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Resistance to the soilborne fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 is desirable in adapted wheat and barley but remains an elusive trait for prebreeders and breeders. In a previous study, we observed that emergence and root growth was faster in the Rhizoctonia-susceptible ‘Scarlet’ than in its resistant counterpart, ‘Scarlet-Rz1’. The objective of the current study was to quantify early root growth rate and total root length in resistant and susceptible synthetic hexaploid wheat lines, including parental lines and 22 recombinant inbred lines derived crosses between parental lines. In Petri dish assays, the susceptible lines displayed a faster rate of root growth during the first 40 h of root emergence compared with resistant lines. This growth differential was observed in 14-day and 48-h greenhouse assays, in which the total root length of susceptible parental lines was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of resistant parental lines. However, the resistant lines sustained less root loss compared with susceptible lines when R. solani AG-8 was present in the soil. Early root growth rate and total root length were not correlated to freezing tolerance in a set of wheat cultivars selected for cold tolerance. The findings indicated that early root growth was negatively correlated to R. solani AG-8 damage in resistant synthetic wheat lines developed for the Pacific Northwest, United States, and suggested that the dynamics of root emergence affect resistance to this soilborne pathogen.

Pelvic organ prolapse, urinary, bowel and sexual dysfunction, collectively called pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) affects 1 in 3 women and has a significant public health impact. The causes of PFD are not fully understood but involve injury to connective tissue and motor nerve during childbirth. Women with PFD also have sensory nerve impairment, and it is likely this occurs during childbirth, but this has never been investigated. In the current study 150 women underwent quantitative sensory testing for vibration sensation at the vagina and clitoris, and stretch sensation at the vagina and introitus, in the third trimester, 3 and 6 months postnatal. Antenatally vibration sensation was reduced but stretch sensation was normal. Postnatally vibration sensation deteriorated whilst stretch sensation initially deteriorated but recovered by 6 months postnatal to antenatal levels (all p p

Vitamin D (25OHD) status during pregnancy is closely correlated with foetal and new-born 25OHD. Calcification for primary teeth begins from the fourth month of intrauterine life and from birth for permanent teeth. Dental consequences of severe 25OHD deficiency are well documented; however, consequences are less documented for milder degrees of 25OHD deficiency. This study examined the dental consequences of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency during gestation and infancy in a cohort of 81 New Zealand children. Pregnancy and birth data for the children and their mothers and 25OHD status during gestation, birth and at five months were obtained, and dental examinations were conducted. Associations between 25OHD and enamel defects or caries experience were investigated. Of the 81 children, 55% had experienced dental caries and 64% had at least one enamel defect present. Vitamin D insufficiency (25OHD < 50 nmol/L) at all timepoints was not associated with enamel defect prevalence, but during third trimester pregnancy it was associated with an increased caries risk IRR of 3.55 (CI 1.15–10.92) by age 6. In conclusion, maternal 25OHD insufficiency during the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with greater caries experience in primary dentition. No association was found between early life 25OHD and enamel defect prevalence or severity.

Background Early response to treatment has been shown to be a predictor of later clinical outcomes in eating disorders (EDs). Specifically, early weight gain trajectories in anorexia nervosa (AN) have been shown to predict higher rates of later remission in inpatient treatment. However, no study has, as of yet, examined this phenomenon within outpatient treatment of first episode cases of AN or in emerging adults. Methods One hundred seven patients with AN, all between the ages of 16 and 25 and with an illness duration of 18.5 kg/m2 and eating psychopathology) were assessed up to 1 year later. Early weight gain across the first 12 treatment sessions was investigated using latent growth mixture modelling to determine distinct classes of change. Follow-up clinical outcomes and remission rates were compared between classes, and individual and clinical characteristics at baseline (treatment start) were tested as potential predictors. Results Four classes of early treatment trajectory were identified. Three of these classes (n = 95), though differing in their early change trajectories, showed substantial improvement in clinical outcomes at final follow-up. One smaller class (n = 12), characterised by a ‘higher’ start BMI (> 17) and no early weight gain, showed negligible improvement 1 year later. Of the three treatment responding groups, levels of purging, depression, and patient reported carer expressed emotion (in the form of high expectations and low tolerance of the patient) determined class membership, although these findings were not significant after correcting for multiple testing. A higher BMI at treatment start was not sufficient to predict optimal clinical outcomes. Conclusion First episode cases of AN treated via FREED fit into four distinct early response trajectory classes. These may represent subtypes of first episode AN patients. Three of these four trajectories included patients with substantial improvements 1 year later. For those in the non-response trajectory class, treatment adjustments or augmentations could be considered earlier, i.e., at treatment session 12., Plain English summary A key feature of anorexia nervosa (AN) is an unhealthily low body weight. Previous studies show that more weight gained early in inpatient treatment leads to better outcomes. This study tried to see if this was also true for outpatients receiving treatment for the first time. All participants were emerging adults between the ages of 16 and 25 who had been ill for less than 3 years. Weight was recorded across the first 12 weekly treatment sessions. Statistics showed that the patients fit roughly into four different groups in early treatment, each with different starting weights and rates of weight gain in the first 12 treatment sessions. The group a patient belonged to could sometimes be predicted by vomiting behaviours, level of depression, and patients’ perception of parental tolerance and expectations at the start of treatment. Out of the four groups, three did relatively well 1 year later, but one small group of patients did not. This small group had a higher starting weight than many of the other groups but did not gain any weight across the first 12 sessions. These patients could benefit from a change or increase in the amount or intensity of treatment after the first 12 treatment sessions

