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One of the priority tasks of reforming law enforcement agencies is to build a preventive mechanism based on the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of society from violence and discrimination, and creation of barrier-free space for people with limited mobility. The multidimensional nature and complexity of the issues requiring statutory regulation in these areas determine the relevance of the subject under study. The purpose of this study was to model the administrative legal mechanism of police activity in which human rights would be optimally and effectively implemented. To fulfil this purpose, the methodology used included a combination of comparative rule-making, system analysis, internal and external induction, constructive cognition and content analysis. It was found that the observance of human rights in police activities is inextricably linked to the implementation of the rule of law and the provision of protective police services. Numerous cases of violations revealed during journalistic investigations and widely discussed by the public have become one of the reasons for the rapid decline in public trust in state law enforcement institutions, and as a result, a substantial obstacle to Ukraine’s integration into the European space. The study analysed the key reasons affecting the effectiveness of administrative legal strategies for ensuring a human rights-based approach in the practical activities of the National Police bodies (units). Specifically, these include transition processes related to the harmonisation of national legislation with international and European standards, low level of material and social security of police officers, insufficient level of professionalism, influence of negative environment, narrow understanding of administrative legal activities in the field of human rights related to the prevention of administrative and criminal offences. The study concluded that the principles of the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms and partnership-based interaction with the public are crucial and interrelated in the preventive activities of police. The study outlined the key areas of improvement of national legislation in the field of development and/or optimisation of administrative legal systems for ensuring the functioning of organisational, technical, information, and economic resources as guarantees of the implementation of the declared constitutional rights and freedoms. The results of this study can be used to formulate and improve the norms of national legislation that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies and determine the content of its guidelines

The relevance of the subject under study lies in the fact that under martial law, the problem of robberies against citizens’ homes is exacerbated, specifically, their danger increases due to the greater probability of members of an organised criminal group having firearms than in peacetime. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of robberies against residential premises in rural areas committed by organised groups, to establish the factors which influence the choice of the victim of a future attack by the perpetrators, and to identify preventive measures to reduce the commission of such crimes. To address these issues, the study employed a set of methods of scientific cognition: systemic-structural, comparative, statistical, and systemic. The study found that a characteristic feature of such attacks is that they are committed by a group consisting mainly of fellow villagers with internally stable, long-term, trusting relationships, with a willingness to systematically commit violent crimes against individuals. They are characterised by a hierarchy and preparation for robberies in rural areas. It was established that during preparation for a robbery, to obtain the necessary information, offenders often study the routes of the village, find out information about its inhabitants, and select a victim. They can even speak directly to the potential victim and/or their neighbours. Therefore, interviewing villagers during the investigation of such a criminal offence is a significant step in identifying the perpetrators. The study identified factors that influence the commission of robberies in rural areas (presence of valuable property of the victim; remoteness of their residence, absence of neighbours; planned power outages, physically vulnerable person, etc.). To commit attacks on people’s homes in rural areas, attackers choose several villages in relatively familiar areas, which may be located in one region or in another region with which they border. It was noted that this complicates the work of law enforcement agencies in investigating this type of crime. The practical value of this study lies in the consideration by law enforcement officers of the theoretical results of this study regarding the impact on the choice of victims by criminals and the established characteristics inherent in such robberies

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the legal systems of states that recognise and enforce the rule of law are increasingly subject to integration influence: the general requirements of rule-making are unified and ensured by the common obligations of the member states of international communities. The purpose of this study was to conduct a logical and legal analysis of legal reservations as a means of designing (constructing) legal norms to fulfil the purpose of the principle of legal certainty in national legislation. The study employed various methods of scientific cognition, including axiological, analytical, systemic, special legal, hermeneutical, logical, modelling, etc. The use of these methods has provided the basis for the scientific hypothesis regarding the composition of the principle of legal certainty and the nature of legal reservations. The study summarised that the principle of legal certainty as a component of the rule of law is based on the concept of predictability, which is achieved by ensuring clarity, unambiguity, and comprehensibility of legal provisions, and completeness of their content in the normative forms of national legislation. It was found that the requirements of the legal certainty principle can be met by applying a unified technique of rule-making, structuring, and formulation of regulatory provisions, where legal reservations are given a significant importance. The study identified and characterised the crucial features of legal reservations through understanding them as an element of rule- making technique in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty. The study outlined the essential properties of legal reservations and general requirements to them. The legal reservations are defined in the rules of law of national legislation as an element of rule-making technique, the content of which is determined by the social purpose of law. The study proved that they take the form of linguistic constructions, specify the purpose of a legal provision and the limits of its effect, and ensure the accuracy and predictability of a regulatory prescription. The findings of this study are of practical significance, as they can be used in research – for further investigation of topical issues of rulemaking technique, in lawmaking work – in the development of regulations

