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Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed 17 Ryugu samples measuring 1 to 8 millimeters. Carbon dioxide–bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu’s parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios of

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease with a median survival of 3-4 years after diagnosis. It is the most frequent form of a group of interstitial pneumonias of unknown etiology. Current available therapies prevent deterioration of lung function but no therapy has shown to improve survival. Periostin is a matricellular protein of the fasciclin 1 family. There is increased deposition of periostin in lung fibrotic tissues. Here we evaluated whether small interfering RNA or antisense oligonucleotide against periostin inhibits lung fibrosis by direct administration into the lung by intranasal route. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced with bleomycin and RNA therapeutics was administered during both acute and chronic phases of the disease. The levels of periostin and transforming growth factor-β1 in airway fluid and lung tissue, the deposition of collagen in lung tissue and the lung fibrosis score were significantly reduced in mice treated with siRNA and antisense against periostin compared to control mice. These findings suggest that direct administration of siRNA or antisense oligonucleotides against periostin into the lungs is a promising alternative therapeutic approach for the management of pulmonary fibrosis.

Aim To evaluate the effects of early (≤6 months after starting any medical treatment [baseline] for benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH]), intermediate (between >6 months and 2 years from baseline) and late (2 years after baseline) initiation of add-on dutasteride therapy on the incidence of acute urinary retention (AUR) and BPH-related surgery in Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe BPH. Methods This multicentre, observational, retrospective chart review study used anonymised data from Japanese medical records. Eligible patients (≥50 years) were followed from baseline until first AUR, BPH-related surgery or Year 4. Results Overall, 1206 patients were included (early initiation: n = 793; intermediate: n = 233; late: n = 180). Early dutasteride initiation was not superior to late initiation in reducing the risk of first AUR or BPH-related surgery from baseline (hazard ratio [HR] 0.733; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.468-1.150) but was superior in reducing the risk of first AUR alone (HR 3.449; 95% CI 1.796-6.623). One year after initiation, the cumulative incidence of first AUR rose rapidly in the late vs early and intermediate initiation groups. Incidences of all parameters (first AUR/BPH-related surgery, first AUR alone and BPH-related surgery alone) in patients undergoing BPH-related surgery in low incidence sites (ie clinical sites with ≤ 16% incidence of first AUR or BPH-related surgery) were significantly lower in the early vs late initiation groups. Conclusion Early dutasteride initiation reduced the risk of AUR in a Japanese real-world setting. A randomised controlled trial is warranted to evaluate the benefit of early initiation in preventing BPH-related surgery in Japanese patients.

The world's population will be facing water shortage problems by 2050. Recycling and treatment of residual water and reusing it in real life applications may help to solve this problem. However, the total cost of the treatment processes is estimated to be very high. The reuse of concrete mixer washing waste water without previous treatment may contribute to a significant reduction in the cost associated with the treatment process. This process may also reduce the consumption of drinking water, which is used by default in concrete fabrication and for washing purposes in concrete plants. This research paper studies the feasibility of reusing washing water of concrete mixer trucks without treatment to fabricate cementitious matrices and evaluates its influence on their chemical and mechanical properties. An experimental program was conducted by using 3 different types of waste water from washing concrete mixer trucks. The hydration kinetics of cement pastes was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry. Mortar workability was studied by the consistency index. The properties of mortars in the hardened state were evaluated by determining their porosity, tensile and compressive strength. Results showed that the waste water did not significantly influence the hydration kinetics nor the properties of the fresh and hardened state of mortars, indicating its possible use as mixing water to produce cement mixtures with no previous treatment. This research presents a promising sustainability key either for elimination of treatment cost or for water shortage that threatens many regions in the world. The following specific conclusions may be derived from the results obtained in this experimental program