Objective To estimate the contemporary prevalence of intensive glucose-lowering therapy among US adults with diabetes and model the number of hypoglycemia-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations that are attributable to such intensive treatment. Patients and Methods US adults with diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels less than 7.0% who were included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014. Participants were categorized as clinically complex if 75 years or older or with 2 or more activities of daily living limitations, end-stage renal disease, or 3 or more chronic conditions. Intensive treatment was defined as any glucose-lowering medications with HbA1c levels of 5.6% or less or 2 or more with HbA1c levels of 5.7% to 6.4%. First, we quantified the proportion of clinically complex and intensively treated individuals in the NHANES population. Then, we modeled the attributable hypoglycemia-related ED visits/hospitalizations over a 2-year period based on published data for event risk. Results Almost half (48.8% [10,719,057 of 21,980,034]) of US adults with diabetes (representing 10.7 million US adults) had HbA1c levels less than 7.0%. Among them, 32.3% (3,466,713 of 10,719,057) were clinically complex, and 21.6% (2,309,556 of 10,719,057) were intensively treated, with no difference by clinical complexity. Over a 2-year period, we estimated 31,511 hospitalizations and 30,954 ED visits for hypoglycemia in this population; of these, 4774 (95% CI, 954-9714) hospitalizations and 4804 (95% CI, 862-9851) ED visits were attributable to intensive treatment. Conclusion Intensive glucose-lowering therapy, particularly among vulnerable clinically complex adults, is strongly discouraged because it may lead to hypoglycemia. However, intensive treatment was equally prevalent among US adults, irrespective of clinical complexity. Over a 2-year period, an estimated 9578 hospitalizations and ED visits for hypoglycemia could be attributed to intensive diabetes treatment, particularly among clinically complex patients. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia may benefit from treatment deintensification to reduce hypoglycemia risk and treatment burden.

In the United States, under the Cash and Counseling or budget authority model of self-directed personal assistance where the participant manages his or her own services and supports, the Support Broker role was established to assist and coach the participant. The support broker role grew out of a person-centered planning process where focus groups and surveys helped ascertain what potential participants wanted to help them establish a self-directed alternative. But, despite this role being described in policy guidance from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid, little research has been conducted examining the functions, activities and usefulness of this position. This study draws on 76 ethnographic case studies with early Cash and Counseling participants, examines what participants and their caregivers actually saw the support broker doing, and looks at what the participants found helpful and less than helpful. Participants and family caregivers saw support broker duties as falling into four areas: Coaching, Problem Solving, Advocacy and Monitoring. Equally important was how the support broker performed these duties. Key aspects of quality included: Familiarity, Supportive Relationship, Proactive Engagement, Responsiveness, Knowledge and Cultural Friendliness. These findings can provide the basis for establishing quality indicators for self-direction.

PURPOSE: This study addressed the experiences of older caregivers of cancer patients in the 2 weeks following a hospital discharge. It sought to understand the challenges they face in providing supportive care to patients at home. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive interviews with a narrative approach were conducted with each caregiver at 1 and 2 weeks following the patient’s discharge from the hospital. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify the themes that emerged from the caregiver interviews. RESULTS: Caregivers were primarily Caucasian (77%), were mostly 68 years of age or older (62%), and were primarily caring for a spouse (69%). Three key themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: Caregiver and patient wellness are connected, caregivers’ struggle with control issues, and challenges in communication with health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight psychosocial changes that caregivers experience over the 2-week time period following hospital discharge. Implications include the need to identify interventions to better prepare caregivers for the post-discharge period.

The purpose of this study was to understand the value and impact of the Veteran-Directed Home and Community Based Services program (VD-HCBS) on Veterans' lives in their own voices. Focus groups and individual interviews by telephone were conducted to elicit participant perspectives on what was most meaningful, and what difference VD-HCBS made in their lives. Transcripts were analyzed using content analysis. The sample included 21 Veterans, with a mean age of 66±14, enrolled in VD-HCBS an average of 20.8 months. All were at risk of institutional placement based on their level of disability. Five major categories captured the information provided by participants: What a Difference Choice Makes; I'm a Person!; It's a Home-Saver; Coming Back to Life; and Keeping Me Healthy & Safe. Participants described the program as life changing. This study is the first time that Veterans themselves have identified the ways in which VD-HCBS impacted their lives, uncovering the mechanisms underlying positive outcomes. These categories revealed new ways of understanding VD-HCBS as an innovative approach to meeting the person-centered needs of Veterans wishing to remain at home, while experiencing quality care and leading meaningful lives, areas identified as priorities for improving long term services and supports.

