCR revealed fair agreement between the two tests. Bio-typing of DNA of 8 positive blood samples by IS1311 PCR-RE revealed presence of ‘Indian Bison type’ biotype. Presence of MAP bacterimia in the patients suffering from Type 1 Diabetes added to the existing knowledge that MAP may provide foundation for establishing diabetes in human subjects. This is the first report of presence of MAP in human Type 1 Diabetes patients from India. ‘Indian Bison Type’ biotype in domestic livestock suggests a link and interspecies transmission through food chain.

Tetracycline hydrochloride has been shown to produce changes on periodontally involved root surfaces that can potentially enhance periodontal regeneration. This in vitro study was carried out to compare the root surface changes after scaling and root planing alone, and scaling and root planing followed by application of 100 mg/ml tetracycline hydrochloride under the Scanning Electron Microscope.Fifteen periodontally compromised freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were thoroughly cleaned. The teeth were then sectioned into thirty blocks and divided into two groups. Group I (control) consisted of teeth which received scaling and and root planing alone and Group II received scaling and root planing followed by application of 100 mg/ml tetracycline hydrochloride under the Scanning Electron Microscope.Tetracycline hydrochloride solution showed statistically highly significant removal of smear layer at 100 mg/ml solution (p0.001) and enlargement of dentinal tubule diameter (1.46 microm).It can be concluded that tetracycline hydrochloride at concentration 100 mg/ml effectively removes the smear layer and enlarges the dentinal tubules.