As of 2024, the use of alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly relevant caused by the complicated access to justice due to martial law. The purpose of this study was to analyse the historical experience of using negotiations in Ukraine from the Middle Ages to the present day and to identify the vectors for further development of this institution. Both general scientific and special scientific methods were employed: formal legal and comparative legal methods. It was found that the term “negotiation” can be used in several meanings: 1) the process of reaching an agreement; 2) the stage of court proceedings; 3) the stage of mediation, conciliation, or other methods of alternative dispute resolution; 4) a separate method of alternative dispute resolution. As the times of Kyivan Rus, the Ruska Pravda prescribed an analogue of negotiations – the replacement of blood revenge with a payoff; in the 16th-century Lithuanian statutes, the negotiation process was called “unity”. The “Rights by which the Little Russian people are judged” of the mid-18th century defined two forms of documents drafted as a result of negotiations: a conciliation agreement (without the participation of mediators) and a conciliation verdict (with the participation of mediators). During the Soviet era, legislation tended to establish the right to judicial protection depending on the previous use of alternative dispute resolution. However, since Ukraine’s independence, this trend has changed, and the law now prescribes the right of everyone to choose how to protect their rights. Further vectors for the development of the institution of negotiations in Ukraine may include the introduction of various types of platforms for remote participation in the negotiation process, as well as the development of the legal framework towards detailing negotiation procedures. The findings of this study can be used in teaching disciplines of the historical and legal cycle in higher education institutions of Ukraine, as well as for further forecasting the development of this institution and its improvement

The intensification of legal development, increased interpenetration of legal systems, and transformation of legal and state phenomena in the context of globalisation and integration processes necessitate the investigation of the nature of judicial lawmaking and judicial reform and their correlation. The purpose of this study was to theorise the relationship between judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. This study was based on the historical, formal legal, and comparative methods employed in the context of natural law, positivist, sociological approaches, integrative type of legal understanding, theories of lawmaking and justice. The principal findings of this study lie in substantiation of a series of theoretical provisions on judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. It was found that the legal nature of judicial lawmaking is profound and multifaceted. Judicial lawmaking and judicial reform are closely interrelated. One of the manifestations of this interaction is that the introduction of judicial lawmaking is a task, vector, or result of judicial reform. The study proved that judicial lawmaking is a significant achievement of judicial reform, and not a side effect of the transformation of the judicial system. Judicial lawmaking is an essential factor that substantially affects judicial reform in material, procedural, and organisational aspects. Judicial reform, as an independent type of state transformation, is a crucial area of state- building and is aimed at transforming justice into a fair mechanism for resolving legal conflicts and disputes based on the rule of law. With each stage of judicial reform in Ukraine, the need for official recognition of judicial lawmaking becomes more urgent. The 2016 judicial reform did not positively resolve this issue. As of 2024, the need to introduce judicial lawmaking is mostly recognised at the doctrinal level, but the legislating body denies it, although there are various manifestations of the applied use of the lawmaking potential of courts in the national legal system of Ukraine. The practical value of the findings is that the highest authorities of Ukraine can use them to improve the efficiency of lawmaking, justice, and the transformation of the judicial system

The significance of this study lies in recognizing the crucial role grants play within the social fabric of Indonesian communities. Despite their importance, grants, particularly in the context of land inheritance, often pose challenges, leading to complications such as the potential for withdrawal or annulment. This research aimed to dissect and comprehend the legal ramifications of verbal agreements made prior to the formulation of a grant deed, especially focusing on how such agreements influence the withdrawal of land ownership rights, as illustrated by the decision of the Kupang High Court (Case No. 23/Pdt/2017/PT.KPG). Employing a normative legal research approach, this investigation delves into secondary data and legal literature to interpret the law both as it is written and as it governs societal behavior. A comparative analysis of similar cases provides additional insights, revealing how varying interpretations of verbal agreements can impact the enforceability of grant deeds across different jurisdictions. This study proposed a detailed analysis, asserting the necessity for clearly defining real evidence in the form of authentic deeds. These deeds serve not only as conclusive proof of land ownership but also as a foundational element for any modifications to such ownership, premised on the mutual consent and responsibilities undertaken by both the grantor and grantee during the deedʼs creation. The grant deed emerges as a pivotal document, ensuring the granteeʼs rights over the land, predicated on the lawful acts executed by both parties involved in the transaction. By exploring these aspects, the research offers insights into enhancing the legal framework surrounding grants, aiming to mitigate the issues arising from oral agreements in land transactions