Soil-borne pathogens of the Pacific Northwest decrease yields in both spring and winter wheat. Pathogens of economic importance include Fusarium culmorum, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, and Rhizoctonia solani AG8. Few options are available to growers to manage these pathogens and reduce yield loss, therefore the focus for breeding programs is on developing resistant wheat cultivars. A recombinant inbred line population, LouAu (MP-7, NSL 511036), was developed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to P. neglectus and P. thornei. This same population was later suspected to be resistant to F. culmorum and R. solani AG8. This study confirms partial resistance to F. culmorum and R. solani AG8 is present in this population. Six major and 16 speculative QTL were identified across seven measured traits. Four of the six major QTL were found within the same genomic region of the 5A wheat chromosome suggesting shared gene(s) contribute to the resistance. These QTL will be useful in breeding programs looking to incorporate resistance to soil-borne pathogens in wheat cultivars.

Table S1a. Median survival (months) by risk group and therapy sequence. Table S1b. Two year overall survival by risk group and treatment sequence. Table S2. Ongoing trials of IL-2 and checkpoint inhibitors. Figure S1. Overall survival by RCC risk: all patients with 6 IMDC criteria. Figure S2. Overall survival by RCC risk: post-IL-2 treatment. Figure S3. Response duration: all complete response patients. Figure S4. Response duration: All partial response patients. Figure S5. Response duration: all stable disease patients. Figure S6. Overall survival by RCC risk: treatment prior to IL-2 from first treatment date. (DOCX 549 kb)

Root rot caused by Rhizoctonia spp. is an economically important soilborne disease of spring-planted wheat in growing regions of the Pacific Northwest (PNW). The main method of controlling the disease currently is through tillage, which deters farmers from adopting the benefits of minimal tillage. Genetic resistance to this disease would provide an economic and environmentally sustainable resource for farmers. In this study, a collection of synthetic-derived genotypes was screened in high-inoculum and low-inoculum field environments. Six genotypes were found to have varying levels of resistance and tolerance to Rhizoctonia root rot. One of the lines, SPBC-3104 (‘Vorobey’), exhibited good tolerance in the field and was crossed to susceptible PNW-adapted ‘Louise’ to examine the inheritance of the trait. A population of 190 BC1-derived recombinant inbred lines was assessed in two field green bridge environments and in soils artificially infested with Rhizoctonia solani AG8. Genotyping by sequencing and composite interval mapping identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling tolerance. Beneficial alleles of all three QTL were contributed by the synthetic-derived genotype SPCB-3104.

Main Conclusion The MUTE promoter contains a 175-bp region rich in Dof regulatory elements (AAAG) that is necessary and sufficient for initiation of transcription in meristemoids and the stomatal lineage. The molecular mechanism underlying the decision to divide or differentiate is a central question in developmental biology. During stomatal development, expression of the master regulator MUTE triggers the differentiation of meristemoids into stomata. In this study, we carried out MUTE promoter deletion analysis to define a regulatory region that promotes the initiation of expression in meristemoids. Expression constructs with truncated promoter fragments fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS) were developed. The full-length promoter and promoter truncations of at least 500 bp from the translational start site exhibited normal spatiotemporal expression patterns. Further truncation revealed a 175-bp promoter fragment that was necessary and sufficient for stomatal-lineage expression. Known cis-elements were identified and tested for functional relevance. Comparison of orthologous MUTE promoters suggested DNA binding with one finger (Dof) regulatory elements and novel motifs may be important for regulation. Our data highlight the complexity and combinatorial control of gene regulation and provides tools to further investigate the genetic control of stomatal development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00425-015-2445-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the short-term effectiveness of the Cash and Counseling model option of participant-directed home and community-based personal care service programs for Medicaideligible recipients with disabilities requiring long-term care. However, long-term experiences with participant-directed services have yet to be examined for these individuals. We addressed this gap in the literature through participatory action research and qualitative content analysis. Working together as coresearchers with members of the National Participant Network, a peer organization for people interested in or enrolled in participant-directed services, we interviewed 17 adults enrolled in one state’s Cash and Counseling-based program. Participants’ ages ranged from 40 to 83 years, had been enrolled for at least 5 years, and acted as their own representative within the program. Our major findings show (a) the program’s flexibility allowed for adaptation to meet participants’ changing needs over time and (b) that program attendants helped connect participants with community in multiple ways. In this article, we provide important policy and practice implications for participant-directed programs for people with disabilities.

Background and Purpose: The Resistiveness to Care Scale for Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type was developed to quantify care-resistant behavior. The purpose of this article is to explain how the instrument was modified and tested in two clinical studies that examined interventions to improve the oral hygiene of persons with dementia who resist care. Methods: After pilot testing, the revised instrument (RTC-r) was used in 7 facilities (N = 83 residents). Systematic training procedures were implemented to preserve reliability. Results: Clinical validity was confirmed throughout the pilot and interventional studies. Reliability was assessed using inter-rater reliability, which ranged from 0.87 (p < .001) to 1.0 (p < .001) across 2,328 mouth care observations. Conclusions: The RTC-r validly and reliably measures care-resistant behavior in persons with dementia.

