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An assessment of the efficiency of the enterprise for harvesting corn for silage through positioning and monitoring of vehicles was carried out. The calculation of the required power of the forage harvester for the smooth operation of service vehicles, that are responsible for the transportation of green mass, was done. An inconsistency was revealed between the departures of loaded vehicles and the arrivals of empty vehicles. The lack of positioning and monitoring tools negatively affects the productivity of the harvesting and transport process. As a result of the research, it was found that the actual performance of the forage harvester when harvesting maize for silage is significantly lower than the theoretical performance. Through experiments, the downtime of forage harvesters in the field due to improper organization of transport services was revealed. When analyzing the state of the park of forage harvesters and vehicles, the requirements of new approaches in solving transport problems were revealed. These contribute to a radical improvement of the transport process when harvesting silage crops. The obtained calculations and patterns of change in technical and technological parameters can be used for the design of new, special agricultural vehicles, as well as in the harvesting and transport process to determine the required number of transport units, when transporting chopped green mass. On the basis of experimental data the regularities of changes in the volume of the vehicle bed on the mass of the trailer and the dependence of the change in the volume of the vehicle bed on the mass of the trailer during transportation of green mass were obtained.

To solve the problem of automating the agroecological land estimation (natural resource potential) and creating intelligent information systems for their further programming, the necessary stage is the conceptualization of the domain knowledge (DK), or conceptual modelling. In this work, the conceptual model of DK “Agroecological properties of land”, developed on the basis of the abstract logical language UML and proposed in the previous part of the series of articles by the authors, is supplemented by the type of abstract objects “method”. The methods in UML reflect the types of relationships between data of various nature and are designed to distinguish the ways with which it is possible to fill in the missing data and information when solving practical problems in the framework of designing and building adaptive landscape farming systems. UML methods are considered for one of DK abstract classes – class “Relief”. In this class, 31 groups of input datasets and 23 groups of output datasets are suggested. All 54 datasets are based on the "method – attribute" connection that operate within this class or by abstract relationships between classes previously built into the conceptual model. This means that a class method as an abstract object defines a set of dependencies between data associated with the given class attributes, as input dataset, and data associated with the given or related class attributes, as output dataset. The elements of such set of dependencies can be deterministic or stochastic algorithms, statistical and other data processing methods, data analysis and artificial intelligence methods, as well as specific mathematical formulas. The technology of building a knowledge base by UML methods of class “Relief” is shown, containing 713 groups of UML methods classified by seven types, and also examples of UML methods of three different types are given.

In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.

The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of weight and linear wear from resource indicators of cultivator paws hardened by the combined method. It is established that in order to achieve an increased resource of cultivator legs, world manufacturers use special alloying materials, design features and technological methods of hardening, namely heat treatment, application of wear-resistant materials. The most commonly used methods for strengthening the working surfaces of parts are conventional hardening of medium-carbon, high-carbon and alloy steels. The hardness of the metal can be obtained in the range of 45 HRC for steel 45 and up to 65 HRC for steel 65G and alloy steels. To determine the change in the geometric parameters of the blades of cultivator legs during production tests recorded linear wear, weight wear and the radius of rounding of the cutting edge of the working bodies with an operating time of 8, 23, 42 and 54 ha. According to the results of linear wear of the wings of experimental cultivator paws during production tests, the materials that provide the best performance against abrasive wear were determined. As a result of the analysis of cultivator paws with a yield of 54 ha, it was found that the working bodies do not have visible damage and extreme wear and are suitable for further use. At the same time, measurements showed that the amount of wear on the width of the blade is 5.3–11.9 mm.

The species composition of the ground beetle community (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the spring wheat crop area in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was researched for the period of 2019-2020. The ground beetle population was represented by 36 species from 14 genera. The genera Poecilus, Dolichus, and Harpalus were the most abundant, while the genera Pterostichus, Poecilus, Harpalus, and Amara had the highest species diversity. It was revealed that the dominant species in sites with conventional technology of spring wheat cultivation, are: Harpalus rufipes, Poecilus cupreus, Dolichus halensis, Harpalus calceatus, and in 2020 Agonum gracilipes appeared along with them. In 2020, the species abundance increased by 25%, and the dynamic density of most species in the second year of the study was also higher than in the first year. This may be caused by the influence of agrometeorological conditions of the studied area. The vegetation period of 2020 differed by conditions of heat and moisture supply in comparison with 2019, as indicators of 2020 are much higher than the previous year and average long-term values for the area. The dominant and subdominant complex of carabidofauna was found to be relatively stable for two years.