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed by international documents and the constitutions of most countries, including Ukraine. However, the conditions and restrictions relating to the right to work under martial law may change. Due to the constant threat to Ukraine’s independence, as well as to the lives and health of its citizens, the regulation of labour relations is substantially different from peacetime, which requires scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study was to outline the key provisions of labour law relating to the person’s exercise of the right to work according to the social and legal vector of the state’s activities under the legal regime of martial law. The study demonstrated the significance of ensuring stability and security under martial law but emphasised the temporary nature of restrictive measures. The importance of maintaining a balance between the interests of employers and employees was substantiated, as well as the development of labour legislation to accommodate the specifics of the situation during a military conflict. Human rights may not be violated in either peacetime or wartime. On the contrary, the state should create conditions for the free development of labour and the fulfilment of human potential. Based on formal legal analysis of wartime legislation of Ukraine, comparison of various regulatory documents and scientific positions, the study highlighted the problematic aspects of observance of the constitutional right to work. The relevant conclusions were formulated, outlining the legal ways to achieve the balance of interests of employer and employee and proposals for improving the legislation were identified. The recommendations proposed in this study may be used by the legislator to improve the current labour legislation of Ukraine

The relevance of this study lies in the need to improve the legal mechanisms for combating gender-based violence against the background of the increasing number of military conflicts in the world, which create favourable conditions for the latter. The purpose of this study was to analyse the regulatory provisions of international legislation and the practices of certain European countries in preventing manifestations of hatred based on sex and gender and combating domestic violence through criminal law measures. It was stated that legal standards defined by the regulations of international organisations, international treaties, and conventions underlie national and regional standards for combating domestic and gender-based violence. International legal principles of gender equality are defined by the regulatory framework of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other global and European organisations. Human rights provisions recognised by the member states of these organisations through bilateral and multilateral treaties and implemented through ratification are the basis for the formation of national internal standards of the rights of women, children, and persons of all genders. The study concluded that national standards for guaranteeing and protecting human rights in the field of gender equality constitute an implementation of international standards and pan-European provisions, and their implementation in Ukrainian legislation can ensure sufficiently complete and effective implementation of legal measures to combat domestic and gender-based violence. The ideas formulated in this study are aimed at finding more effective criminal law means in lawmaking and law enforcement activities

In this article, I will explore how the underlying research values of ‘openness’ and ‘mutual responsiveness’, which are central to open science practices, can be integrated into a new ethos of science. Firstly, I will revisit Robert Merton's early contribution to this issue, examining whether the ethos of science should be understood as a set of norms for scientists to practice ‘good’ science or as a set of research values as a functional requirement of the scientific system to produce knowledge, irrespective of individual adherence to these norms. Secondly, I will analyse the recent codification of scientific practice in terms of ‘scientific integrity’, a framework that Merton did not pursue. Based on this analysis, and illustrated on the case of COVID-19 as a case in which the institution of science was challenged to deliver urgently on societal desirable outcomes, I will argue that promoting open science and its core norms of collaboration and openness requires broader governance of the institution of science in its relationship with society at large, rather than relying solely on self-governance within the scientific community through a new ethos of science. This conclusion has implications for re-evaluating research assessments, suggesting that the evaluation of the scientific system should take precedence over evaluating individual researchers, and that incentives should be provided to encourage specific research behaviour rather than solely focusing on individual research outputs.

The core insight of this thoughtful and provocative article is that science has become engineering and must be re-governed appropriately. Science today is as much artefact constructing as it is knowledge-producing. Certified knowledge is found through certified construction; science has become technoscience. As such, received practices of and models for governance need re-examining. It is not possible here to address the full range of insights and questions that René von Schomberg’s challenging paper puts on the table. His argument is clearly the outgrowth of years of critical reflection in the science policy trenches of the European Commission. I would wager that there’s no one who has thought longer, harder, and at greater depth about these issues. I will concentrate my comments on the question concerning engineering.

Von Schomberg’s call to place mutual responsiveness – which I understand as the ability of researchers and the research system as a whole to foster meaningful exchanges and learn from novel experiences, no matter where those originate – at the core of Open Science and related efforts to reform the scientific landscape is both timely and significant. Widespread sharing is not enough to guarantee responsible and inclusive research, nor are vague appeals to improve research culture, whatever it is that such culture may turn out to include (Leonelli, 2023). Rather, emphasis needs to be placed on the conditions under which sharing materials, methods and insights – and debating the goals and directions towards which these may be put to use – may improve research exchange, communication and scrutiny, resulting in scientific outputs that are both reliable and socially responsive. Hence von Schomberg’s focus on the interplay between institutional and behavioural features of science and his plea for a reform in governance structures, such as initiated by COARA, are very well-taken. He is, however, too quick to dismiss the importance of some degree of autonomy for those involved in creating knowledge. To show why this matters, I here briefly discuss two of von Schomberg’s additional claims: (1) his focus on ‘knowledge actors’ as the protagonists of research efforts; and (2) his critique of the effectiveness of self-governance efforts by researchers.