Representatives enact their role as decision-making partners across the intersection of participant direction (PD) and dementia care. Self-rated preparedness for key dimensions of the role endorsed by a panel of experts in PD and dementia was assessed by telephone survey of 30 representatives of persons with dementia in a PD program. The sample (daughters 60%; Black 50%; rural 70%) was diverse in length of time in the role and additional responsibilities. They represented participants with moderate to advanced dementia and ≥ two additional chronic illnesses. Overall preparedness scores were in the pretty well to very well prepared range, with variation across dimensions and between individuals. Preparedness varied according to what has to be done day-to-day in dynamic or unpredictable situations, gauging decisional capacity, anticipating changing needs, ensuring safety, supporting a dementia-capable care team and negotiation. Stress was related to having a safety net of capable back-up supports and dementia care literacy. Areas of strength, individual variation and particular challenges along the trajectory of representing can guide development of support counselor interventions to provide representatives with tailored training and resources as they enable the benefits of PD for persons with dementia.

Recently, national attention has focused on the needs of family caregivers providing complex chronic care, noting the necessity to better understand the scope of challenges they encounter. Although a robust body of literature exists about the scope of family caregiving, little is known specifically about the experiences and perspectives of family caregivers who support participant directed (PD) participants, particularly across the caregiving trajectory. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe what family caregivers of individuals with developmental disabilities, physical disabilities, aging, or chronic health conditions identify as the challenges they experience as complex, and their perceptions of the effectiveness and gaps in family support resources in PD. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded with a purposive sample of caregivers. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Fifty-four caregivers of individuals with a range of disabilities participated (age 34-78, M 59.9 ± 8.8; male 19%; spouse 17%, parent 61%). Six categories emerged from the analysis: contextualizing complexity, complexity in transitions, coping with complexity: advocacy & isolation, supportive support, unsupportive support, and systems challenges. Caregivers emphasized the interplay between unpredictability, transitions, and complexity and the interaction between the person receiving support, the caregiver's own situation, and the environment. Findings highlight the need, and provide a guide, for family assessment and for tailoring interventions matched to the profiles and self-identified challenges of families living with disability. Social workers can learn what families see as complex and what support broker behaviors families find helpful, and which not.

Aims and objectives To investigate the experiences of ischaemic stroke survivors during the transitional period from the hospital through the first 4 weeks after discharge home. Background Ischaemic stroke survivors describe the transition from hospital to home as an important time in their recovery and describe various physical and cognitive concerns early within the recovery period. Adequate transitional care interventions should be informed by such experiences. Design This is a qualitative descriptive study. Method This study used semistructured telephone interviews and an inductive approach to enable thematic analysis of information from 31 persons experiencing an ischaemic stroke. Results Five major themes emerged: (a) the shock of a stroke interrupting a normal day; (b) transition to an unfamiliar home; (c) uncertainty; (d) understanding a new sense of self; and (e) adjusting to a new sense of self. All participants articulated a need to cope with uncertainty and adjusting to a new sense of self. Ischaemic stroke survivors who experienced less uncertainty described that return to their prior daily routine, preventing another stroke, depended on a helpful support system including frequent follow-up and communication with healthcare professionals. Conclusion All ischaemic stroke survivors are at risk for complications during recovery, regardless of stroke severity. This study found that, even after experiencing minimal physical or cognitive symptoms, ischaemic stroke survivors can have difficulty adjusting to life after discharge. Relevance to clinical practice Adjusting to life after a stroke during the first 4 weeks after discharge home is an in individualised experience. For the complex psychosocial and physical needs of ischaemic stroke survivors, nurses can play an important role beyond symptom management by fostering a dynamic relationship through individualised transitional care based on ischaemic stroke survivors experiences.

Bis(azoliums) are readily available in one step from cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes and bis(acyl chlorides). A two-electron reduction of the bis(azolium), featuring a gem-(dimethyl)malonoyl spacer, leads to the corresponding transient diradical, which undergoes an intramolecular cyclization. The latter can be re-oxidized at a higher potential to yield back the bis(azolium). The redox bistability of this simple organic molecular system is linked to the formation of a weak C–O bond (27 kcal mol−1). Both redox forms can be isolated and stored for months without evidence of decay.

This qualitative study draws on 76 ethnographic case studies with Cash and Counseling participants, examines what participants and their caregivers saw the support broker doing, and looks at what the participants found helpful and less than helpful. Participants and their caregivers saw support broker duties as Coaching, Problem Solving, Advocacy and Monitoring. Equally important was how the support broker performed these roles. Six attributes that mattered to participants were: Familiarity, Supportive Relationship, Proactive Engagement, Responsiveness, Knowldge and Cultural Friendliness. These findings from the participant and caregiver perspective have great import for the training of present and future care managers and support broker, and have implications for regulatory and even licensure requirements. These results can be a first step in constructing a quality framework for self-directed supports and services.

