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Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common human cancer worldwide. In the progression of prostate cancer, the total number of macrophages in the tumor tissue is associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of metastasis. However, the heterogeneity of intratumoral macrophages at various stages of PCa development, and the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been insuffciently investigated.The aim of the study was to analyze the morphological features, size and number of TAMs in PCa tissue samples, and to reveal their correlation with clinical data of patients.Material and Methods. Immunohistochemical analysis of 36 paraffn blocks of patients with PCa (pT2a–3bN0–1M0) was performed using antibodies to the scavenger receptor CD68.Results. Foamy CD68+ macrophages were found in the tumor tissue. The indicator “number of macrophages per total number of felds of view with macrophages” was the lowest in patients with a Gleason score of 6 (5.8) (11.0 – in patients with a Gleason score ≥ 8). Macrophages formed larger clusters in patients with severe PCa. Small but not large macrophages were signifcantly more common in patients with lymph node metastases (48 vs 24 in the N0 group; p=0.14). The number of small macrophages (smaller than 100 µm2) increased in a series of patients with Gleason scores of 6, 7 and ≥ 8 (24, 47.5, 72, respectively, p=0.052).Conclusion. As the tumor process progressed and the risk of biochemical recurrence increased, there was a trend towards an increase in the total area of large, foamy TAMs, presumably rich in lipids, as well as wider distribution of small macrophages with a tendency to form clusters. We hypothesize that foamy macrophages are involved in the further recruitment of small TAMs, subsequently leading to metastasis and tumor progression.

For the first time, a study of genetic factors of longevity was conducted in the prevalent populations of 2511 residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan—Russians, Bashkirs, and Tatars. We investigated the polymorphic markers in the genes of the antioxidant defense enzymes—SOD1 (rs2070424), SOD2 (rs4880), and SOD3 (rs1799895). We detected ethnicity-specific patterns of the distribution of genotype frequencies between Bashkir and Russian groups (rs2070424 of the SOD1 gene, P = 0.003), as well as between Tatars and the groups of Russians and Bashkirs (rs4880 of the SOD2 gene, P < 0.001 and 0.035, respectively). We found associations of the polymorphic markers in SOD family genes with age. Among Russians, the chances to attain longevity were higher in the SOD1*А/А genotype carriers (OR = 1.025, P = 0.001) and lower in those with the SOD1*А/G (OR = 0.975, Р = 0.001) and SOD2*А/А (OR = 0.985, Р = 0.002) genotypes. Among Tatars, we observed a decrease in the SOD2*A/A (OR = 0.989, Р = 0.029) and SOD2*V/V (OR = 0.985, Р < 0.001) genotype frequencies and an increase in the SOD2*A/V genotype frequency (OR = 1.023, P < 0.001). The analysis of genotype and/or allelic combinations of the studied polymorphic loci revealed 12 patterns associated with longevity among Tatars. The SOD1*А and SOD3*С alleles were present in most of the identified combinations. The SOD2 rs4880 polymorphic marker was indicative of longevity: combinations including the SOD2*V/V genotype were associated with lower chances of achieving longevity (OR ≤ 0.45, PFDR ≤ 0.0003), and combinations including the SOD2*A/V genotype were associated with higher chances of achieving longevity (OR ≥ 2.92, PFDR ≤ 1.24 × 10–6).