Von Schomberg offers a compelling examination of key open science principles and their potential role in fostering responsible research and innovation (RRI). Utilizing Merton's Ethos of Science framework, the paper constructs a series of arguments supporting a central thesis: “the transition towards open science is vital to facilitate RRI.” This transition necessitates significant institutional reforms within the scientific community and adjustments to incentive structures that promote the adoption of open and mutually responsive practices. The manuscript reframes the discourse surrounding responsibility and responsiveness in light of the evolving landscape of open science, shifting the focus from normative commitments to actionable frameworks in research and open science practices. Overall, the position paper strives to bridge the gap between idealised models of scientific communities based on RRI principles and the reality of actual scientific endeavour (Anderson et al., 2007; Politi, 2021, 2024). However, it is important to acknowledge certain omissions that could enrich the analysis. Firstly, a more comprehensive examination of the profound crisis facing science amidst the increasing marketisation and commodification of academia and research would provide valuable context beyond discussions of system failures related to productivity and reproducibility. Secondly, a more nuanced and critical approach to conceptualising open science would enrich the discussion, considering its multifaceted nature and potential pitfalls. Thirdly, the validity of the Mertonian framework and its selective analysis of values, particularly its exclusive focus on the norm of communism. Lastly, a deeper exploration of the challenges and promises inherent in the pursuit of responsible Open Science within ongoing institutional processes.

It is hard to disagree with the thrust of René von Schomberg’s position paper. It is driven by the worry that current conceptions of “open science” are all too impoverished – that they need to be complemented by the social practice of “mutual responsiveness”. In terms of political theory or notions of democracy, on the one hand, in terms of socially relevant research practice, on the other hand, only an ambitious commitment to open science will be robust enough to make a difference and contribute to the solution of pressing problems. In contrast, it is paying lip service only to the ideal of openness when “open science” becomes reduced to “open access publishing” or data storage rituals. As von Schomberg shows, this might actually deepen disparities and redundancies within dysfunctional science.

René von Schomberg’s article (von Schomberg, 2024) makes an invigorating case for the co-responsibility of societal actors to give direction to the pursuit of science. In this reply, I wish to endorse his position as a much-needed reconceptualisation in the face of societal challenges and internal scientific developments. At the same time, I urge that there remain theoretical and practical intricacies in attempting to steer science.

Personal comment on the responses to “Towards a New Ethos of Science or a Reform of the Institution of Science? Merton Revisited and the Prospects of Institutionalizing the Research Values of Openness and Mutual Responsiveness” by René von Schomberg.

The study examines the main components of the organizational framework for macro-prudential management in the Member States of the European Union. The organizational design of macro-prudential management is a competence of the Member States, which can themselves be grouped into different models. First, the study provides an overview of the international and EU standards and recommendations on the legal status of macro-prudential bodies in the Member States. Then, it lists those basic features of the legal status of macro-prudential bodies which are relevant with a view to the present inquiry before finally turning to address those very features. The study concludes that there is a tendency for the EU macro-prudential body to standardize the basic elements of the legal status of the Member State macro-prudential bodies. However, the process of standardization, in terms of the content of the institutional framework, is still at an early stage and a variety of legal solutions may be identified for each of the substantive aspects. As such, we claim that the institutional framework of macro-prudential policy is best described by a coordinated standardization of the substantive pillars with different formal features and with different legal solutions.

The paper discusses the concepts of culture and identity within the context of the Fundamental Law of Hungary. The first part focuses on the relationship between the state and culture, both from a conceptual and an ideological point of view. The second part examines how references to culture and identity appear in the Fundamental Law. It is argued that by juxtaposing the two terms in Article R, the Fundamental Law seeks to broaden the meaning of constitutional identity, to include a historical-cultural dimension, and make it a rhetorical topic useful for the construction of exclusivist arguments.

The purpose of this document is to identify which actions in the Equal Opportunities Plan 2023–2026 of the Ourense Provincial Council have the potential to increase equality of opportunity between women and men in positions of similar status, with respect to an analysis of the objectives of the First Equality Plan of (2017–2021). The methodology for measuring the achievements of these strategic objectives consisted of a descriptive comparative study, where the changes in the stated objectives were analyzed, and a quantitative functional study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the typology and functionality of each position. A clear distinction was made between the goals achieved and those requiring more decisive intervention in future. In addition, it recognizes that women are very underrepresented in the most desirable positions at Ourense Provincial Council.

With rapid technological advancements, developing a digitally literate workforce is imperative for public sector organizations to enhance performance. However, research linking digital literacy and employee outcomes in developing country contexts has been limited. This study investigated the relationship between digital literacy and productivity among local government employees in Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 113 employees in Ilorin West Local Government in Nigeria. PLS-SEM was used for the analysis. Digital literacy demonstrated significant positive effects on productivity. Access to ICT positively moderated the digital literacy-productivity relationship. The study makes important theoretical contributions by extending ICT adoption research to public sector contexts and revealing the performance benefits of digital literacy in the workplace. Practically, it capacitates public organizations to increase investments in structured digital skills development programs to motivate employees and unlock productivity improvements.

There is much research on how to improve the provision of local public services without having to increase municipal public spending. Latest trends stress out the role of citizens and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that can provide various public services using private funding (donations) and volunteers. This paper analyses the relationship between the World Giving Index and donation in a selected NGO, the Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF). We investigate whether financial donations made to international humanitarian LCIF in different countries around the world influence the World Giving Index. Main methods used are panel regression and correlation analysis on the sample of 97 countries and 116,033 donors. The results suggest that donations made to LCIF have a positive impact on the World Giving Index. We support our findings with extended theory of planned behaviour model for Slovakia based on a questionnaire with 150 respondents.

This work comprehensively analyzes the legal definition of genocide. In so doing, it details the material and mental conditions that can lead to an individual’s punishment for the commission of the crime of genocide. Further, it addresses some of the difficulties that have arisen when interpreting and applying the legal rule. To this end, this work starts by presenting the basic structure of the crime of genocide, and also the goals of its legal prohibition. It then concentrates on the material element (actus reus) of genocide, placing emphasis on two difficulties; namely, the notion of the group, and how to identify the four protected groups. In addition, the conduct prohibited by the Convention is detailed. This work then focuses on the mental element (mens rea) of the crime, examining each term from the Convention’s formulation separately in order to better assess the concept of specific intent. This work then considers the meaning of article 30 from the ICC Statute. Ultimately, this work details the conventional definition of genocide and reveals some of the main interpretative challenges associated with it.

The incessant bandits’ activities vis-à-vis kidnapping of people for ransom, robbing them of their possessions, raping and even killing them at will by groups of people officially described as bandits in parts of Nigeria is worrisome. The study examines the nexus between governance and armed bandits’ activities, as well as its effects on the people and national development. The study relies on researchers’ observation of unfolding events in the study areas and secondary data. The study revealed that the poor quality of governance offered by the successive political leaders of Nigeria was the major inducing factor of these bandits’ activities. Other factors include political and economic reasons, a high unemployment rate, and a high level of poverty. The study concluded that bandits’ activities, if not quickly nipped in the bud will continue to inhibit the political, social, and economic development of the country, also, the activities are capable of truncating the evolving democratic governance and the corporate existence of Nigeria.

The purpose of this study is to review and understand Vietnam’s measurement of competitiveness for its local authorities. This paper delves into the application of two fundamental metrics, namely the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and the Department and District Competitiveness Index (DDCI). As Vietnam continues its trajectory of rapid economic development and regional integration understanding the dynamics of competitiveness at subnational levels has great importance. Drawing upon an overview of the competitiveness concept, case study, and perspectives, the article provides a holistic understanding of subnational competitiveness metrics in Vietnam. Results offer valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in subnational development strategies and economic governance frameworks in Vietnam and beyond. This study also indicates future opportunities and challenges within research on pillars/indices, indicators and their impacts on creating the ease of doing business at subnational level.

En el derecho administrativo de América Latina, la visión tradicional de las contrataciones públicas descansaba en el concepto de la licitación pública como el procedimiento previo que limita la libertad de contratación de la Administración. La globalización ha promovido un cambio en esta visión para realzar el rol de las contrataciones públicas en las políticas del desarrollo, tomando en cuenta su peso en la economía. Esta visión ha permeado al derecho interamericano a través de la Red Interamericana de Compras Gubernamentales. La red ha facilitado la sistematización de principios generales que se han traducido en diversas reformas que apuntalan la visión de las políticas de compras públicas orientadas a la promoción del bien común. Estos principios conforman la base del derecho administrativo Interamericano de contrataciones públicas.

El sistema de justicia dispositivo es implementado actualmente en Colombia para el juicio de pérdida de investidura de los congresistas. Ahora bien, al ser un proceso sancionatorio, surge la pregunta de si es más adecuado adelantar su trámite bajo las lógicas del sistema acusatorio, propio de esta clase de procesos, y más alineado con los principios y presupuestos del ejercicio del ius puniendi. Las reflexiones consagradas en la presente investigación buscan responder a este interrogante, así como explicar las bases para una posible reforma. Virar hacia un sistema procesal de corte acusatorio permitiría un mejor cumplimiento de las exigencias derivadas del conjunto de principios que hacen parte del debido proceso.

La centralización basada en el principio de jerarquía, el cual implica un deber de obediencia de los funcionarios inferiores hacia los superiores, es una de las características de la Administración romana de los siglos IV a VI d. C. La legislación de esta época reguló la promoción y ascenso de los funcionarios públicos dando prioridad a la antigüedad y a los méritos en el servicio para acceder a un cargo público. Pese a ello, se tuvieron que publicar numerosas leyes en las que se prohibía y se castigaba el suffragium (tráfico de influencias), en un intento por moralizar la función pública y mejorar su rendimiento.

En la era de los vehículos conectados, donde los automóviles ofrecen servicios digitales avanzados, surge una pregunta crucial: ¿deberían los fabricantes de vehículos ser considerados empresas de telecomunicaciones? Este artículo explora por qué, bajo el derecho europeo, los fabricantes de vehículos no deben ser clasificados como tales. Analizamos las definición legal de proveedores de servicios electrónicos de comunicaciones, el alcance de los servicios de conectividad máquina a máquina (M2M), la naturaleza accesoria de los servicios de telecomunicaciones proporcionado por los fabricantes de vehículos y las implicaciones regulatorias, todo ello, apoyándonos en la legislación vigente, la resolución de ciertas agencias de telecomunicaciones y la relación contractual entre los fabricantes de vehículos con las empresas de telecomunicaciones y el cliente final.

This paper examines the recent designation of the internet as a constitutional right in Peruvian law, analyzing the relationship between constitutional rights and public services. Generally, not every constitutional right necessitates the creation of a public utility, nor is every public service inherently tied to a constitutional right. As indicated in the legislative record, the constitutional reform recognizing the internet as a right may not yield the anticipated outcomes. The effectiveness and efficiency of such a service cannot be ensured through legal protection alone. Therefore, the establishment of a public service must be grounded in careful planning and foresight, supported by a reasonableness analysis.

El grupo empresarial público es una muestra de cómo el grupo empresarial, que es la forma jurídica predilecta de la gran empresa contemporánea, influye en todos los ámbitos del derecho. En efecto, cuando el Estado, para el cumplimiento de sus fines, adopta la forma de un empresario y ejerce la empresa pública de grupo, se impone la aplicación de los derechos público y privado, ello sin perjuicio del ánimo de lucro que supone la empresa, demostrando cómo la coherencia del ordenamiento jurídico, a pesar de la diversificación del derecho y de la especialidad en la expedición de las normas jurídicas, es todavía un principio fundamental que en este caso está al servicio de la primacía del interés general sobre el particular.

El sector de las telecomunicaciones argentino ha tenido en los últimos años fuertes novedades regulatorias. A partir de esas novedades, en este trabajo se pretenden identificar las razones que justifican la intervención regulatoria estatal en este sector. Asimismo, se busca llamar la atención sobre los elementos que definen el servicio universal en esta industria. Bajo este enfoque, se describen diversas medidas estatales dictadas recientemente, las cuales pueden ser identificadas con la clásica actividad de fomento de la Administración pública. El presente trabajo sostiene que existe una contradicción entre las acciones del regulador y del ejecutivo: mientras que la autoridad regulatoria busca incentivar inversiones en aquellos lugares donde el mercado no puede o no quiere llegar, el ejecutivo las desalienta. Ese desaliento es llevado a cabo a través de medidas que no parecen estar sustentadas en los principios regulatorios que justifican la intervención estatal.

La Unión Europea ha puesto en marcha un conjunto de políticas y medidas jurídicas que buscan promover un modelo energético descentralizado que coloque a los ciudadanos en el centro del sistema, y les permita tener un rol activo y proveerse de su propia energía, así como de otros servicios energéticos. Dentro de este modelo surgen las comunidades energéticas como mecanismos de interacción entre personas físicas, entes locales y pequeñas y medianas empresas que tienen el potencial de garantizar un futuro organizativo para una transición energética justa y sostenible. En este panorama, los gobiernos locales, como Administraciones públicas de proximidad, pueden ser ejemplarizantes y participar directamente en las comunidades energéticas; sin embargo, su concreción en la realidad no está exenta de obstáculos. Por ello, en este trabajo se analiza, según lo dispuesto en el ordenamiento jurídico español, cuáles son los posibles mecanismos o “entidades jurídicas” de las que pueden valerse los entes locales para la conformación de comunidades energéticas, y así, poder contribuir con la transición energética.

La implementación de medidas efectivas en el camino hacia la transición energética, para lograr niveles de emisiones de CO2 que no comprometan la seguridad climática, ha estado bloqueada durante décadas debido a la creencia de que las medidas necesarias para combatir el cambio climático deben adoptarse en el ámbito global, ya que este desafío tiene trascendencia mundial. En la actualidad, los procesos de transición energética se están logrando a través de medidas locales. Este artículo analiza la implementación y el régimen jurídico de las comunidades energéticas locales en el derecho español, para examinar las posibilidades que el ordenamiento jurídico español ofrece en cuanto a su configuración.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, quantum technology is entering the scene with the promise of radically changing the technological paradigm. Quantum computing, simulation, quantum communications and the combination of this technology with artificial intelligence are opening up new horizons of innovation that could revolutionize various industries. Along with its enormous potential, this technology brings legal, ethical and social challenges that require detailed analysis and an interdisciplinary approach. The industrial deployment of quantum technology entails dilemmas regarding human rights, cyber security and national security, as well as the risk of exacerbating inequality, technological exclusion and algorithmic discrimination. With regard to artificial intelligence enhanced by quantum computing technology, we can speak of a completely new facet of the problem of the opacity of algorithms, which is determined not only by the cognitive limitations of the human mind, but stems from the indefinability of the world described by the laws of quantum mechanics. In light of the above, the thesis can be advanced that the classical approach to the principle of transparency and the postulates of creating algorithms that will clearly present the path to the final result, which are part of the broad current of creating ethical and explainable artificial intelligence, may prove difficult to realize in relation to Quantum AI. In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we are therefore faced with the challenge of implementing new instruments for testing, certifying and inspecting algorithms, such as tools for analyzing and visualizing the results of quantum algorithms, which will be suited to the specifics of Quantum AI and ensure the ethical correctness of the systems. This article will identify selected areas of application of quantum technology, and thus the potential benefits and risks of quantum technology, and also analyze the need to develop ethical and legal standards that allow for the sustainable and socially responsible development of these disruptive technologies.

The article deals with a judgment that is important from the perspective of interpreting the public procurement law on contract modifications, namely, the judgment of the CJEU of 7 December 2023. The judgment draws attention to at least two incorrect practices. First, “unforeseeable” circumstances, the occurrence of which may justify a contract modification, are sometimes interpreted too broadly. Second, contract modifications that are not made “explicitly” (by an agreement or annex modifying the contract) are not treated as contract modifications within the meaning of the regulations. The conclusions resulting from the judgment are a relevant signal for the entire public procurement market, a signal whose identification by participants in the public procurement market is mandatory. The article takes a closer look at the motives of the CJEU, as well as the implications of the ruling for participants in the public procurement market and empirical research. According to the author’s research, the contract modification rationale for the occurrence of “unforeseeable” circumstances is often used as a justification for contract modification. However, research supports the thesis that there are numerous cases in which it may be questionable to apply the rationale allowing contract modification due to the occurrence of “unforeseeable” circumstances. The correct interpretation of the CJEU judgment in question is all the more important in view of the above (the author’s research) and in terms of the potential increase in the number of public contracts (associated with the use of European Funds). Modification of a contract covered by EU funding in a manner that is not in compliance with the law may result in a 25% adjustment of the funding received.

In the age of noticeable climate change, enduring high temperatures is becoming a serious problem and inconvenience, which can cause health problems and even lead to death. One way to counteract the negative effects of heatwaves is to use an indoor air-conditioning system – both in residential building and in workplaces. The purpose of the article is to find an answer to the question posed in the title of the publication of whether access to an air-conditioned room can be considered, on the basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, to be a human right. The considerations are divided into two segments: the right to air-conditioning in the workplace as part of the employer’s provision of safe and hygienic conditions, and the state’s responsibility for counteracting the negative effects of climate change. Indeed, it turns out that the Polish constitution makes it possible to conclude that the state has a certain obligation to provide places of rest from the heat in a situation where it threatens health and life. The article presents selected solutions for counteracting the effects of hot weather in European cities where high temperatures are more frequently recorded than in Poland. In addition, it presents the scope of the obligation to ensure adequate comfort at work in conditions with a high air temperature that also falls on employers. The aim is to draw attention to the important issue of how public authorities can counteract the negative effects of global warming. Indicating solutions used in other countries, it seeks an appropriate way for public authorities to act in Poland.

The Act of 3 February 1995 on the protection of agricultural and forest land in Article 28 provides for sanctions for the exclusion of agricultural and forest land from production contrary to the provisions of the Act (paragraph 1) or without a decision authorising the exclusion in the case of land which has been designated in the local spatial development plan for non-agricultural or non-forest purposes (paragraph 2). In the first case, the authority shall set a fee of double the amount due, and in the second case, the authority shall issue a ‘legalisation’ decision based on Article 12 and increase the amount due by 10%. The provision of Article 12(6) of the Law on the Protection of Agricultural and Forestry Land also provides for the possibility of reducing the amount due by the value of the land in accordance with the market price. The possibility of applying Article 12(6) in the case indicated in Article 28(2) of the Agricultural and Forest Land Protection Act is problematic. It should be emphasised that the content of the provisions in question has not changed since 1995. They were treated as two different legal situations and did not give rise to any doubts in practice or jurisprudence. It was accepted that the authority obliged to issue a legalisation decision had the right to apply Article 12(6). The position of administrative courts has been different for several years now, according to which the provisions of Article 28(1) and (2) should be treated jointly, as they both provide for sanctions, although they constitute separate editorial units. In the doctrine approval is also found for the new views of the judicature accepting that in the case indicated in Article 28(2) it is not possible to apply a reduction in the amount due by the value of the land. The practice presented by the regional directorates of the State Forests, on the other hand, is very diverse. The problem that has arisen requires that the various positions be voiced and evaluated.

Dariusz Koźbiał, Status prawny zawodu tłumacza przysięgłego, seria Monografie Prawnicze, Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2024, ss. 232, ISBN: 978–83–8356–414–2 (opr. Paulina Jachimowicz-Jankowska).

Alexandre Flückiger, Tracing the Evolutionary Path of Experimental Law: from Comparative Law to Regulatory Sandboxes (Śledzenie ewolucyjnej ścieżki eksperymentalnego prawa: od prawa porównawczego do regulacyjnych piaskownic), „Acta Universitatis Carolinae – Iuridica” 2024, vol. 70, no. 2, s. 13–22, https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2024.19 (opr. Karol Dąbrowski).

Veraikon D ́Evereux, K některým otázkám týkajícím se environmentální dimenze izraelsko palestinského konfliktu v kontextu mezinárodního práva veřejného (Środowiskowy wymiar konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego w kontekście prawa międzynarodowego publicznego – wybrane zagadnienia), „Acta Iuridica Olomucensia” 2023, vol. 18, no. 3, s. 122–147 (opr. Karol Dąbrowski).

This article uses various examples to show how the different goals of cultural institutions are being realised in practice. The mission of each cultural institution is the starting point for many plethora of tasks carried out by the in- stitution. It is clearly intended to exhibit why and for whom the institution exists, what it does, what its values are and what it aims to become. This mission should be unique for each cultural institution and permanent. Selected mission state- ments are discussed with examples to demonstrate whether cultural institutions articulate it correctly and understand their importance. An objective, on the other hand, is one of the elements of a cultural institution’s mission; it is something that the cultural institution wants to achieve through the actions it undertakes and, as indicated, follows from the mission. Objectives are a detailed refinement of the mission and may change in response to the changing environment in which the cultural institution operates. The article discusses the objectives of cultural institutions deriving from specific legal acts, and the way in which they are formulated by individual entities, and also analyses statutes, regulations and other acts concerning how specific cultural institutions function. Particular attention is paid to the objectives of cultural institutions from the perspective of the recipient, as it is the recipient who really decides (through participation in the cultural activities of the institution) whether the institution properly ful- fils its objectives. An analysis of selected goals of cultural institutions shows that, as a rule, these institutions define their objectives in a very general way, merely repeating the wording indicated, for example, in the Cultural Activities Act. Objectives formulated in this way do not correctly reflect the scope of the cultural institution’s activities.

El presente artículo tiene como propósito enunciar las líneas principales de una teoría general de los derechos fundamentales adecuada a nuestro texto constitucional y examinar los resultados que se habrían derivado de su aplicación si se hubiese utilizado para determinar la constitucionalidad de los confinamientos generales establecidos en el Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, que declaró el estado de alarma. Para ello examina críticamente la teoría general de los derechos fundamentales que subyace a la STC 148/2021 y que se funda en el principio de la intensidad de las restricciones y propone una teoría general alternativa que, se subraya, el propio Tribunal Constitucional habría utilizado en alguna jurisprudencia posterior a 2021 como la referida a la constitucionalidad de la vacunación recogida en la STC 38/2023, de 20 de abril.

Objetivo principal del presente texto es servir al diálogo entre juristas e historiadores del derecho en orden a la construcción de una historia del derecho público, esencialmente español, que llegue a satisfacer a unos y a otros. Para ello, presenta en primer lugar un diagnóstico crítico sobre el actual estado de la historiografía sobre la cuestión, incidiendo en la necesidad de adoptar una serie de convenciones metodológicas básicas, que afectan sobre todo a la determinación y valoración de las fuentes, así como a la contextualización de la lectura de las mismas. En el mismo sentido, pero en un plano más concreto, formula una serie de propuestas destinadas a contribuir al acercamiento de dos formas de hacer historia de la Administración y su derecho, a saber: en la tradición o de la tradición.

La búsqueda de una solución al complejo problema que entraña la posible impugnación autónoma de los actos de trámite o intermedios del procedimiento administrativo ha ido a parar a la decantación de la categoría de los actos de trámite cualificados. Categoría que ha arraigado fuertemente entre nosotros, tanto doctrinal como jurisprudencialmente, y que tiene la particularidad, sobre ello, de aparecer codificada legislativamente a partir de cuatro especies, recogidas actualmente en los arts. 112.1 de la LPAC y 25.1 de la LJCA. ¿Ofrecen estas cuatro especies un tratamiento cabal y armónico en grado de conjugar el adecuado desarrollo del procedimiento administrativo con la inteligencia de los derechos de defensa? El objetivo de este trabajo es justamente revisitar esta codificación a fin de cuestionar algunos de sus perfiles a la luz tanto de los postulados que justifican la regla de la concentración del recurso en la resolución final como de algunas inseguridades y vacilaciones que su puesta en práctica viene planteando. Se propone al cabo una reformulación centrada en las dos excepciones que emergen naturalmente: los actos de trámite que ponen fin al procedimiento y los que generan una lesión de carácter irreparable o difícilmente reparable a derechos e intereses legítimos del interesado.