Introduction: Clinicians treating children in the emergency department (ED) are especially concerned with the efficacy and safety of imaging. Interventions to limit imaging have been proposed to maximize benefits and avoid risks; however, the types and effectiveness of interventions employed in pediatric EDs have not been examined in detail. Methods: Electronic databases and grey literature were systematically searched by a medical librarian. Comparative studies of ED-based interventions reporting computed tomography (CT), radiography (XR), or ultrasound (US) outcomes were included. Interventions introducing new imaging equipment or personnel to the ED, ED diversion strategies, and pre-admission protocols were excluded. At least two independent reviewers assessed each study for inclusion based on pre-defined criteria and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved through consensus. Descriptive results are reported. Results: Overall, 38 pediatric studies were included. Most (66%) interventions implemented two or more components; the most common intervention components were clinical guidelines or pathways (87%) and education or information (66%). Studies were categorized by presentation type: traumatic (n = 27); non-traumatic (n = 19), or combined ‘all-comers’ (n = 2). Included studies reported 62 imaging outcomes (CT = 29; XR = 20; US = 13). Among traumatic studies, 26 imaging outcomes were reported; CT was the most commonly reported outcome (CT = 15; XR = 9; US = 1). Of the CT outcomes, 33% reported significant decreases and five decreased but were either not significant or did not report significance. XR significantly decreased in 44% (4/9). In the non-traumatic studies, the most common imaging outcome remained CT (12 outcomes); 58% of which reported significant decreases. XR was the second most frequent outcome, with 63% reporting significant reductions. Combined success of the interventions to reduce CT and XR was 60%. Reported changes in ordering were less consistent in US. Conclusion: Multifaceted passive interventions have been implemented to reduce imaging in pediatric EDs. Most reported some success changing ordering practices, specifically among patients with non-trauma presentations. Future research exploring relationships between intervention content, effectiveness, and fidelity may provide insight into how to develop more effective interventions to change image ordering in the ED and guide which presentations to target.

There is growing recognition that seeds influence one another prior to, or shortly after, germination. Both interspecific and intraspecific seed–seed interactions have been reported, but for the latter, the evidence is almost exclusively from laboratory and greenhouse studies so that it is unclear whether such intraspecific seed interactions occur under field conditions. We tested how Lespedeza cuneata seed density influenced seedling emergence within a native grassland located in Kansas, USA and whether this response was related to seed leachate. The percentage of L. cuneata seedlings that emerged under field conditions was negatively related to seed density. After confirming this pattern in the greenhouse, we found that at low seed densities, addition of seed leachate had similar effects on seedling emergence as high seed densities in the absence of leachate. Our results provide some of the best evidence to date, that intraspecific seed density can influence seedling emergence in the field and that these effects are likely linked to seed leachate.

The prevalence of root disease after planting in cold spring soils has hindered the adoption of reduced or no-tillage cereal cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest. In particular, R. solani AG8, a necrotrophic root pathogen, can cause significant damage to wheat stands under these conditions. In previous efforts to find root rot resistance, a CIMMYT synthetic wheat line, SYN-172, was found to have little to no seedling stunting from disease and lower root disease scores. To identify trait-maker associations, a population consisting of 150 BC1F5 recombinant inbred lines from a cross of “Louise,” a typically susceptible Pacific Northwest (PNW) cultivar, and SYN-172 was created. A total of 689 polymorphic markers were used to identify trait-marker associations for seedling stunting in field green bridge and growth chamber environments. In total, five quantitative trait loci (QTL) were found on chromosome arms 1AL, 2AL, 5BL, 7DS, and 7DL. One QTL, on chromosome 2AL, was consistently detected in all four of the environments tested, and originated from SYN-172. A second QTL on 7DL, originating from the susceptible parent Louise, was found consistently in all three of the field environments, but not in soils artificially infested with R. solani AG8. These QTL have not been previously reported and will be useful root rot resistance genes when transferred into the PNW spring wheat germplasm.

The purpose of this study is to learn how the design and implementation of services and supports within participant-directed programs compare with facilitators versus barriers to support experienced by family caregivers. This study uses a sequential mixed methods design. First, telephone interviews with a purposive sample of family caregivers (n=53) explored their perceptions of challenges they face and the usefulness, effectiveness and gaps in family support resources in participant-directed programs across the caregiving trajectory. The second phase involves describing participant-directed program policies and procedures in Medicaid waivers (n= 240) identified as important by caregivers including family assessment, hiring restrictions for caregivers, budget authority, training requirements, accessible resources and qualifications of support brokers. Descriptive statistics are used to identify trends across programs and compare their alignment with best practices and gaps in supportive characteristics identified by family caregivers. Results show variability in the frequency of facilitators and barriers within and across programs, discrepancies between resources available and caregiver perceived gaps and inconsistencies in qualifications of support brokers whose role was perceived as essential. Qualitative data were used to enrich the interpretation of quantitative results, shedding light on barriers to the ability to benefit from program resources such as respite that are designed to be supportive, the impact of policies on caregivers and the benefits of budget, as well as employer, authority enabled through participant direction. This research is part of the Family Support Research & Training Center to inform practice and policy to support family caregivers.