Increasing crop yields is the most important condition for intensifying agricultural production. High quality of various technological operations of soil preparation can significantly increase yields. It is especially important to prepare soil before seeding, it forms a habitat for plants, ensures uniform seeding in depth. Using heavy machines in agriculture, surface and subsurface soil layers undergo mechanical deformation with inevitable deterioration of its physical and biological properties. Density of surface and subsurface horizons increases, number of pores with a size of 0.2 … 10 microns decreases, which determine soil moisture content. Productivity of cultivated plants is influenced by effective fertility of not only surface layer, but also machines and tractors. Many studies have established that soil deformation during movement of cultivator hoe or wedge consists of two stages. At the first stage, soil particles located in close proximity to the hoe are displaced forward, forcing the layers in front to compress, when stresses in soil reach their limit values, a shift occurs at some distance from the toe of the hoe. At the second stage, soil begins to intensively move forward and upward and move along surface of working body. In this regard, resistance of soil to movement of individual parts of working body will be different. The article describes research that helps to determine ground unevenness. One of the possible measures to prevent compaction of the subsurface is presented - improving technology of preparing upper surface soil layer.

The results of the development of predictive models of the yield of spring wheat based on the use of the decision tree method are presented. When constructing the models, qualitative factors were taken into account (the level of intensification, the system of soil cultivation, the placement of the crop after steam) and agrometeorological resources (the sum of active air temperatures, precipitation). The minimum number of input parameters (public data) was used for the generality of the system and its versatility for different natural and agricultural conditions. The efficiency of using decision trees for forecasting wheat yield is shown. The accuracy of the constructed models was evaluated on the training and test samples and the following indicators were achieved (CART method): average absolute error - 3.455 (training sample) and 4.446 (test sample); determination coefficient - 0.895 (training sample) and 0.811 (test sample). A set of rules has been obtained that determine the level of crop yield depending on the complex of control actions and the prevailing conditions.

To increase the versatility of a class 1.4 tractor in a small farm, a universal hydraulic mounted system has been proposed, which allows the tractor to be used without changeover, both for agricultural technological operations, and for loading and construction works. The article discusses the use of mathematical modeling in the MathLab, Simulink environment and the steep ascent method to identify the optimal values of the mass on the rear axle and the stiffness of the tractor tires when driving on a horizontal supporting surface. When studying the dependence of the change in the control coefficient from two factors of variation: the mass on the rear axle and the stiffness of the tractor tires, the response function was obtained. By the method of steep ascent, the optimal design parameters of a tractor with attachments were determined, which make it possible to ensure sufficient controllability when driving on country roads.

The article presents the results of studies on the study of technologies for obtaining carbon sorbents from by-products of agriculture, woodworking industry and utilities under the influence of low-temperature one-stage carbonization, as well as structural, physicochemical, absorbing properties of mixed carbon-carbon and carbon-mineral sorbents and their effectiveness and economic feasibility in removing petroleum products from the environment and preserving its infrastructure. Oil consumption and absorption capacity of petroleum products of the mixture of pine sawdust carbonate: expanded graphite, at a ratio of 50:50%, 2.5-3.0 times higher than the sawdust carbonate. Its use is the most promising and cost-effective in removing petroleum products from the environment and preserving environmental infrastructure. The obtained data on influence of the qualitative composition of mixed materials on their sorption capacity in relation to oil and oil products allow us to suggest the feasibility of using carbon-carbon materials as effective sorbents of oil products from water and soil, and carbon-mineral, for example, as effective barriers to preventing the migration of oil and petroleum products into groundwater. Carbon-carbon materials should be used as effective sorbents to remove petroleum products from the water surface and soil, and carbon-mineral as effective barriers to prevent the migration of oil and petroleum products into groundwater.

Large-scale greenhouse production is currently developing along the path of introducing technologies for intensive cultivation of vegetable crops and using automated control systems for technological processes based on micro and minicomputers. One of important technological processes is watering and feeding plants with mineral fertilizers. The need to automate this process is associated with laboriousness of process of preparing solutions, accurately maintaining given concentration of substances in them, timely supply and uniform dosing over the entire area of greenhouse under various disturbances of external environment. The article shows a technological scheme of a heated greenhouse of the simplest design. A method for constructing balance models is presented; model can be transformed for more complex schemes. Three main models in spacestate (continuous, discrete, operator) are considered. Information about processes is recorded discretely, therefore, we first identify discrete form of the model, then we obtain parameters of the discrete form. Further, using equation of constraints, a matrix of discrete and continuous forms, we obtain transfer functions for the internal airtemperature. Due to simplicity of setting parameters, it can be easily reproduced for many different designs and systems of greenhouse complexes, as well as for various scenarios of changing environmental conditions. Proposed balanced dynamic models allow the most complete use of computers for studying heat consumption modes of heated greenhouses, as well as for synthesis of temperature controllers. In this case, vector-matrix algebra is used as a mathematical apparatus, standard programs for which are widely used on computers for various purposes.

The article considers the issues of improving the quality of construction and operation of agricultural roads. The main reasons for the need for the construction control of the quality of work are considered. The stages of the control of quality of pavement made of stone materials have been sequentially analyzed. The actual consequences of violation of the quality of construction and assembly works are given. The modeling of the work of the system «roadbed –pavement» in conditions of increased traffic load and watering of agricultural roads has been carried out. Recommendations for increasing the service life of agricultural roads using new building materials are presented and substantiated.

The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of new solution of the applied research task that consists in mathematical modelling of the interaction process of concave disk spring shanks and a soil medium, taking into account the random nature of soil response, in the form of a non-linear dynamic movement model. It has allowed for determining the optimal dynamic characteristics and the design parameters of the spring shanks of a disk operating element: rigidity, reduced mass, frequency and amplitude of oscillations. A structural diagram of the interaction process of a concave disk and the soil, where oscillations of an operating element on a spring shank with a certain amplitude and frequency create a feedback in the system “soil – disk – spring shank”, has been suggested. A mathematical model has been developed and a theoretical investigation on the change in the drag forces of a disk operating element on a spring shank has been conducted. The dynamic characteristics of a spring shank in the course of unit operation have been determined within the range of the rigidity variation limits from 20 kN/m to 40 kN/m, the reduced mass limits from 100 N to 300 N, the draft force variation limits from 200 N дo 2000 N.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of industrial application in the trunk and intert stem strips of orchards of a chemical treatment machine with spray sections, which are equipped with additional sprayers directed in the direction of the location of the protective and intert stem strips. The authors reproduced an experiment to determine the density of the coating of droplets on the surface of cultivation depending on the distance relative to the centerline of a number of trees with a full cycle of cultivation of the trunk and trunk strip at work: section sprayers; additional spray; all sprayers section. The authors confirmed the technological capabilities of the developed machine in comparison with modern chemical treatment of stem and interstitial strips, in terms of reducing the cost of the active protective chemical. The optimal parameters of additional sprayers are set. The authors in the article confirmed that the spray sections work in three modes depending on the required width of the treatment of the stem and interstore strip. The width of the treated strip during the operation of the section with one spray is 0.5-1.0, with two 1.0-1.5, with three is 1.5-2.0 m. In addition, the quality assurance of the technological operation of the chemical processing of orchards.

The problem of environmental pollution is one of urgent problems of mankind. This problem especially applies to large cities of any state. Atmospheric air, which performs life-supporting, protective and other functions, is subject to the greatest change. Increased air pollution leads to a negative impact on public health. So, every year number of social movements and various events is growing, expressing great concern about the state of air in the city of Bishkek. Basically, organizational and technical measures are aimed at improving road safety by reducing speed. But along with a decrease in traffic speed, fuel consumption increases, which in turn leads to a proportional increase in exhaust gas emissions. Especially in places where artificial irregularities are established, intensive braking occurs, followed by acceleration of the vehicle. This article is devoted to assessing the impact of unregulated pedestrian crossings on average speed of traffic and emission of harmful substances by vehicles. Relationship between the average traffic speedat unregulated pedestrian crossings and the total delay of vehicles has been established. An increase in emissions from vehicles at unregulated pedestrian crossings is substantiated, which makes it possible to calculate the cumulative emissions from vehicles on the sections of the city’s road network more accurately. This article presents the results of experimental studies of the influence of artificial irregularities, stopping points and parking places on the traffic speed and emissions of exhaust gases into the atmosphere.