STEM is a growing buzzword in schools across the country. While the initial creation of the acronym was intended to emphasize the integration of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, they are still being used as separate disciplines. Traditionally, science has been viewed as the study of the natural world, math as the study of patterns and relationships of numbers, and engineering as problem solving (NAE & NRC, 2009). Moving forward, the goal is to help future generations experience math and science come together through engineering activities to produce new and innovative technologies. This is happening today in part through a partnership between Purdue’s Center for Advancing the Teaching and Learning of STEM (CATALYST) and a local middle school. The partnership originated in EDCI 605, a course taught by CATALYST faculty that requires students to create an engaging, integrated STEM activity for middle school students. The middle school students, who are from low-income households and are eligible to receive the 21st Century Scholarship, visit Purdue’s campus for three after-school sessions to learn STEM content, identify solutions for real-world problems, and engage with graduate students. The activities are collaboratively taught by two faculty and multiple graduate students in EDCI 605. The middle school students are introduced to global challenges requiring innovative solutions. The partnership between CATALYST and the middle school could provide an opportunity for students to explore a career suitable for solving global challenges the future STEM workforce will encounter.

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of superselective embolization with assistance of colonoscopy for acute colonic hemorrhage.Of 92 cases of acute colonic hemorrhage requiring colonoscopic intervention, 11 (12 %) could not be successfully treated. Of these, 10 patients (9 men, mean age 65.5 years, range 39-75 years) underwent superselective embolization. Hemorrhage was caused by diverticular disease (n = 8), polypectomy (n = 1), and vascular malformation (n = 1). In all 10 cases, the radiopaque clips were placed at the bleeding point via colonoscopy. Microcatheters were used in all procedures, and embolization was performed at the level of the vasa recta leading to or near the clips with Gelfoam particles, microcoils, or both.Immediate hemostasis was achieved in all patients. In 6 of 10 patients (60 %), selective angiograms showed no active extravasation at the time of the procedure and the embolization was performed using clips as a landmark. In the remaining four patients, selective angiograms showed active extravasation from the vasa recta leading to the clips. The mean number of embolized vessels with no active extravasation and with active extravasation was 1.83 (range 1-3) and 1.25 (range 1-2), respectively. The mean duration of clinical follow-up was 11.6 months (range 1-29 months). One patient (10 %) bled from a different site than the treated site a month after embolization, but the bleeding ceased after endoscopic intervention. All the patients (100 %) were evaluated for objective evidence of ischemia by colonoscopy. Four of the 10 patients (40 %) were found endoscopically to have small areas of ischemia involving only the mucosa, but they remained asymptomatic. There was no bowel infarction or stricture.Colonoscopy-assisted superselective embolization may be a safe and useful procedure for acute colonic hemorrhage without active extravasation on angiogram.

The aim of this study was to determine whether l-methyl-[

A general three-dimensional bioheat equation for local tissue heat transfer has been derived with less assumptions, exploiting a volume averaging theory commonly used in fluid-saturated porous media. The volume averaged energy equations obtained for the arterial blood, venous blood and tissue were combined together to form a single energy equation in terms of the tissue temperature alone. The resulting energy equation turns out to be remarkably simple as we define the effective thermal conductivity tensor, which accounts not only for the countercurrent heat exchange mechanism but also for the thermal dispersion mechanism. The present equation for local tissue heat transfer naturally reduces to the Weinbaum-Jiji equation for the unidirectional case.

The arc-soot (AS) nano-carbon was synthesized by using arc discharge apparatuses which were the conventional arc apparatus and the new twin-torch-arc apparatus. AS synthesized with the conventional arc apparatus contained cocoon-like carbon nano-horn (CNH), dahlia-like CNH, and graphite ball. On the other hand, AS which was synthesized using the new twin-torch-arc apparatus contained mainly cocoon-like CNH and dahlia-like CNH, and contained a little graphite ball. The quality of dispersion was characterized and evaluated by the index of dispersion which was based on a diameter and a number density of catalyst particles. The electrocatalystic activity of the Pt/Ru catalysts was evaluated by the methanol-impregnated paper burning method. If the index of dispersion of the AS was high, then the AS burned violently. In the dispersion process, the optimum dispersion temperature obtained was 150 °C. Some MEAs of DMFC cell consisted of each Pt/Ru–AS catalyst which had different characteristics. It was observed that the power density increased with the index of dispersion. It was suggested that the power density of DMFC increased by 500% with a 350% increase in the index of dispersion. Pt/Ru–AS catalyst used AS, which was synthesized using the new twin-torch-arc apparatus, was better than Pt/Ru–AS catalysts using AS which were synthesized with the conventional arc apparatus to apply for the catalyst of DMFC.