A cyclic and an acyclic di(amino)carbene as well as a cyclic and an acyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cleanly react with benzoyl chloride to give the corresponding adducts 1+cyc, 1+acy, 2+cyc and 2+acy, respectively. The reduction of 1+cyc and 2+cyc derived from cyclic carbenes affords the corresponding radicals 1cyc and 2cyc that are stable at room temperature. In contrast, radicals 1acy and 2acy, derived from acyclic carbenes, cannot be isolated. It is shown that 1acy is as thermodynamically stabilized as its cyclic counterpart 1cyc, but its instability is the result β-hydrogens of the nitrogen substituent, along with the enhanced flexibility around C-N bonds, which allow for a H-migration-elimination process. Radical 2acy is thermodynamically unstable, and disproportionates into the corresponding iminium 2+acy and enolate 2-acy. This is due to the excessive steric hindrance, which prevents electron-delocalization on the NCCO fragment, and thus the capto-dative stabilization. This work suggests general guidelines for the design of highly persistent (amino)(carboxy)radicals, especially by emphasizing the key advantage of cyclic patterns.

Minimal tillage management of extensive crops like wheat can provide significant environmental services but can also lead to adverse interactions between soil borne microbes and the host. Little is known about the ability of the wheat cultivar to alter the microbial community from a long-term recruitment standpoint, and whether this recruitment is consistent across field sites. To address this, nine winter wheat cultivars were grown for two consecutive seasons on the same plots on two different farm sites and assessed for their ability to alter the rhizosphere bacterial communities in a minimal tillage system. Using deep amplicon sequencing of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rDNA, a total of 26,604 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found across these two sites. A core bacteriome consisting of 962 OTUs were found to exist in 95% of the wheat rhizosphere samples. Differences in the relative abundances for these wheat cultivars were observed. Of these differences, 24 of the OTUs were found to be significantly different by wheat cultivar and these differences occurred at both locations. Several of the cultivar-associated OTUs were found to correspond with strains that may provide beneficial services to the host plant. Network correlations demonstrated significant co-occurrences for different taxa and their respective OTUs, and in some cases, these interactions were determined by the wheat cultivar. Microbial abundances did not play a role in the number of correlations, and the majority of the co-occurrences were shown to be positively associated. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to determine potential functions associated with OTUs by association with rhizosphere members which have sequenced metagenomics data. Potentially beneficial pathways for nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and malate metabolism, as well as antimicrobial compounds, were inferred from this analysis. Differences in these pathways and their associated functions were found to differ by wheat cultivar. In conclusion, our study suggests wheat cultivars are involved in shaping the rhizosphere by differentially altering the bacterial OTUs consistently across different sites, and these altered bacterial communities may provide beneficial services to the host.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) was designed and constructed by a collaboration of six U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories. The SNS accelerator system consists of a 1 GeV linear accelerator and an accumulator ring providing 1.4 MW of proton beam power in microsecond-long beam pulses to a liquid mercury target for neutron production. The accelerator complex consists of a front-end negative hydrogen-ion injector system, an 87 MeV drift tube linear accelerator, a 186 MeV side-coupled linear accelerator, a 1 GeV superconducting linear accelerator, a 248-m circumference accumulator ring and associated beam transport lines. The accelerator complex is supported by ~100 high-power RF power systems, a 2 K cryogenic plant, ~400 DC and pulsed power supply systems, ~400 beam diagnostic devices and a distributed control system handling ~100,000 I/O signals. The beam dynamics design of the SNS accelerator is presented, as is the engineering design of the major accelerator subsystems.

At least 43.5 million family caregivers are providing supports and services to older people and others with disabilities who want to remain in the community. Research on the needs of these family caregivers is growing but far less is known about funding sources for the supports these informal caregivers need. Medicaid is the largest public payer for home and community-based supports, but, other than the seminal work done at AARP’s Public Policy Center (Kelly, Wolfe, Gibson & Feinberg, 2013), the types of supports available under various Medicaid funding authorities in state Medicaid programs around the country has received scant attention. Examining data from 138 state Medicaid 1915c HCBS waivers for people who are self-directing their supports and services, the research presented in this paper examines state Medicaid provisions in eight areas where family caregivers themselves have indicated they could use help. Data show that the majority of these supports are limited to programs serving children, adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and people with particular conditions such as autism or TBI. After focusing on states with promising approaches, this poster examines provisions discussed with policymakers and advocates at a June 18, 2018 state of the science meeting examining innovative approaches ranging from care manager training on family needs, to assessing family caregiving needs and then having Medicaid funding to address those very needs. Attention is also given to programs that pay family caregivers or make registries of potential workers available.