Based on a systematic analysis of methods to increase the durability and wear resistance of the working bodies of tillage machines, it is established that their increase in 90% of cases is achieved by technological methods. In turn, this requires the use of expensive reinforcing materials, which leads to an increase in the cost of the final product. The solution of such a complex problem cannot be based on the use of one group of methods, but requires an integrated approach using a range of available groups of methods. Accordingly, the purpose of the work is to determine experimentally possible methods to increase the durability and wear resistance of the working bodies of tillage machines, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of their operation. In the work, on the basis of soil-climatic conditions of operation of working bodies of tillage machines, operational, constructive and technological methods of increase of wear resistance of ploughshare and disk working bodies are experimentally established. Wear of the working bodies of tillage machines is complex. The problem of increasing the wear resistance and durability of working bodies that interact with the soil environment cannot be solved by using only technological methods to increase wear resistance and durability.

The technical condition of parts is determined, on the one hand, by design parameters, and on the other, by mechanical properties, which are determined by control methods, including holographic ones. The properties of the working surfaces of parts made of various materials differ in comparatively small values of the dispersion of indicators. They correspond to the magnitudes and types of load, micro straining, load duration and can be presented in a rather narrow dispersion interval. The value of the distribution parameters of these quantities must be taken into account, first of all, when choosing a material. It is determined by the reliability conditions that the onset of the permissible load limit is achieved by proportional loading of the entire structure and is achieved with a micro deformation value for cultivator blades of 2.1-3.2μm. The limiting value of the micro deformation parameter is a function of a given tolerance for permanent deformation of the structure and is difficult to determine by conventional methods. In accordance with the developed methodology for the study of parts made of different materials, for example: graycastiron, aluminum, polymers (polyethylene, polyamide), carbon fiber, as well as a reinforced metal polymer, at the same time, computer holograms are recorded in each case. The studies used the entire range of recorded loads.

The authors propose an approach for predicting the level of crops weediness with wild oats (Avena fatua L.), based on the implementation of Bayesian Belief Network. This approach is applicable for solving the problem of estimated growth and development probability of wild oat based on taking into account the prevailing conditions on a specific land plot in the current year, depending on the predecessor’s cultivation technology and weed seed stock. In the course of the work, the authors carried out a selection of factors affecting the level of wild oats weediness, they also identified the need to minimize the number of input parameters to achieve acceptable prediction accuracy. The proposed model allows calculating the probability of exceeding the economic threshold of harmfulness of wild oat in cultivated plants crops. The advantage of this approach and its versatility lies in the ability of Bayesian Belief Network to “discourse” with incomplete information and in the ability to include new information in the analysis.

We studied modifications of EEG activity related to perception of visual stimuli (pictures) of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in women during different phases of the ovulatory (menstrual) cycle. We found that the woman’s brain is most intensely activated by both emotionally negative and positive visual stimuli during the follicular phase of the ovulatory cycle, while such activation is minimum during ovulation per se. Upon the action of neutral stimuli, cerebral activation was the most intense during the lutein phase (compared with that within other phases); manifestations of activation were concentrated in the right hemisphere. Cognitive and emotional components of perception of affective pictures were expressed to a greatest extent in the course of viewing positive stimuli during the follicular phase. Perception of emotionally pleasant stimuli during other phases was accompanied by lateralization of activation of sensory and analytical processes in the left hemisphere during the ovulatory phase and in the right hemisphere within the lutein phase. The viewing of emotionally negative pictures during the follicular phase led to a rise in the power of theta oscillations in the left frontal region and also to depression of the alpha activity in central/parietal parts of the left hemisphere, which can result from aggravation of anxiety and verbally shaped disturbing ideas upon the action of such stimuli. Presentation of erotically colored visual stimuli caused the most intense changes in the EEG, which depended on the phases of the ovulatory cycle, during post-stimulation time interval but not during the viewing of pictures itself.