Dense ceramics of potassium tantalate niobates (KTa 1− X Nb X O 3 : X = 0.4) with a perovskite-type structure were prepared using powders including excess K 2 O and surrounding powder, and by applying vibration to the surrounding powder prior to firing. Excess K 2 O was inevitable for increasing density, and the use of surrounding powder reduced density fluctuation to a considerable extent. Furthermore, the powder including 8 mol% excess K 2 O fired at 1150 °C led to dense ceramics with relative density higher than 90%. The chemical composition of the resulting dense ceramics prepared here was confirmed to be that of a desired perovskite, KTa 0.6 Nb 0.4 O 3 . The KTa 1− X Nb X O 3 ceramics obtained here showed almost the same dielectric properties as those prepared by delicate, costly, and time-consuming methods.

An innovative waste treatment technology has been developed in Indonesia to treat the mixed municipal solid waste into a solid fuel by employing the hydrothermal process. A mixture of organic and plastic waste was treated in a 2.5 L reactor using saturated steam in the temperature range of 120 to 180 °C. Two modes of operation were employed to achieve two different goals, i.e. without stirring (NS mode) and with stirring (WS mode). It was observed that both modes resulted in increasing density of product up to twofold of the raw MSW. In NS mode, the processed mixed MSW was converted into two different products; however, in WS mode the bulky plastic was converted into small granules, producing a uniform product. The results suggest that by hydrothermal treatment, the organic fibers in the organic parts are trapped into the plastic, and the stirring breaks the bulky plastics, producing uniform granules suitable as solid fuel. Therefore, the stirring during the hydrothermal process can be a solution to treat the MSW as it is, without any separation, to produce a clean and renewable energy source.

Background Since the introduction of adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) using autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells for treating advanced cancer, many clinical trials were performed. However, their efficacy was much lower than expected. Thereafter, AIT with more specific targeting against tumour antigens, including tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), was developed, and a better clinical outcome is anticipated. Recently, we have started CTL therapy as ‘an advanced therapy’, which needs approval from the government and a special facility known as the Cell Processing Room (CPR). Materials and Methods Most ordinary treatments are subject to the medical insurance system in Japan where 70% of costs are covered by the official health insurance and the rest is at patients’ expense. However, some sophisticated therapies including CTLs are only available through either clinical research or an advanced therapy, which needs official approval, and whose expense can be charged to patients in addition to the ordinary expense. With regard to cellular therapy, the Japanese government recently set regulation, including two main points: one is that cells should be used inside the hospital, indicating the responsibility of medical doctors for cellular therapy according to the Medical Practitioner Law; the other is that hospitals performing cellular therapy must establish a CPR to ensure the safety of cells processed. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) are separated from 40 ml of peripheral blood by a density gradient. They are exposed to irradiated autologous tumour cells, at a ratio of tumour cells : MNC = 1 : 100, with recombinant interleukin-2 (50 U/ml) for 4–5 days. Then, MNCs are stimulated by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody for a similar time and subjected to culture for growth for 10 days, in total 17–19 days. Before harvesting, CTL is screened for contamination and specificity against tumour cells. Usually, about 1 × 109 cells are obtained and administered to patients intravenously. CTL is administered every 2 weeks, totalling four doses (one course). Two days before administration, a patient receives cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, 200 mg/body) to suppress regulatory T cell activity. Subjects of CTL therapy are patients (i) aged below 70 years old, with cancer; (ii) with no serious complications regarding major organs and who are durable for this treatment; (iii) with tumours or tumour markers that can objectively be evaluated; (iv) whose tumour cells are available as tumour antigen; (v) whose tumour cells express class I human leucocyte antigens (HLA); and (vi) who give informed consent. Results We treated 22 patients with various cancers, including melanomas and sarcomas, most of which had been refractory to current chemotherapy. From these, eight patients showed no progress of disease for at least 2 months. Among them, two cases revealed a convincing efficacy of CTL therapy, one showed relapse-free survival for 5 years and the other for 1 year. Conclusions Although in Japan circumstances to execute cellular therapy have become stricter, cellular therapy, including CTL, is considered feasible. Especially if it is taken into consideration that most of our cases are refractory to current chemotherapy and that two cases showed a remarkable response, it is a promising therapy for patients with advanced cancer.