Unmet need for long-term services and supports has been linked to a variety of harmful health outcomes. One suggested strategy for ameliorating unmet need is to give participants control of a budget and let them construct individualized plans. The evaluation of the Cash and Counseling controlled experiment (CCDE) documented a marked reduction in unmet need when compared to traditional agency-based solutions, but it also showed significant unmet needs remained. This paper reanalyzes 76 case studies from the CCDE to, for the first time gain an understanding of what those unmet needs are, who sees them, and what participants, caregivers and support brokers think might reduce this problem. Using a collective or multiple case study approach to understand this phenomenon, unmet needs were sorted into five categories using real life experiences of respondents. Unmet needs for assistance in managing the employer and budget tasks of self-direction were also captured.This paper discusses situations where the clinician researchers documented needs that were not expressed by the care recipients and provides a picture of where and why unmet needs remain.The paper concludes with strategies for reducing unmet needs and training future social workers.

Monomeric (amino)(carboxy) radicals were synthesized in two steps: the addition of a stable cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene to an acyl chloride, followed by a one-electron reduction. Their stability toward dimerization also allows for the synthesis of related bi- and triradicals.

Objective To describe the prevalence of admissions to New Zealand public hospitals for dental care and associated time trends for people of all ages during the 20-year period 1990–2009. Methods The New Zealand Ministry of Health National Minimum Data Set (NMDS), a collection that covers all publicly funded hospital discharges, was the primary data source for this study. Data over a 20-year period from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2009 were included, and a subset of ICD 10 codes (K02–K09 and K12 and K13) were selected to identify potentially preventable or ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) leading to admission to hospital. Volumes, proportions and rates of admission are presented to describe the patterns of admission to hospital. Results There were 120 046 admissions to public hospitals in New Zealand between 1990 and 2009 for which the provision of dental care was the primary reason for admission. The rate of admission to hospital for dental care increased from 0.92 per 1000 population in the period 1990–1994 to 2.15 per 1000 population in 2005–2009. Dental admission rates were greatest in the 3- to 4-year-old age group, for Maori and Pacific people and for people in the most deprived quintile of the NZDep 2006 index. Almost one-third of people aged 18–34 years who were admitted to hospital primarily for dental care were acute admissions. Conclusion Both the volume and the rate of admission to New Zealand public hospitals for dental care have increased over the period of this study. A continued focus on strategies to reduce the impact of dental disease, particularly in the early childhood population and on ensuring accessible primary dental care for the adult population, is required.

Impulsive action is mediated through several neurochemical systems, although it is not clear which role each of these plays in the inability to withhold inappropriate responses. Manipulations of the opioid system alter impulsive action in rodents, although the effects are not consistent across tasks. Previously, we speculated that these discrepancies reflect differences in the cognitive mechanisms that control responding in each task. We investigated whether the effect of morphine, a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, on impulsive action depends on the ability of the subjects to time the interval during which they must inhibit a response. Male Long–Evans rats were trained in a response inhibition (RI) task to withhold responding for sucrose during a 4- or 60-s delay; impulsive action was assessed as increased responding during the delay. The rats were tested following an injection of morphine (0, 1, 3, 6 mg/kg). In a subsequent experiment, the effects of morphine (6 mg/kg) plus the MOR antagonist naloxone (0, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) were investigated. Morphine increased impulsive action, but had different effects in the two conditions: the drug increased the proportion of premature responses as the 4-s interval progressed and produced a general increase in responding across the 60-s interval. Naloxone blocked all morphine-induced effects. The finding that morphine increases impulsive action in a fixed-delay RI task contrasts with our previous evidence which shows no effect in the same task with a variable delay. Thus, MORs disrupt impulsive action only when rats can predict the delay to respond.

Minimal tillage management of extensive crops like wheat can provide significant environmental services but can also lead to adverse interactions between soil borne microbes and the host. Little is known about the ability of the wheat cultivar to alter the microbial community from a long-term recruitment standpoint, and whether this recruitment is consistent across field sites. To address this, nine winter wheat cultivars were grown for two consecutive seasons on the same plots on two different farm sites and assessed for their ability to alter the rhizosphere bacterial communities in a minimal tillage system. Using deep amplicon sequencing of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rDNA, a total of 26,604 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found across these two sites. A core bacteriome consisting of 962 OTUs were found to exist in 95% of the wheat rhizosphere samples. Differences in the relative abundances for these wheat cultivars were observed. Of these differences, 24 of the OTUs were found to be significantly different by wheat cultivar and these differences occurred at both locations. Several of the cultivar-associated OTUs were found to correspond with strains that may provide beneficial services to the host plant. Network correlations demonstrated significant co-occurrences for different taxa and their respective OTUs, and in some cases, these interactions were determined by the wheat cultivar. Microbial abundances did not play a role in the number of correlations, and the majority of the co-occurrences were shown to be positively associated. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States was used to determine potential functions associated with OTUs by association with rhizosphere members which have sequenced metagenomics data. Potentially beneficial pathways for nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and malate metabolism, as well as antimicrobial compounds, were inferred from this analysis. Differences in these pathways and their associated functions were found to differ by wheat cultivar. In conclusion, our study suggests wheat cultivars are involved in shaping the rhizosphere by differentially altering the bacterial OTUs consistently across different sites, and these altered bacterial communities may provide beneficial services to the host.