For the first time in the ethnic group of Abkhazians, the association analysis of polymorphic DNA-markers of the antioxidant genes CAT (rs1001179), MSRA (rs10098474), GPX1 (rs1050450), GSR (rs1002149), GSTP1 (rs1695), SOD1 (rs2070424), SOD2 (rs4880), PON1 (rs662), PON2 (rs7493) with age was performed. Using ROC-analysis and logistic regression, it was found that the spectrum of alleles and genotypes frequencies of PON1 and GSTP1 genes polymorphic markers change throughout the studied age period (21-107 years old); the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of CAT and SOD2 genes polymorphic markers changes within the age of 60 years. Multilocus genetic markers of longevity were determined by the Monte Carlo Markov chain method. Among persons in the age range 60-107 years, the frequency of observation of the patterns GSTP1*G/G+PON1*G (OR=6,59, PFDR=0,018) and GSTP1*G/G+SOD1*A (OR=3,4, PFDR=0,041) is statistically significantly increased; the GSTP1*A allele in various combinations with the PON1*A, PON2*C and CAT*C alleles are less common (OR=0,3, PFDR0,05).Впервые в этнической группе абхазов выполнен анализ ассоциаций полиморфных ДНК-маркеров генов антиоксидантной системы CAT (rs1001179), MSRA (rs10098474), GPX1 (rs1050450), GSR (rs1002149), GSTP1 (rs1695), SOD1 (rs2070424), SOD2 (rs4880), PON1 (rs662), PON2 (rs7493) с возрастом. С использованием ROC-анализа и логистической регрессии установлено, что спектр частот аллелей и генотипов полиморфных маркеров генов PON1 и GSTP1 меняется на протяжении всего исследуемого возрастного периода (21–107 лет); распределение частот аллелей и генотипов по полиморфным маркерам генов CAT и SOD2 изменяется на рубеже 60 лет. Методом Монте-Карло марковскими цепями определены мультилокусные генетические маркеры долголетия. У лиц 60–107 лет статистически значимо повышена частота встречаемости паттернов GSTP1*G/G+PON1*G (OR=6,59, PFDR=0,018) и GSTP1*G/G+SOD1*A (OR=3,4, PFDR=0,041); аллель GSTP1*A в разных комбинациях с аллелями PON1*A, PON2*C и CAT*C встречается реже (OR=0,3, PFDR0,05).

To date, descension of the pelvic floor is a fairly common gynecological pathology that requires surgical treatment. The development of cellular technologies suggests that the use of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) in the treatment of this pathology can stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissue and contribute to the reconstruction of the structures of the pelvic floor. Objective to evaluate the effectiveness of using MMSC in combination with biological and synthetic materials in vitro and in vivo with descension of the pelvic floor. Materials and methods Sprague Dawley rats 10 weeks old weighing 200 grams were used in the experiment. Under sterile conditions, mechanical damage to the posterior wall of the vagina was carried out, with the restoration of which vicryl 3-0 was used. On the 2nd and 4th day, the wound was cut off in a volume of 1.5 ml with xenograft, allograft and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) (5 thousand cells) obtained from the adipose tissue of rats. In the control group was not used biological material. At the second stage of the experiment, the compatibility of the mesh prosthesis with MMSC and allograft in vitro was evaluated. Results and discussion xenograft does not lead to full tissue regeneration, but contributes to rapid epithelialization and reduces the degree of inflammatory reaction in the wound during the regeneration of connective tissue. The use of allograft leads to quick and complete epithelialization of the wound and the formation of a structurally complete connective tissue lamina of the vaginal mucosa. The introduction of MMSC resulted in complete epithelialization of the wound and the formation of a structurally complete connective tissue plate of the mucosa and submucosa, but with a slightly smaller number of blood vessels in them than with the use of a biomaterial. At the second stage of the experiment, weak cell adhesion to the polypropylene substrate of the tablet was observed during cell culture in the presence of only a fragment of the mesh prosthesis. After MMSC cultivation in the presence of a mesh prosthesis fragment and an allograft, a relatively uniform distribution of cells around the mesh prosthesis loops was observed. Conclusions it was determined that the use of MMSC and allograft has a positive effect on the process of vaginal tissue regeneration in rats. When combining these materials with mesh prostheses, it was found that MMSCs are not fixed directly to the synthetic material, but when the allograft is added, they concentrate and presumably have the maximum anti-inflammatory effect and promote tissue regeneration at the site of the mesh prosthesis. Thus, the use of autologous MMSC cells in combination with allograft and mesh polymeric materials for pelvic floor reconstruction can significantly improve the results of reconstructive operations.

To date, descension of the pelvic floor is a fairly common gynecological pathology that requires surgical treatment. The development of cellular technologies suggests that the use of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) in the treatment of this pathology can stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissue and contribute to the reconstruction of the structures of the pelvic floor.to evaluate the effectiveness of using MMSC in combination with biological and synthetic materials in vitro and in vivo with descension of the pelvic floor.Sprague Dawley rats 10 weeks old weighing 200 grams were used in the experiment. Under sterile conditions, mechanical damage to the posterior wall of the vagina was carried out, with the restoration of which vicryl 3-0 was used. On the 2nd and 4th day, the wound was cut off in a volume of 1.5 ml with xenograft, allograft and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) (5 thousand cells) obtained from the adipose tissue of rats. In the control group was not used biological material. At the second stage of the experiment, the compatibility of the mesh prosthesis with MMSC and allograft in vitro was evaluated.xenograft does not lead to full tissue regeneration, but contributes to rapid epithelialization and reduces the degree of inflammatory reaction in the wound during the regeneration of connective tissue. The use of allograft leads to quick and complete epithelialization of the wound and the formation of a structurally complete connective tissue lamina of the vaginal mucosa. The introduction of MMSC resulted in complete epithelialization of the wound and the formation of a structurally complete connective tissue plate of the mucosa and submucosa, but with a slightly smaller number of blood vessels in them than with the use of a biomaterial. At the second stage of the experiment, weak cell adhesion to the polypropylene substrate of the tablet was observed during cell culture in the presence of only a fragment of the mesh prosthesis. After MMSC cultivation in the presence of a mesh prosthesis fragment and an allograft, a relatively uniform distribution of cells around the mesh prosthesis loops was observed.it was determined that the use of MMSC and allograft has a positive effect on the process of vaginal tissue regeneration in rats. When combining these materials with mesh prostheses, it was found that MMSCs are not fixed directly to the synthetic material, but when the allograft is added, they concentrate and presumably have the maximum anti-inflammatory effect and promote tissue regeneration at the site of the mesh prosthesis. Thus, the use of autologous MMSC cells in combination with allograft and mesh polymeric materials for pelvic floor reconstruction can significantly improve the results of reconstructive operations.

To assess the role that polymorphisms of cytokine genes play in genetic predisposition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the allele and genotype distributions of IL1B, IL1RN, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL8, and IL10 were studied in COPD patients (N = 319) and healthy individuals (N = 403), residents of Ufa, Bashkortostan. Genotype IL1RN*2/IL1RN*2 of IL1RN was identified as a risk factor for COPD, its frequency being 9.80% in the COPD patients and 4.67% in the healthy subjects (x 2 = 5.45, df = 1, P = 0.02, OR = 2.21). Genotype GG of the LTA polymorphism A252G was significantly more common in the COPD patients than in the controls (7.84% vs. 3.72%; x 2 = 5.00, df = 1, P = 0.026). In patients with COPD stage IV, the frequency of this genotype was twice as high as in those with COPD stages II and III (11.18% vs. 4.79%; x 2 = 3.08, df = 1, P = 0.08). Genotype GG of the TNFA polymorphism G(−308)A in combination with genotype AA of the LTA polymorphism A252G was significantly less frequent in the COPD patients than in the healthy subjects (38.55% vs. 46.93%; x 2 = 8.82, df = 1, P = 0.0039). Genotype GG of the IL6 polymorphism G(−174)C was more frequent in the patients with COPD stage IV (43.75% vs. 31.54% in the patients with COPD stages II and III, x 2 = 4.15, P = 0.042). No significant differences were found between the groups of COPD patients and healthy subjects concerning the genotype frequencies of the polymorphisms T(−511)C and T3953C of IL1B, G(−308)A of TNFA, G(−174)C of IL6, A(−251)C of IL8, and C(−627)A of IL10.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible roles of the cytokines genes in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Polymorphisms in the genes encoding IL1B, IL1RN, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL8 H IL10 were investigated in COPD patients (N = 319) and healthy individuals (N = 403) living in Ufa, the Republic of Bashkortostan. We observed that IL1RN*2/IL1RN*2 genotype of ILRN gene was associated with susceptibility for COPD (9.8% vs. 4.67%; chi(2)= 5.45, df= 1, P = 0.02; OR = 2.21). Analysis of the LTA gene polymorphic locus A252G showed that in patients with COPD, the frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher than that in the control group (7.84% vs. 3.72%; chi(2) = 5.00, df= 1, P = 0.025). The increase of this genotype was significant in case of stage IV of COPD (11.18% vs. 4.79%; chi(2) = 3.075, df= 1, P = 0.07). Frequency of genotype combination TNFA-308 G/G and LTA252 A/A significantly decreased in COPD group (38.55% vs. 46.93% in control group; chi(2) = 8.82, df= 1, P = 0.0039). The frequency of GG genotype of the IL6 gene was higher in the patients with stage IV of COPD (43.75% vs. 31.54%, chi(2) = 4.14, P = 0.041). Our results indicate that the genotype frequency of the T(-511)C, T3953C of IL1B, G(-308)A of TNFA, G(-1 74)C of IL6, A(-251)C of IL8 and C(-627)A of ILl0 genes polymorphisms was similar in COPD and healthy control groups.