Low-energy excited photoemission spectroscopy (LEPES) has been carried out at hν = 7 eV for the Y-doped YbInCu4, which exhibits a valence transition with the low Y concentration. In the LEPES spectra of YxYb1−xInCu4 (x = 0.1, 0.2), the structure appears at 20–60 meV below the valence transition temperature (TV) and its energy position shifts toward to the Fermi level with increasing x. The energy shift is qualitatively consistent with the decrease of the Kondo temperature below TV suggested from the magnetic susceptibility measurements. The Kondo peak in the high temperature phase is not detected still for x = 0.25 with no valence transition, suggesting also the decreases of the Kondo temperature above TV.

Ti 3d electronic structure of Ti2O3 has been investigated by means of soft X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (SXES) in the Ti 2p–3d absorption region. In the SXES spectra, the Raman peaks due to the a 1 g – e g π and a 1 g – e g σ excitations are observed at 1.3 and 3.3 eV below the incident photon energy, respectively. The intensity of the a 1 g – e g σ peak in the SXES spectrum measured between the 2p3/2–3d and 2p1/2–3d absorption peaks depends on the polarization of the incident photon E; the peak observed clearly in case of E parallel to the c-axis, almost disappears in case of E perpendicular to the c-axis.

Water ices exist mostly in a variety of forms of mixtures with silicate or some other components (e.g., ammonia) in the solar system. Thus, it is of importance to understand the impact process on ice–silicate mixtures. We performed impact experiments on ice–silicate mixture target using a gas gun and a two-stage light-gas gun in a cold room at 263 K in the Institute of Low Temperature, Hokkaido University. Silicate content of the target was varied from 0 to 50 wt%. Targets were 10 or 30 cm in diameter, and 5 cm in height. Projectile velocity was varied between 299 and 657 m/s and projectile mass was 1.6 g for the gas gun shot, and 1480 and 3684 m/s and 7 mg for the two-stage light-gas gun. Crater morphology changes with silicate content and impact velocity: craters formed on targets of 50 wt% silicate content had less spallation than those with the other silicate content and crater profiles at higher impact velocity became sharper than those at lower impact velocity. Although diameter-to-depth ratio is not dependent on silicate content of the target, this ratio became large at low peak pressure for the gas gun shots. This is probably because of accretion of pure ice projectile onto the target surface. The decrease of crater volume with increasing silicate content was visible for the results from the two-stage light-gas gun. We estimated the target tensile strength based on a hydrodynamic ejection model of [Melosh, H.J. Impact ejection, spallation, and the origin of meteorites. Icarus, 59, 234–260, 1984]. The ejection model predicts a relation between target tensile strength, spall fragment thickness and ejection point. If a constant shock attenuation rate is assumed for all the ice–silicate mixture targets, the tensile strength derived for the mixture with 50 wt% rock content turns out to be higher than the pure ice by a factor of 2 or more.

Background Studies have revealed that patients who undergo preemptive kidney transplantation (PKT) have favorable prognoses compared with those who undergo kidney transplantation after the initiation of dialysis. The number of PKT cases performed worldwide has been increasing. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients who may successfully receive PKT. Methods A single-center, case–control study was conducted to determine the clinical factors that lead to referral for PKT. Results Between April 1, 2009, and August 1, 2015, a total of 118 patients underwent living donor kidney transplantation. Thirty of these patients had not undergone dialysis before their initial visit to the study hospital. Of these, 20 received kidney transplantation before and after dialysis initiation, respectively (group PKT+, successful PKT; group PKT−, failed PKT). The baseline characteristics at the primary visit were compared between groups. The median duration from the first visit to the study institution to PKT was 5.6 ± 0.7 months. Serum creatinine (Cr) levels differed significantly between groups (PKT+ vs PKT−, 6.0 ± 0.3 mg/dL vs 7.5 ± 0.5 mg/dL; P = .03). The receiver-operating characteristic curves revealed that a serum Cr level >5.7 mg/dL at the initial visit to the unit was a cutoff point for predicting the success of PKT (area under the curve, 0.721; P = .02). Conclusions Our results indicate that PKT should be performed within ∼6 months of the initial visit to the transplant center. Serum Cr levels

Soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy for layered oxysulfides (LnO)CuS (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd) has been curried out in the Ln 3d-4f absorption region, to deduce the Ln 4f partial densities of states (DOSs). Only the Ce 4f DOS contributes to the valence-band maximum of (CeO)CuS, and on going from Ln = Ce to Pr, and to Nd, the 4f DOS shifts toward the deeper binding-energy side due to the lanthanide contraction. The Ce 3d photoemission spectrum of (CeO)CuS shows the mixing of Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the ground state. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

SUMMARY A 63-year-old woman with eruptive keratoacanthomas on sun-exposed skin is reported. Attempts were made to produce lesions by the application of a tumour homogenate to the scratched skin, followed by UV-B irradiation; this was positive in two out of three sites, but these factors were probably non-specific stimuli. Treatment with oral etretinate led to most of the tumours disappearing within a month. Recurrence was seen on stopping the drug. Recommencement of therapy followed by a maintenance dose of 10 mg on alternate days, has been associated with freedom from the skin lesions.

For the analyses of gate insulating materials of thin silicon oxy-nitride (SiON) and dielectric films, SIMS is one of the available tool along with TEM and ESCA, etc. Especially, to investigate the distribution of dopant in the thin films, SIMS is appreciably effective in these techniques because of its depth profiling capability and high sensitivity. One of the problem occurring in this SIMS measurement is the change of secondary ion yield at the interface as well as in the layers with different chemical composition. To solve this problem, some groups have researched the phenomenon for SiO 2 /Si interface [W. Vandervorst, T. Janssens, R. Loo, M. Caymax, I. Peytier, R. Lindsay, J. Fruhauf, A. Bergmaier, G. Dollinger, Appl. Surf. Sci. 203-204 (2003) 371-376; S. Hayashi, K.Yanagihara, Appl. Surf. Sci. 203-204 (2003) 339-342; M. Barozzi, D. Giubertoni, M.Anderle, M. Bersani, Appl. Surf. Sci. 231-232 (2004) 632-635; T.H. Buyuklimanli, J.W. Marino, S.W. Novak, Appl. Surf. Sci. 231-232 (2004) 636-639]. In the present study, profiles of boron and matrix elements in the Si/SiON layers on Si substrate have been investigated. The sensitivity change of Si and B profiles in SiON layer become smaller by using oxygen flood than those without oxygen flood for both O 2 + and Cs + beam. At the range of 0-25 at.% of N composition, 11 B dosimetry in SiON layer implanted through amorphous Si depends on N composition. This trend could be caused by the sensitivity change of 11 B, or it indicates real 11 B concentration change in SiON lyaer. N areal density determined by Cs + SIMS with oxygen flooding also shows linear relationship with N composition estimated by XPS.

Objective The CyberKnife is a new frameless image-guided radiosurgical modality. The authors report on their experience using the CyberKnife in 25 patients with malignant gliomas. Methods Twenty-five patients with histologically proven malignant gliomas (18 glioblastoma: GB, 7 anaplastic astrocytoma: AA) were treated with the CyberKnife at Konan St. Hill Hospital between June 1998 and November 2002. CyberKnife therapy was performed on 44 lesions (31 GB lesions, 13 AA lesions) in the 25 patients. The median target volume was 19.1 mL (range: 0.3 - 90.2). The median prescribed dose was 20.3 Gy (range: 13.9 - 26.4). Patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related variables were analyzed by univariate analysis, and survival curves were generated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit. Results In the 18 GB patients, the median survival after diagnosis was 20.7 months (82.6 weeks) with a mean follow-up of 85.7 weeks. Of the 7 AA patients, 6 were alive at the time of analysis with follow-up periods ranging from 11.4 to 52.8 months. Patients younger than 70 years had a median survival after diagnosis of 37.1 months, compared to 12.4 months for older patients (p = 0.003). Similarly, patients with well-controlled lesions had a median survival after diagnosis of 39.8 months compared to 16.0 months for those with uncontrolled lesions (p = 0.031). Late delayed radiation necrosis was seen in 1 GB patient. No other patient suffered acute or delayed neurological morbidity after CyberKnife therapy. Conclusion This is the first report of CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy applied to the treatment of malignant gliomas. The frameless and painless CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy has the potential to be as useful for treatment of malignant glioma as other radiosurgical modalities.

We have developed a novel method of manipulating DNA molecules in liquid by laser. At first, we propose in-situ formation of gel microbead made of the thermoreversible hydrogel. Irradiation of a 1064 nm laser to the aqueous solution mixed with poly- (N-isopropylacrylamide) through a high magnification lens resulted in formation of the gel microbead at the laser focus by heating. Next, we propose to manipulate DNA molecules by the gel microbead, which is trapped and maniqulated by the laser scanning. The technique allows DNA molecules to be manipulated at any point without the need of prior chemical modification of the microbead. We investigated characteristics of gel microbead formation by laser irradiation. We succeeded in manipulation of DNA molecules in high speed.

The spectral density technique is investigated as a basis for measuring turbulent fluxes of CO2 and water vapour over the sea using observations obtained on a well-designed pier of Kyoto University during September 20–22, 2000. By comparing the turbulent fluxes measured by the spectral density technique with those determined by the eddy correlation technique, a set of parameters of the non-dimensional gradient (φ) and Kolmogorov constant (a) was determined. The following parameters are the optimal selection under unstable conditions for the spectral density technique: φ c = φ q = (1 − 16z/L)−1/2; α c = 0.78 and α q = 0.76 Here, subscripts c and q refer to CO2 and water vapour; z is height and L is the Obukhov stability length. The present results demonstrate that with rugged sonic anemometer-thermometer sensors and computers, the spectral density technique applied over the sea has an accuracy comparable to that of the eddy correlation technique.

backslopes is shallow to moderately deep due to gelifluction and slope movement but deep toward toeslopes. Charcoal particles, commonly central Canada. The watershed is representative of found within the soil profiles, attest to frequent fire events in the past. non-glaciated upland headwater stream basins found Fire has the greatest impact on soil properties on south aspect slopes throughout interior Alaska. Forest communities in the because the organic horizons are thin and dry, and easily destroyed by watershed are representative of the boreal forest zone fire. The underlying mineral horizons often develop hydrophobicity in Alaska. Forest fire is a dominant ecological factor in resulted from moderately and severe burn. Slope, aspect, and slope this region (Kasischke and Stocks, 2000) and there has gradient are major controlling factors for the contrasting soil types along the catena sequences in the watershed. been wide interest in the effects of wildfires on forest ecosystem but little on soils. Quantitative, site-specific baseline soils data are essential for comparing pre- and J enny’s functional-factoral soil formation model postfire changes within and below the forest floor. Rieger (Jenny, 1941) identifies the major components of et al. (1972) provide descriptions and maps (at a scale pedogenesis to be parent material, organisms, topogra- of 1:31 680) for seven soil series within the watershed; phy, climate, and time. These factors tend to be highly however, little quantitative data are provided. Viereck interdependentanddifficulttoisolateinnaturalsettings. etal. (1983) addressed, in detail, the soils, vegetation, and Landscape topography dictates microclimate, water dy- their relationship along a toposequence at the Bonanza namics, and material redistribution processes that criti- Creek Long-Term-Ecological-Research site 90 km to the callyinfluencethenatureofsoilsandvegetationmosaics southwest. The soils at Bonanza Creek developed on (Hole and Campbell, 1985; Hunckler and Schaetzl, 1997). deep loess deposits associated with the nearby Tanana Slope gradient and aspect strongly affect soil morpho- River and are not representative of the soils formed logicalcharacteristicsandgeochemicalprocessesinmidin the Yukon-Tanana Uplands metamorphic complex.