Fungi that cause cereal rust diseases (genus Puccinia) are important pathogens of wheat globally. Upon infection, the fungus secretes a number of effector proteins. Although a large repository of putative effectors has been predicted using bioinformatic pipelines, the lack of available high-throughput effector screening systems has limited functional studies on these proteins. In this study, we mined the available transcriptomes of Puccinia graminis and P. striiformis to look for potential effectors that suppress host hypersensitive response (HR). Twenty small (

Background Young adults with disabilities face numerous barriers to independence and achieving markers of adulthood. Qualitative evidence suggests that flexible, self-directed budgets for purchasing home and community-based services might help fill an identified service gap and help improve the transition to adulthood for this group. Objective Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Cash and Counseling model of self-directed budgets for young adults with long-term care disabilities by analyzing secondary data from the Cash and Counseling Demonstration and Evaluation randomized control trial. Methods We compared nine-month community involvement, satisfaction rating, health status rating compared to peers, and unmet needs outcomes using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Our sample included 456 participants aged 18 to 30 randomized to treatment groups with the opportunity to receive Cash and Counseling ( n = 207) or control groups eligible for agency-based care ( n = 249), whether self-reported ( n = 128) or by proxy ( n = 328). Results Multivariate logistic regression models showed that compared to controls at nine-month follow-up, treatment group members had significantly greater odds of being very satisfied with life, when care was received, the care arrangement, transportation, help around the house and community, personal care, and getting along with paid attendants, and significantly lower odds of unmet needs with medication and routine health care at home and with transportation. Conclusions Cash and Counseling performed better than or comparable with agency-based care for young adults with long-term care disabilities, suggesting its viability as a service option for this population.

The Veteran-Directed Home and Community Based Services Program (VD-HCBS) operates using a participant-direction approach, allowing Veterans to self-direct services. Only a small body of literature has explored the impact of these programs on caregivers. This study aimed to explore the experiences of caregivers in VD-HCBS. Telephone focus groups and interviews were conducted with caregivers (n = 23; 52.2% spouses; 8.7% male). Conventional content analysis revealed five categories: Coming home and staying home; Taking the pressure off; Providing security; Giving us time as a couple; and Importance of choice. Stories highlighted sources of stress and mechanisms behind stress relief and support.

Plain English summary The paper discusses engaging older adults living with frailty and their family caregivers. Frailty is a state that puts an individual at a higher risk for poor health outcomes and death. Understanding whether a person is frail is important because treatment and health care choices for someone living with frailty may be different from someone who is not (i.e., who is fit). In this review, we discuss strategies and hurdles for engaging older adults living with frailty across three settings: research, health and social care, and policy. We developed this review using published literature, expert opinion, and stakeholder input (including citizens). Engaging frail older individuals will be challenging because of their vulnerable health state - but it can be done. Points of consideration specific to engaging this vulnerable population include:In any setting, family caregivers (defined to include family, friends, and other social support systems) play an important role in engaging and empowering older adults living with frailtyEngagement opportunities need to be flexible (e.g., location, time, type)Incentivizing engagement for researchers and citizens (financial and otherwise) may be necessaryThe education and training of citizens, health and social care providers, and researchers on engagement practicesPatient-centered care approaches should consider the specific needs of individuals living with frailty including end-of-life care and advanced care planningInfluencing policy can occur in many ways including participating at institutional, regional, provincial or national committees that relate to health and social care. Abstract Older adults are the fastest growing segment of Canada’s population resulting in an increased number of individuals living with frailty. Although aging and frailty are not synonymous the proportion of those who are frail increases with age. Frailty is not defined by a single condition, but rather a health state characterized by an increased risk of physical, mental, or social decline, deterioration of health status, and death. Recognizing frailty is important because earlier detection allows for program implementation focused on prevention and management to reduce future hospitalization, improve outcomes, and enhance vitality and quality of life. Even though older adults living with frailty are significant users of health care resources, their input is under-represented in research, health care decision making, and health policy formulation. As such, engaging older adults living with frailty and their family caregivers is not only an ethical imperative, but their input is particularly important as health and social care systems evolve from single-illness focused to those that account for the complex and chronic needs that accompany frailty. In this review, we summarize existing literature on engaging older adults living with frailty and their family caregivers across three settings: research, health and social care, and policy. We discuss strategies and barriers to engagement, and ethical and cultural factors and implications. Although this review is mainly focused on Canada it is likely to be broadly applicable to many of the health systems in the developed world where aging and frailty pose important challenges.

The Polarized Electrons for Polarized Positrons experiment at the injector of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility has demonstrated for the first time the efficient transfer of polarization from electrons to positrons produced by the polarized bremsstrahlung radiation induced by a polarized electron beam in a high-$Z$ target. Positron polarization up to 82\% have been measured for an initial electron beam momentum of 8.19~MeV/$c$, limited only by the electron beam polarization. This technique extends polarized positron capabilities from GeV to MeV electron beams, and opens access to polarized positron beam physics to a wide community., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures