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Background/Objective: Witness’ interviews within a judicial investigation represent a complex procedure because human memory is subjected to suggestions and personal re-elaboration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to use an interview method that guarantees the accuracy of the testimony. Method: This research focused on the development a modified version of the Cognitive Interview based on the use of the five Ws (who, what, where, when and why), commonly used in journalism, which we named the 5Ws-CI. The goal of the present study is to compare this method with two interrogation techniques already present in the literature, the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) and the Cognitive Interview with the Category Clustering Recall (CCR) and to test the moderating role of Machiavellianism. Seventy-two subjects individually watched a video-clip of a robbery and were randomly assigned to one of the three interview groups (ECI, CCR-CI, or 5Ws-CI) and the veracity condition (truth tellers vs. lie tellers). Results: Subjects in the 5Ws-CI and CCR groups remembered significantly more information than subjects in the ECI condition, without impacting on accuracy. Also, truth tellers reported more details than lie tellers. No significant difference was found between the 5Ws-CI and CI-CCR interview groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate that the 5Ws-CI and CCR techniques might be effective methods and outperform the ECI.

Background/Aim: The number of convictions related to crimes against road safety continues to increase, with more than half being caused by driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or drugs. In Spain, offenders for crimes against road safety have been widely sentenced to community service orders. Additionally, the penitentiary institution has implemented two intervention programmes, TASEVAL (awareness and re-education) and PROSEVAL (re-education and psychotherapeutic). A field study was designed to estimate the effectiveness of the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes in the reduction of the recidivism rate and drug and alcohol use. Method: A total of 57,532 offenders for crimes against road safety (37,556 sentenced to a community service order of up to 60 days’ duration and 19,976 to a community service order of up to 60 days’ duration and the TASEVAL intervention programme) were followed up in relation to recidivism. And a total of 5,765 (5,117 sentenced to a community service order of over 60 days’ duration and 648 to a community service order of over 60 days’ duration and the PROSEVAL intervention programme) were also followed up in relation to recidivism. 29 attendees on the TASEVAL intervention programme and 32 attendees on the PROSEVAL intervention programme were assessed pre- and post-intervention in unhealthy alcohol use and problematic drug use. Results: The results showed a significant association between the participation in the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes and non-recidivism. Succinctly, compared to community service orders, participation in these programmes increases the non-recidivist rate for the TASEVAL and PROSEVAL intervention programmes by 14.6% and 58.4% respectively. Regarding substance and alcohol use, the TASEVAL programme showed a significant reduction in alcohol and drug use after the implementation of the programme. However, the PROSEVAL programme did not reveal a significant effect on alcohol and drug use (no therapeutic effect). Conclusions: The present study supports the effectiveness of specific intervention programmes for road traffic offenders in the reduction of recidivism. Additionally, these intervention programmes (though not all of them) may have a mitigating effect on the alcohol and drug use mediators of recidivism.

Background/Objective: The risk of children being instrumentalized in contexts of gender violence poses a social and health problem that impacts children’s future development. The main purpose of this research is to ascertain which risk indicators should be addressed by security force members when facing an emergency call regarding intimate partner violence in which children are present. This tool could be helpful for evaluating and preventing the risk of future aggression as a means to hurt mothers. Method and Results: In the course of three studies, a set of proposed risk indicators was developed. In Study 1, five interviews and two group discussions with experts working in gender violence cases (n = 18) provided us with information to develop an initial version of a measurement tool, the Index of Children’s Risk of being Instrumentalized (ICRI), for gender violence cases. In Study 2, cognitive debriefing was carried out by professionals (n = 26) to evaluate the suitability of the items. This approach allowed us to obtain valid, content-based evidence. Finally, Study 3 included a pretest study in which security force members (n = 44) evaluate the appropriateness of the ICRI and, if needed, to make any necessary adjustments of the index. The results show that the indicators obtained in this initial approximation could help security forces when reporting cases of gender violence with children at the scene. Conclusions: Further attention to evaluating the risk of children living in intimate partner violence contexts is needed.

Background: Emergency calls may help law enforcement determine the proper response and provide investigative leads. Time may be wasted and appropriate resources misallocated if callers provide untruthful information. However, human ability to detect deception is generally weak. Objectives: We compared the abilities of law enforcement officers and non-law enforcement staff abilities to correctly identify truthful or deceptive emergency calls reporting missing children using Grice’s maxims of communication (quantity, manner, relation, and quality of information). Method: Forty participants listened to 32 emergency calls reporting a missing child. Sixteen callers truthfully reported not knowing the child’s whereabouts, and sixteen were responsible for killing the child before falsely reporting the child missing. Participants rated the quantity (insufficient, appropriate, excessive), manner (clear/orderly, unclear/disorderly), relation (relevant, irrelevant), and quality (truthful, deceptive) of information. Participants also provided a written narrative of their impressions of the call. Results: Accuracy in identifying truthful and deceptive callers was consistent with prior research, with sworn law enforcement slightly outperforming non-sworn staff. Participant agreement on Grice’s maxims was poor. Ratings of quantity, manner, and relation of information predicted judgments of call quality, but were not associated with accurately identifying calls. Participant narratives describing reasons for judging a call to be truthful or deceptive were also not associated with accurate identification. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the use of Grice’s maxims for determining deception in emergency calls. Although law enforcement officers outperformed non-sworn staff, both groups showed inconsistent rationales to support veracity judgments and relied on cues not associated with accuracy.

Introduction: This article addresses the complex dynamics of sexual consent among female Spanish university student. The research is based on two independent studies, each employing a distinct methodology: study 1 (n = 308) employs a quantitative approach to analyze the relationship between the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables (sexual satisfaction, sexual assertiveness, and sexual communication styles), and intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) and the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex; study 2 utilized qualitative methods to explore personal narratives and deepen the understanding of consent as experienced and articulated by 8 women. Objectives: Study1 aimed at quantitatively assessing how the endorsement of heterosexual scripts, individual variables, and previous IPSV experiences impact the reasons for consenting to unwanted sex. Study 2 sought to compliment Study 1’s findings and qualitatively investigate the personal and societal narratives that shape the understanding and communication of sexual consent. Results: In Study 1, the findings reveal that endorsements of traditional sexual scripts and histories of IPSV are associated with a higher likelihood of consenting to unwanted sex, while greater sexual satisfaction and assertiveness correlate with reduced consent to unwanted sex. Study 2 provides a thematic exploration of sexual consent, identifying key themes in how consent is negotiated, perceived, and misunderstood within interpersonal and cultural contexts. Conclusions: The combined results of these studies illustrate the nuanced interplay between individual agency, cultural expectations, and past experiences in shaping sexual consent. Underscoring the importance of challenging traditional sexual scripts and enhancing assertiveness, this research contributes to ongoing efforts to foster a consent culture that respects individual boundaries and desires in sexual relationships.

Nigeria is now battling the spread of illegal weapons, which is stoking a number of security concerns that jeopardise its national sovereignty. The Nigerian firearms legislation is essentially unenforceable due to its ineffectiveness and numerous loopholes. One reason for concern is the blacksmith's ability to produce enough armed weapons. This study uses secondary sources, including newspapers, the internet, and previously published academic works, in conjunction with qualitative research methodologies. The results indicate that Nigeria's gun laws did not reflect contemporary realities. The study also highlighted that the leniency of penalties for manufacturing, possessing, and using illicit firearms under the existing laws does not effectively deter individuals. The minimal sentences and fines fail to dissuade offenders, leading to the proliferation of firearms and emboldening criminal behaviour. The paper underscores the implications of local manufacturing of arms in the current state of fragility. It recommends collaborative efforts across all levels of government to address issues of loopholes in the Nigerian firearms legislation. Also strengthening enforcement, public awareness campaigns, regular review and updates of the firearms legislation, community engagement, and harmonising firearms laws with other subnational, national, and regional regulations to prevent loopholes.

Ethical challenges and opportunities: implementing artificial intelligence in healthcare. Technological advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities for improving healthcare, particularly in the areas of patient safety and clinical risk management. This article explores the ethical and safety aspects of implementing AI in healthcare. AI can significantly improve the accuracy of diagnostic processes, reduce healthcare costs, and facilitate access to information. However, its implementation poses challenges such as the need for human control over AI outputs, the risk of deskilling by clinicians, and the need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of AI systems. Ensuring transparency, independence from bias, and maintaining the human connection in healthcare is key. Recommendations include collaboration between health systems, development of strong rules and regulation, and active engagement of clinicians and patients in evaluating and improving AI technologies. Future research and practice should aim to maximize the benefits of AI and minimize potential risks, which includes technical improvements to AI algorithms and the development of new methods of evaluation and regulation

Safety in elementary schools is a key factor influencing the quality of the educational environment. This research focuses on analysing current security measures at primary schools with the participation of pupils from marginalised Roma communities in eastern Slovakia, identifying the main threats and proposing possible improvements. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, we explored perceptions of safety among students, teachers and parents, and assessed existing safety measures.

One of the new points stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government is the affirmation of regional rights to establish regional policies in carrying out government affairs that are within their jurisdiction, regional rights. In the development of this regional policy, the joint jurisdictional agreement between the central and regional governments is a fundamental thing that must be considered by regional decision-makers. Regarding the abolition of regional policies, Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government, regulates the cancellation of a regional policy carried out by the central government, while Law Number 30 of 2014 Concerning Government Administration, regulates the cancellation on a form of a regional policy, particularly a decision to cancel local regulations on special regions. The head is canceled by the decision-making officials, either by a higher-ranking decision-making official or by court order. The inconsistency of these two regulations, in practice across regions, can lead to legal uncertainty, especially for regional policymakers.

This study explores the nuanced landscape of cloud computing adoption within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the dynamic field of e-commerce. As businesses increasingly turn to cloud solutions to enhance their operational efficiency and competitiveness, examining the distinct challenges and opportunities faced by SMEs in contrast to larger enterprises is imperative. The research delves into the specific nuances that differentiate cloud computing practices between SMEs and explores the impact of these differences on their e-commerce operations. This study aims to provide valuable insights into optimising cloud strategies tailored to SMEs' unique needs and constraints in the e-commerce domain through a comprehensive analysis of case studies, empirical data, and industry trends. Ultimately, the research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolving landscape of cloud computing in the context of SMEs, offering practical implications for enhancing their digital infrastructure and fostering sustainable growth in the ever-evolving e-commerce landscape. In order to thrive in the current competitive landscape, small and medium-sized enterprises must adjust to the realities of Internet commerce. In essence, the issue is SMEs need more access to financing, which limits their ability to compete. Due to the SMEs' current circumstances, it is now essential for them to open markets through e-commerce, which has made a more reliable digital platform necessary. In today's competitive economy, going up to international markets is no longer required; SMEs should be able to complete tasks faster. The fundamentals of information systems for SMEs, which will serve as the foundation in this direction, are financial and understood in the sense that SMEs ought to be compelled to use them. Cloud computing for SME e-commerce aims to clarify the need in this research setting. Cloud computing platforms' benefits to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are becoming increasingly important.

Criminality is one of most important global problems. It interferes with social, security, economic, cultural and political spheres of life throughout society is therefore necessary to take all possible measures to prevent its growth. In practice, it’s comfrimed that prevention is essential and most effective. This article presents the preventive actions of the Municipal Police of the city Košice, its history, present and the prospects for its use in the fight against crime and other antisocial activities.

The life cycle of disinformation begins with its ordering and ends with its acceptance or rejection by the target consumer, the target object. The disinformation lifecycle has the following relatively separate but related attributes: disinformation originator, disinformation planning, disinformation purpose, goal, and content. In this context, the types of disinformation that take the form of simple disinformation, or it is a narrative/narrative/theme, as well as news legends, which can take the form of an active influence measure, and the issue of the creator of disinformation, including the technical implementation of disinformation, are elaborated

The aim of the activities of the relevant bodies of the European Union is to ensure that the inhabitants of Europe live in an area of freedom, security and justice without internal borders. This research within the subject study focuses on the analysis of current security measures by the European Union, and above all on the identification of the main threats as well as the proposal of possible improvements. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we investigated the perception of security among the individual subjects affected by the area, as well as by the European Union authorities, and evaluated the existing security measures.

People use social media for both good and distasteful purposes. When used with malicious intent, it raises significant concerns as it involves the use of offensive language and hate speech that promote terrorism and other negative behaviors. To create a safe, secure and pleasant environment, these communications must be closely monitored to prevent severe problems, associated risks and other pertinent issues. With the help of AI, specifically Large Language Models (LLM), we can quickly analyze text and speech to determine whether the communications promote the dangers identified here above not to mention other toxic elements. For this research, the LLM used is the DistilRoBERTa model from the Transformers library using Hugging Face. The DistilRoBERTa model was trained on datasets consisting of terrorism-related conversations, offensive-related conversations, and neutral conversations. These datasets were obtained from publicly available sources. The results of the experimentation show that the model achieved 99% accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC curve. To improve the robustness of the model, it must be continuously fine-tuned to predict dynamic communication behavior since real conversations are inaccessible due to restrictions. A drag-and-drop interface is used to upload the files and get the categorical output, ensuring seamless and easy interaction.

In an era characterized by the ubiquity of the internet, the proliferation of online services, and the increasing frequency of cyber threats, the detection of look-alike domains has become a critical component of cybersecurity. The current paper presents an approach for the detection of look-alike domains, leveraging the power of open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools. It included gathering and analyzing a wide range of publicly available data sources, including permutations, WHOIS records, IP information, website content, Geo IP, similarity percentage, name server, and mail server records, and building a comprehensive profile of domains under investigation. Through the application of online search engines, patterns and features that distinguish legitimate domains from their deceptive counterparts were established. The analysis demonstrated that OSINT tools provided significant information about the sample domains and successfully detected 1598 registered look-alike domains among 10 sample domains using dnstwist, while OpenSquat identified 103 squatting domains, 960 active phishing websites, and 53 domains with suspicious certificates across five sample websites. The research contributes to the enhancement of cybersecurity practices by providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for identifying look-alike domains, which can serve as precursors to various online threats, including phishing attacks, malware distribution, and fraud.

Modern society is heavily reliant upon the internet. Accordingly, it is vital to ensure that the data transmitted over the internet is safe. Several tools have been created for cybersecurity experts and organizations to test the security levels of organizational networks and websites. However, due to financial constraints, small organizations need to pay closer attention to managing data with limited resources. This study explores the role of automated penetration testing tools in providing small organizations with an effective and affordable data security system. This study employs a case-study approach using multiple data-gathering methods in a charitable organization. More specifically, data was collected using interviews and experiments evaluating penetration testing tools. The results revealed that cost-effective automated penetration testing tools could safeguard small organizations from cybersecurity threats. The penetration testing tools determined that the organization’s website had various vulnerabilities. The Nessus tool discovered no fewer than 37 vulnerabilities on the website application. The ZAP testing tool showed that the website application was critically failing, leading to the accumulation of vulnerabilities. The system had 3 medium-, 12 low-, and 4-informational-risk vulnerabilities. Through the evaluation of open ports, the NMAP tool identified various vulnerabilities. These findings have important implications for small organizations. First, automated penetration testing tools can be easily conducted by small organizations to safeguard their cybersecurity without obtaining costly expert help. Second, it is recommended in the light of the findings that automated penetration testing tools be used in multiple combinations as different tools have unique contributions to cybersecurity.

In response to the growing cyber-attack threat, incident response teams have become a critical component of an organization's cybersecurity strategy. These teams are responsible for detecting, analyzing, and responding to security incidents promptly and effectively. However, detecting code injection attacks can be particularly challenging, as they can be difficult to detect and often go unnoticed until it is too late. Cybersecurity professionals use detection tools to detect and respond to DLL injection attacks that monitor system activity and detect unusual behavior. A large portion of the related literature focuses on the use of commercial DLL injection tools. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of using open-source DLL injection detection tools. Thus, this research project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three widely used open-source tools, VirusTotal, Sysinternals, and Yara, in detecting DLL injection incidents. This study's findings highlight each tool's strengths and limitations, which in turn enables cybersecurity professionals to make informed decisions when selecting the most suitable tool for DLL injection detection. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of continuous tool development and updates to keep pace with evolving malware techniques and emerging threats. By highlighting the effectiveness of the tools, this research enhances the overall security posture of organizations and individuals, empowering them to mitigate the risks associated with DLL injection attacks proactively. The outcomes of this research project also underscore the significance of leveraging advanced tools to fortify cybersecurity defenses and safeguard critical systems and data.

In this work, two categories of deep learning and conventional machine learning were used to classify malware using a dataset of all possible API call sequences. Specifically, the objective was to determine the best strategy to tackle the ever-rising menace as malware becomes more complex. A new dataset was created employing Cuckoo Sandbox, where API call sequences originating from both benign and malware samples were recorded. The performance of these algorithms was benchmarked and tested using this dataset, which includes SVM, RF, KNN, XGB, GBC, CNN, and RNN. The study established that both deep learning and conventional machine learning algorithms provided high accuracy above 90%. Specifically, the recurrent neural networks (RNNs) demonstrated high accuracy rates ranging from 95% to 99%. These results are highly indicative of deep learning, especially RNN, as a promising approach to improving the effectiveness of malware detection. The data obtained from dynamic analysis, when integrated into a database, serves as a more reliable source for training and testing of such models, and can improve the model’s ability to identify new threats posed by malware. Thus, this work is salient in enhancing the development of new approaches to fight malware that constantly evolve in the modern world.

In smart city infrastructure, IP cameras play a pivotal role in crime prevention and detection. However, not much research has been conducted on IP cameras from a cybersecurity and forensics perspective. In this study, we investigate vulnerability assessment and forensic artifacts for Hanwha and Mobotix IP cameras, which are widely used in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is using IP cameras which are essential for its smart cities. In this paper, we examine IP cameras in two directions. The first is to assess the vulnerability of IP cameras through various attack scenarios such as denial of service (DoS), brute force, and unauthorized access, and we suggest countermeasures. The second shows how analysis for IP cameras can be used to investigate logs for cyberattacks. Through this study, we expect to contribute to research on cyber-attack and forensic perspectives on IP cameras to be used in smart cities.

Given the challenges of the ongoing war, the relevance of this study is conditioned by to the need to improve the practice of searching for Ukrainian citizens who went missing under special circumstances, specifically on the territory of other European states. The purpose of this study was to examine the legislative regulation of the status of missing persons and to analyse the legal regulation of relations related to the identification and search for, as well as social and legal protection of such persons. The methodological framework of the study was formed by both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition: systemic and structural, informational, terminological, and formal logical method. Using these methods, the study highlighted the content of international and national regulatory legislation, which determines that the legal grounds for conducting a search for missing persons are the legal norms constituting the basis of international, legislative, and departmental regulations and are cumulative. The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross is analysed, and the statistics of identification of persons missing under special circumstances by this organisation was considered. Attention was focused on the activities of the International Commission on Missing Persons, which operated in various countries where the situation of missing persons during armed conflict and military operations arose. It was proved that the effectiveness of the mechanism for searching for missing persons depends on the interpretation of certain provisions of regulatory legislation, as well as on the staffing of bodies and units directly involved in the search for persons of this category. The study focused on the activities of the Commission on Missing Persons under Special Circumstances, which is a permanent advisory body of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as the significance of the International Commission on Missing Persons. It was concluded that the real situation in countries with ongoing armed conflicts necessitates the introduction and use of advanced digital technologies in the work on searching for missing persons. The study can serve as a basis for improving the legal framework for international cooperation in identifying missing civilians and military personnel in the territories where armed conflicts have occurred or are ongoing

Protecting the lives of citizens and providing qualified medical care is of utmost importance in times of war. At the same time, statistics show that numerous cases of criminal offences committed by healthcare professionals do not result in them actually serving a criminal sentence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the issues of non-performance or improper performance of professional duties by medical and pharmaceutical professionals and to outline the problematic aspects of combating these criminal offences and the ways to address them. The study employed a combination of both general scientific (general dialectical, analysis, synthesis, legal, induction, and deduction) and special (systemic-structural, statistical, critical) methods of knowledge to identify, analyse, and interpret data. The study made it possible to state that there are a range of problems impeding the effective prosecution of medical and pharmaceutical professionals for criminal offences, and to classify the identified complications into subjective and objective ones, related not only to the training of medical professionals, judicial, and law enforcement agencies, but also to legislative gaps and problems in medicine, which lead to a high level of latency of medical torts, ineffective pre-trial investigation of medical torts, as well as avoidance of criminal liability by medical professionals. Therefore, combating these crimes is largely reduced to recording them by law enforcement officials. The unsatisfactory performance of professional duties by doctors not only negatively affects the quality of services provided to patients, but also leads to serious consequences in the form of their death or considerable damage to the health of the victims. The findings of this study will be useful for practitioners of investigative bodies engaged in qualification and investigation of the torts under study, will contribute to the development of a strategy to improve the effectiveness of combating such criminal offences, and will also be useful for medical professionals to prevent mistakes leading to serious consequences for the life and health of patients, as well as in the context of motivation to perform their professional duties in good faith

Adherence to generally accepted international standards in the area of protecting the rights of women police officers is essential because it improves the country’s reputation in the international arena and promotes effective coordination between states in the fight against crime. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the key areas of ensuring equal rights of men and women in law enforcement in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the European integration course. For this purpose, the study employed historical, comparative, and formal legal methods. The study analysed international legal acts and current national legislation of Ukraine in the field of ensuring and protecting the rights of women who carry out their professional activities in law enforcement agencies. It was found that as of 2024, all countries are characterised by the universalisation of the problem in this area. The study concluded that the issues of women’s rights protection are being reactivated due to substantial changes in the social life of European countries. These processes are accompanied by the emergence of negative trends in the professional status of women, rising unemployment and poverty rates, and a decrease in the number of women in elected bodies and government agencies, including law enforcement. It was argued that the focus on international legal standards could become a prerequisite for improving the national regulatory framework for the protection of the rights of women who carry out professional activities in the police, and for transforming law enforcement practice towards accommodating the interests of this part of society. The practical significance of this study is that its results can be used to improve the work of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine by improving the provisions of domestic protection of the rights of women police officers

The relevance of the subject is conditioned by the fact that economic and scientific advance leads to an increase in the level of crime against property rights, specifically its most relevant form – intellectual property. An important task of law enforcement agencies is to overcome threats to intellectual property using the world’s best practices in this area. The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the world experience of combating crimes against property. Using such methods as the method of legal hermeneutics, formal legal method, comparative legal method and problem analysis, the study outlined the problems associated with the prosecution of intellectual property crimes. The study classified countries according to the type of intellectual property protection regulation and outlines the key issues in the investigation of intellectual property cases. It was found that countries with a long history of criminal law counteraction to crimes against intellectual property, whose experience can be considered advanced, are divided into two groups. The first group includes those countries where legal protection of intellectual property is provided exclusively through the national criminal code. The second group of countries includes those where the relevant provisions are consolidated in special laws, which often prescribe sanctions for intellectual property infringement. As society develops and the use of intellectual property intensifies, the need to create a unified system of legal protection of these rights becomes apparent. The distribution of legal provisions among different legislative acts complicates their application in practice. Based on the conducted study, recommendations were offered for improving the mechanism of combating crime in the field of intellectual property. The study analysed the results of a survey conducted by the World Intellectual Property Organisation in 2023, which aimed to collect information on the prosecution of intellectual property crimes in the member states. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the proposed recommendations can be used to improve national mechanisms for combating intellectual property crime

The Ukrainian legislator’s differentiation of criminal liability for certain manifestations of collaboration has led to unjustified competition and considerable difficulties in qualifying the relevant unlawful acts. The purpose of this study was to analyse the specific features of criminal liability for aiding and abetting the aggressor state in the national and international dimensions. To complete the tasks of this study, a set of scientific methods was employed: dogmatic – in the analysis of legal constructions of elements of collaboration and abetting the aggressor state; comparative legal – in the context of comparing the rules on liability for collaboration and the rules of international humanitarian law. The study showed that Ukrainian criminal law theory and court practice have not developed consistent approaches to the application of the rules on liability for collaboration. The study focused on the fact that the criminal legislation of Ukraine applies an approach whereby certain types of economic collaboration are factually identified with military collaboration, which does not follow international humanitarian law. It was concluded that when qualifying the transfer of material resources to representatives of the aggressor state, there is a competition between the provisions of Part 4 of Article 111- 1 and Article 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In such a situation, it is reasonable to apply the rule on liability for collaboration. It was found that the payment of taxes, fees, and other mandatory payments to the Russian budget of any level, made in the occupied territory of Ukraine by a citizen of Ukraine, a foreigner, a stateless person for themselves and/or in the interests of legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation cannot be covered by the objective side of abetting the aggressor state, as it does not follow international humanitarian law and does not contain such a feature as voluntariness, which is a mandatory feature of the crime under Article 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The practical significance of this study lies in defining certain rules for qualifying aiding and abetting the aggressor state which may be used by pre-trial investigation authorities in the legal assessment of such behaviour

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the fact that as of 2024, the population of Ukraine will be subjected to mass terror in the form of air strikes by a military adversary, and therefore law enforcement officers must provide qualified first aid and psychological support at the crime scene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of police officers’ work at the scene of a terrorist attack and to identify barriers that have a negative impact on establishing contact with victims. The necessity of scientific development of a mechanism for involving professional psychologists – specialists in life crises in work with victims was substantiated. The following theoretical and empirical methods were used to achieve the objectives: surveys and questionnaires, extrapolations, and synergistic methods. The empirical study found that since the declaration of martial law in Ukraine, the range of risks to the life and health of police officers working in the stressful conditions of military conflict has considerably expanded. This necessitates improving the system of professional and psychological support and training of police officers. The study examined the specifics of police work with victims at the scene of terrorist acts, their psychological state related to such work. It is proposed to revise the legislative framework governing the interaction of police officers with other services in eliminating the consequences of terrorist acts. Based on the analysis of foreign scientific studies, it is proposed to use an unmanned aerial vehicle with artificial intelligence to identify persons in need of emergency assistance in the area affected by a terrorist attack. The study emphasised the significance of familiarising police officers with emergency first aid protocols during their in-service training and additional training to master the rules of providing the necessary assistance to victims. The practical significance of the study is that its results can be used to improve the process of supporting the activities of police officers under martial law

The relevance of the research topic is related to the fact that in order to effectively address the problem of drug crime, it is necessary to develop and implement strategies based on the best practices, supported by scientific research, that optimise the use of law enforcement resources and limit the harm caused by drug trafficking. The purpose of this paper is to study the latest trends in the use of the intelligence cycle in the fight against crime, to create and describe a model of its application in the field of combating drug-related crime. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following scientific methods were used: terminological, systemic and structural, analysis, comparative analysis, modelling, formal and logical, generalisation, and expert evaluation. It is proved that for the effective and efficient organisation of analytical activities in the field of combating drug- related crime, a thorough understanding of and strict adherence to the stages of the intelligence cycle, which underlies criminal analysis, is crucial. It is concluded that the intelligence cycle is a flexible dynamic process that requires analysts to think critically and creatively, to respond meaningfully to new information, and to move through the stages of the intelligence cycle. The intelligence cycle was analysed, the analyst’s activities at each of the stages, specifically, during defining (setting) tasks and planning; collecting and evaluating data; generalising, systemising, and processing; analysing; preparing a report and submitting it to the customer; and receiving feedback, were highlighted. The findings of the study showed that the intelligence cycle is a universal tool that allows streamlining any activity related to information analysis, ensuring quality control and high-quality results of analytical work, specifically in the field of combating drug-related crime. The list of possible tasks of analytical work in the field of combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues and precursors, and summarised potential sources of information necessary for analysis, were summarised. The results of this study will be useful for heads of units involved in combating drug-related crime, employees who, according to their functional responsibilities, іimplement criminal analysis in combating drug-related crime, and scholars who research these issues

The relevance of this study stems from the need to investigate the “filtration” structure introduced by the occupation authorities, which contains violations of international humanitarian law. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptual and organisational foundations of the “filtration” system through the lens of international human rights law. Considering the subject matter and the purpose of this study, a range of scientific methods was employed, including terminological, systemic and structural, formal and logical, which helped to investigate the subject matter and summarise the analysis findings. The study covered the testimonies of victims about the crimes committed against them while passing through the filtration labyrinth. The study outlined the problematic issues of proving crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine, considering the practice of European and international court decisions on violations of civilian rights through the lens of international humanitarian law related to armed conflict. The study concluded that the “filtration” of the Ukrainian population in the temporarily occupied territories is a gross violation of human rights and contradicts the principles of democracy, freedom, and self-determination. Targeted sanctions against those responsible for these violations are crucial to hold them accountable for their actions. The study concluded that stopping the practice of “filtration” and facilitating the restoration of the rights and freedoms of the Ukrainian population in the temporarily occupied territories is possible only through diplomatic efforts and international cooperation. The main provisions of this study will encourage further investigations of crimes with the recording of testimonies and evidence, as well as contribute to the development of sound policies, mechanisms of international accountability, and prevention of potential violations in the interests of justice and protection of civilians

The relevance of this study lies in the need to understand the interaction between conventional law and the circumstances of society in wartime, especially in the context of modern conflicts. The purpose of this study was to identify this interaction and determine its impact on the current legal environment. To fulfil this purpose, various research methods were employed, including literature review, document analysis, empirical research, comparative analysis, and expert evaluation. These methods helped to systematise information and carry out a reasoned analysis of the interaction between legal norms and the circumstances of modern society in the context of military operations. The findings of this study show that the problem of implementing conventional law in the context of armed conflict is caused not only by different interpretations of its provisions, but also by systematic violations of international humanitarian law by the parties to the conflict. It is noted that some of these violations may be the result of a lack of clarity or contradictions in the texts of the conventions, as well as differences in national legislation. Specific examples were considered in the context of different types of conflicts, including armed conflicts and situations of occupation, where systematic violations of human rights and humanitarian standards are recorded. Specifically, the study investigated the attitude towards civilians, the circumstances of warfare, the treatment of prisoners of war, the provision of medical care in the conflict zone, humanitarian aid, access to education and food. The study also examined the manipulation of information and the legal framework by Russia. In view of the identified difficulties in implementing conventional law, the study proposed concrete ways to improve the international legal mechanism, namely by clarifying and harmonising the rules of international humanitarian law, ensuring more effective monitoring and accountability for violations, and engaging in dialogue with all stakeholders, neutral observers and partner countries to jointly find solutions. This allows formulating recommendations for international organisations, states, and human rights groups on further measures to ensure compliance with conventional law in the context of armed conflict and improve human rights protection

Введение: статья посвящена теоретическому анализу правовых актов, регламентирующих проведение конкурсов профессионального мастерства преподавателей высшей школы, также рассмотрены конкретные управленческие и педагогические конкурсные практики. Определена классификация конкурсов профессионального мастерства в зависимости от содержания, способа проведения, охвата по территории и категории участников. Исследуется ценность конкурсного движения как для преподавателя, так и для системы высшего образования в целом, определяется значимость участия в конкурсе для подтверждения экспертности педагога, а также включения кандидатуры участника в резерв на вышестоящие должности. Автор, имея успешный опыт участия в конкурсах профессионального мастерства различного уровня, а также в качестве эксперта в конкурсных комиссиях, предлагает рекомендации по организации конкурсных мероприятий и участию педагогов в целях повышения мотивации к дальнейшему профессиональному росту. Цель: на основе проведенного теоретического и эмпирического исследования определить участие преподавателя высшей школы в конкурсах профессионального мастерства как неформальный способ повышения квалификации. Методы: поставленная цель определила необходимость использования методов обобщения, анализа, в том числе сравнительного, систематизации, прогнозирования и моделирования. Выводы: выявлены достоинства профессиональных конкурсов в части осмысления педагогами собственного опыта, что необходимо для последующей самореализации; определено, что участие в конкурсах профессионального мастерства не только обеспечивает педагогу высшей школы выполнение обязательного требования о повышении квалификации, но и позволяет выстраивать индивидуальную траекторию профессионального развития с учетом полученного опыта проектной деятельности и приобретенных мягких навыков; современные конкурсы профессионального мастерства позволяют получить практический опыт работы, как правило командной, в условиях ограниченности ресурсов и времени

Arezki Kehal’s penal trajectory and prison experience in Algeria's civil prison, known as Barberousse, provides a glimpse of the judicial and prison response orchestrated in Algeria under the Front Populaire by the colonial authorities to combat the radical nationalism of the Algerian People's Party (Parti du Peuple Algérien, PPA). The detention of Arezki Kehal also reveals how prison, instituted in Algeria by the colonial state at the very beginning of the French conquest, was used in the inter-war period for political and militant purposes by the new independence party created by Messali Hadj in March 1937, after the dissolution of the Etoile Nord-Africaine. The “Bastille de Barberousse” played a central role in the politicization of prisoners, in the face of the repressive colonial machinery designed to counter the independence aspirations of Algerian nationalists. For Arezki Kehal and his fellow PPA prisoners, the prison became a front for political struggle, foreshadowing the strategies implemented by FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) and MNA (Mouvement National Algérien) frontline prisoners during the Algerian War of Independence.

There are important archives of french martial courts in the Service Historique de la Défense, located in the city of Vincennes near Paris. These archives are very precisous for the history of justice, crime and army. If we take the exemple of feminicids during the First World War in Paris, we could understand how this archives are usefull. Maybe too avoid in France so far, this archives could open new questions about links between war violence and ordinary violence, as well as the differences among military and civil justice.

Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak didalamnya terdapat ketentuan bahwa penyelesaian tindak pidana dilakukan dengan diversi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan spesifikasi yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penyelesaian tindak pidana yang dilakukan anak secara diversi di Polsek Bukit Sundi Polres Solok Kota adalah masih adanya pandangan bahwa setiap orang yang melakukan kejahatan harus diberikan hukuman yang setimpal tidak terkecuali dengan anak. Sebagian Masyarakat sudah mengetahui diversi sebagai bentuk penyelesaian tindak pidana yang dilakukan anak. Masyarakat belum selalu dapat dihadirkan dalam proses Diversi dengan beberapa alasan, tidak diundang, diundang tidak hadir karena tidak paham atau karena kesibukan. Masyarakat menganggap bahwa proses diversi terlalu berbelit belit. Masyarakat dapat berperan dalam hal Rehabilitasi sosial ABH dengan mengoptimalkan lembaga Sosial yang berbasis agama maupun pendidikan. Angka kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh anak di Kota solok cukup tinggi, Diversi sebagai salah satu terobosan baru dalam SPPA belum dioptimalkan khususnya bagi pelaku yang hanya ikut-ikutan saja. Kesadaran hukum masyarakat terhadap penyelesaian tindak pidana yang dilakukan anak secara diversi di Polsek Bukit Sundi Polres Solok Kota terlihat dari rendahnya apresiasi masyarakat atas proses diversi. Masyarakat terlihat acuh tak acuh. Masih adanya masyarakat yang tidak setuju dengan dilakukannya diversi terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana. Korban aktif dalam semua tahapan proses dan akan membantu dalam penentuan sanksi bagi si pelaku. Masyarakat terlibat sebagai mediator, membantu korban dan mendukung pemenuhan kewajiban pelaku. Penegak hukum memfaasilitasi berlangsungnya mediasi. Di Lokasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat di wilayah kota solok memiliki karakteristik hukum serta budaya, nilai moral yang mampu menyelesaikan permasalahan secara musyawarah, dan mekanisme pemecahannya sesuai dengan proses yang selama ini telah dilakukan.

Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam putusannya Nomor 36/PUU-X/2012 tanggal 13 November 2012 menyatakan bahwa terdapat 9 Pasal yang inkonstitusional dalam Undang-Undang Migas. Pasca putusan MK pemerintah dianggap tidak konsisten dalam melaksanakan putusan MK. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah pengelolaan usaha hulu minyak dan gas bumi pasca putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 36/PUU-X/2012 dalam rangka mencapai kemakmuran rakyat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah studi dokumen. Teknik analisis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengelolaan usaha hulu migas tidak dapat dipisahkan dari konsep hak menguasai negara, tindakan pemerintah dan tujuan Pasal 33 UUD 1945 yakni untuk mencapai kemakmuran rakyat. Oleh karena itu pengelolaan usaha hulu migas dikembalikan pada pemerintah dengan membentuk SKK Migas, namun SKK migas memiliki kesamaan dengan BP Migas yang dinyatakan inkonstitusional oleh MK sebelumnya.

Penerapan asas keadilan dalam penyelesaian tindak pidana kecelakaan lalu lintas yang menyebabkan kematian menjadi perhatian dan tanggung jawab bersama dan masih mengalami berbagai kendala. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Yuridis Normatif yang didukung pendekatan Yuridis Empiris. Penerapan asas keadilan dalam penyelesaian tindak pidana lalu lintas yang menyebabkan kematian oleh Satlantas Polres Solok Kota yaitu dilaksanakan oleh Penyidik pada tahap penyidikan dengan adanya surat perjanjian perdamaian antara pihak keluarga pelaku dan korban. penerapan keadilan restoratif diterapkan setelah melalui mekanisme Gelar Perkara khusus sebagai dasar bagi Penyidik untuk mengeluarkan Surat Perintah Penghentian Penyidikan dan Surat Ketetapan Penghentian Penyidikan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum dalam penanganan perkara. Kendala-kendala penerapan asas keadilan dalam penyelesaian tindak pidana lalu lintas yang menyebabkan kematian oleh Satlatas Polres Solok Kota yaitu terdiri dari faktor penegak hukum, faktor substansi hukum dan faktor budaya hukum. Faktor penegak hukum yaitu pemahaman Penyidik Polres Solok Kota terhadap ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku berkaitan dengan penyelidikan dan penyidikan. Faktor substansi hukum yaitu materi peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang penerapan keadilan. Dan Faktor budaya hukum berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai, sikap, perilaku setiap individu dalam masyarakat yang menjadi pandangan atau pedoman dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk menyelesaikan perkara kecelakaan lalu lintas melalui penerapan keadilan.

Menurut Pasal 10 Ayat (6) Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan di Daerah, Bupati/wali kota selaku ketua Forkopimda kabupaten/kota dapat mengikutsertakan Ketua Pengadilan Negeri sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi objektif daerah. Sesuai dengan aturan ini, Bupati Kabupaten Pasaman Barat dalam Surat Keputusan Nomor: 188.45/529/BUP-PASBAR/2022 telah menetapkan Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat sebagai Anggota Forkopimda Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Seharusnya, Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat, tidak terlibat dalam urusan pemerintahan daerah karena hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi independensi pengadilan Pasaman Barat sebagai Badan Peradilan Indonesia. Permasalahan yang diteliti adalah Pertama, Bagaimanakah relevansi keanggotaan Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat sebagai anggota Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah di Pasaman Barat dengan Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman? Kedua, Bagaimanakah Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat sebagai anggota Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah menjalankan fungsi koordinasi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan di daerah dikaitkan dengan Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman?Spesifikasi penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif yang didukung dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris dengan penelitian kelapangan yaitu di Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dan data primer. Kedua Data dianalisis secara kualitatif dan disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pembahasan dan analisis disimpulkan Pertama, Relevansi Keanggotaan Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat dalam Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah di Pasaman Barat secara konseptual, konstitusional, fungsional, personal maupun praktis bertentangan dengan independensi kekuasaan kehakiman karena dalam Kekuasaan kehakiman telah dijelaskan bahwa hakim tidak dibenarkan terlibat dalam urusan politik. Akan tetapi dalam praktiknya, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat sebagai anggota dalam Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah di Pasaman Barat tidak terlihat melanggar independensi kekuasaan kehakiman. Kedua, Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat sebagai anggota Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah dalam menjalankan Fungsi Koordinasi Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan di Daerah dikaitkan dengan Independensi Kekuasaan Kehakiman terlihat berhati-hati dalam menjalankan fungsinya. Peran Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Pasaman Barat dalam Forum Koordinasi Pimpinan Daerah di Pasaman Barat hanya sebatas pemberi masukan kepada pemerintah Kabupaten Pasaman Barat bukan sebagai penentu kebijakan.

Dalam penerapan hukuman disiplin perlu adanya tata tertib yang wajib dipatuhi oleh setiap narapidana dan tahanan serta mekanisme penjatuhan hukuman disiplin. Pasal 1 ayat (7) Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan HAM No. 6 Tahun 2013 tentang Tata Tertib Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan Rumah Tahanan Negara, yang dimaksud dengan hukuman disiplin adalah hukuman yang dijatuhkan kepada Narapidana atau Tahanan sebagai akibat melakukan perbuatan yang melanggar tata tertib Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan Rumah Tahanan Negara. Selanjutnya pasal 4 huruf (n) menyebutkan bahwa Setiap Narapidana atau Tahanan dilarang melakukan tindakan kekerasan, baik kekerasan fisik maupun psikis, terhadap sesama Narapidana, Tahanan, Petugas Pemasyarakatan, atau tamu/pengunjung. Peraturan Menteri ini menjadi acuan bahwa untuk menjamin terselenggaranya tertib kehidupan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan dan Rumah Tahanan Negara dan agar terlaksananya pembinaan narapidana dan pelayanan tahanan perlu adanya tata tertib yang wajib dipatuhi oleh setiap narapidana dan tahanan beserta mekanisme penjatuhan hukuman disiplin.

Perkembangan fasilitas teknologi mempermudah manusia untuk memanfaatkan berbagai sarana platform digital yang ada termasuk platform User Generated Conten (UCG). Namun, disamping berbagai dampak positif yang ada ternyata juga membawa dampak negatif berupa maraknya pelanggaran hak cipta karya seni musik dan lagu. Tidak adanya pengaturan hukum yang jelas dan tegas bagi perlindungan karya seni dan lagu yang dimanfaatkan melalui sarana platform digital berbasis UGC ini, hal ini tentu bisa menimbulkan kerumitan dalam penegakan hukum bagi pihak-pihak yang tidak bertanggung jawab atas pemanfaatan karya seni dan lagu. Adapun fokus permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah “bagaimana pengaturan perlindungan hak cipta karya musik dan lagu di dalam digital services platform berdasarkan Undang-Undang Hak Cipta (UUHC) dan bagaimana perlindungan hak cipta karya seni musik dan lagu di dalam digital services platform berbasis UGC berdasarkan UUHC”. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yang sumber datanya berbasis pada data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di dalam UUHC masih terdapat kokosongan norma yang mengatur mengenai perlindungan atas pemanfaatan layanan digital platform yang berbasis UGC termasuk pasal-pasal yang mengatur mengenai penegakan hukumnya. Oleh karena itu, penting bagi pemerintah untuk dapat melakukan revisi dan evaluasi terhadap beberap pasal yang relevan di dalam UUHC khususnya terhadap pasal 10 dan pasal 114. Hal ini penting guna memberikan perlindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum terhadap hak ekslusif pencipta dan pemegang hak cipta.

Pelaksanaan sistem E-Katalog dalam Pengadaan Pekerjaan Konstruksi Pada Balai Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan cara memuat daftar, jenis, spesifikasi teknis dan harga barang/jasa tertentu. Pihak yang Menyampaikan Usulan Usulan pencantuman Barang/Jasa. Penyampaian Usulan Kebutuhan Barang/Jasa Oleh Kementerian/ Lembaga/Institusi. Apabila barang/Jasa sebagaimana dimaksud tidak layak untuk dicantumkan dalam Katalog Elektronik maka LKPP menyampaikan surat penolakan kepada Pimpinan Institusi. Berdasarkan hasil proses pemilihan, LKPP membuat Surat Penetapan Barang/Jasa yang akan dicantumkan dalam Katalog Elektronik dengan ketentuan: LKPP mengkaji dan menilai prosedur pemilihan. Pengaruh Sistem E-Katalog dalam pengadaan pekerjaan konstruksi pada balai pelaksanaan jalan nasional Provinsi Sumatera Barat terhadap persaingan usaha menimbulkan kompetisi yang terjadi antara perusahaan berlangsung tanpa adanya tindakan kriminal. Persaingan secara sehat ini menjamin untuk mengedepankan etika bisnis. akses pasar berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Prinsip Akuntabel Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah. Secara parsial persaingan bisnis tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Prinsip Akuntabel Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah pada proses e katalog. Pengaruh Sistem E-Katalog Dalam Pengadaan Pekerjaan Konstruksi Pada Balai Pelaksanaan Jalan Nasional Provinsi Sumatera Barat Terhadap Persaingan Usaha telah sesuai dengan prinsip Persaingan usaha yakni prinsip Persaingan sehat atau healthy competition, dimana Persaingan sehat memiliki ciri-ciri menjamin persaingan di pasar yang berhubungan erat dengan pencapaian efisiensi seperti pengaruh dari sistem E- katalog yang dijalankan.

Politik memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap aturan-aturan hukum dalam praktik ketatanegaraan. Sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan, hal itu sebagai konsekuensi atas perubahan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (UUD 1945). Amandemen UUD 1945 merupakan reformasi konstitusi yang telah mengubah struktur ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Pasang surut konfigurasi politik berimplikasi terhadap perkembangan kelembagaan lembaga negara yang hendak dan sedang dibangun, termasuk lembaga negara yang berada pada arah melaksanakan fungsi kekuasaan kehakiman. Mahkamah Agung (MA) adalah salah satu lembaga negara yang menjalankan fungsi yudikatif. Sejarah kekuasaan eksekutif di Indonesia sejak masa kemerdekaan, Konstitusi RIS, masa UUDS hingga Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 dan pada rezim orde baru selalu berada di bawah naungan kekuasaan eksekutif dalam hal ini kekuasaan Presiden. Setelah pemerintahan Orde Baru jatuh melalui reformasi pada bulan Mei tahun 1998, semua produk hukum era Orde Baru yang bersifat konservatif segera diubah. Perubahan terhadap cabang kekuasaan Yudikatif dimaksudkan demi menciptakan kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka. Tuntutan reformasi terhadap kekuasaan Yudikatif muncul, karena ditenggarai kegalauan terhadap kondisi peradilan Indonesia yang masih mencari tatanan terbaik dalam sistem ketatanegaraan

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis terkait Ratio Decidendi Majelis Pengawas Notaris,terhadap notaris yang tidak membacakan aktanya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui mendeskripsikan, menganalisis dan mengetahui, Ratio Decidendi (alasan) terhadap Putusan No 873/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Sby tentang akta yang tidak dibacakan oleh notaris. Kemudian untuk mengetahui, mendeskripsikan, dan menganalisis kedudukan undang-undang jabatan notaris terhadap tanggung jawab pejabat notaris berdasarkan Putusan No 873/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Sby. Serta untuk mengetahui, mendeskripsikan, dan menganalisis bagaimana penegakan hukum berdasarkan Putusan No 873/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Sby terkait Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan Undang-Undang dan pendekatan konseptual dengan teknik penelusuran bahan hukum studi kepustakaan. Teknis analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teknik interpretasi yang digunakan adalah interpretasi sistematis. Hasil Penelitian menyimpulkan pelaksanaan putusan dengan gugatan tidak dapat diterima (Niet Ontvankelijk verklaard) mengenai Perkara Nomor 873/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Sby Putusan dengan gugatan yang tidak dapat diterima merupakan kesalahan penggugat dalam merumuskan gugatannya. Hal ini juga merupakan bagian dari kelalaian pengadilan dalam melaksanakan amanat Pasal 119 HIR/143 Rbg konstitusi yang memberikan kewenangan kepada ketua pengadilan negeri untuk memberikan nasehat dan bantuan kepada para pihak untuk mencegah terjadinya gugatan tidak sempurna. Bahwa konsekuensi hukumnya apabila akta yang tidak dibacakan tidak memenuhi ketentuan dalam Pasal 16 ayat (9) Undang- undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 adalah terdegradasinya kekuatan hukum akta yang dibuat oleh Notaris, dimana kekuakatan hukumnya menjadi akta dibawah tangan. Dalam pertanggung jawaban Notaris atas akta yang tidak dibacakan Notaris sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal 16 ayat (1) huruf m Undang-undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 adalah tanggung jawab secara perdata terhadap kebenaran materiil akta yang dibuatnya karena menimbulkan kerugian secara materiil terhadap penghadap. Tanggung jawab Notaris berdasarkan Peraturan Jabatan Notaris seperti yang telah tertuang dalam UUJN dan tanggungjawab Notaris berdasarkan Kode Etik Notaris.

Sistem yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan individu adalah layanan informasi manajemen rumah sakit. Tindakan hukum harus diambil untuk memastikan bahwa sistem tersebut aman dan terlindungi dari ancaman luar yang dapat membahayakan fungsinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami perlindungan hukum terhadap privasi pasien terkait data pribadi. Pendekatan hukum normatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan penekanan pada inventarisasi hukum positif, doktrin hukum, dan asas-asas. Analisis ini menyimpulkan bahwa salah satu peraturan perundang-undangan kesehatan, yaitu Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 269 Tahun 2008 tentang Penyelenggaraan Rekam Medis, hanya mengacu pada data elektronik sebagai salah satu jenis data pasien dan tidak mengatur sistem keamanannya. Meskipun bukan langsung berkaitan dengan kesehatan, akan tetapi Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi juga dinilai mampu menjawab system pengamanan data pasien

Cita-cita pemerintah dalam hal pengembangan Infrastruktur di Indonesia mengalami tantangan besar. Pengembangan infrastruktur memiliki visi utama yaitu pembangunan nasional yang bertujuan mewujudkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan dan inklusif. Data The Global Competitiveness Report tahun 2019 menyatakan bahwa daya saing infrastruktur Indonesia masih tertinggal jauh dari negara-negara lain di dunia. Pemerintah Indonesia melakukan trobosan untuk percepatan perkembangan infrastruktur didaerah Sumatera melalui Pembangunan Jalan Tol Trans Sumatera (“JTTS”). Dalam hal ini PT Hutama Karya (Persero) (“PTHK”) melalui Peraturan Presiden Nomor 117 Tahun 2015 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 100 Tahun 2014 tentang Percepatan Pembangunan Jalan Tol di Sumatera ditunjuk oleh Pemerintah untuk melakukan pengusahaan jalan tol 24 Ruas Jalan Tol JTTS tsersebut yang dinilai layak ekonomi namun secara keseluruhan tidak layak finansial. Dalam ruas jalan tol yang sudah terbangun dan teroperasikan PTHK menghadapi resiko negative cashflow akibat rendahnya volume Lalulintas Harian (“LHR”). Hal ini mendorong aksi korporasi berupa Asset Recycling atas ruas terbangun dan yang sudah beroperasi untuk melanjutkan konstruksi ruas-ruas selanjutnya. Bagaimana ketetapan hukum PTHK sebagai badan usaha yang melakukan pengusahaan jalan tol yang layak ekonomi namun tidak layak finansial? serta bagaimana hukum Indonesia mengatur Asset Recycling BUMN?

Profesi Notaris mempunyai kedudukan yang penting dalam hal pembuatan akta pendirian suatu Perseroan Terbatas Perusahaan (PT) yang berbasis Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA). Akta yang dibuat oleh Notaris dapat menjadi dasar hukum atas statusnya harta benda, hak dan kewajiban seseorang. Kesalahan dalam suatu akta notaris dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya hak seseorang atau orang yang dibebani suatu kewajiban. Pembuatan akta itu berada di bawah wewenang dan kuasa Notaris. Termasuk juga dalam pembuatan akta pendirian Perseroan Terbatas yang berbasis Asing Langsung Penanaman Modal (PMA) itu sendiri. Metode penelitian hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis empiris yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan atau ditujukan pada wawancara dan peraturan tertulis dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif analisis yaitu suatu metode yang berfungsi untuk menggambarkan atau memberikan gambaran mengenai objek yang diteliti. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan analisis data kuantitatif. Peraturan dalam pelaksanaan kewenangan pembuatan akta Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) ini tidak ada pasal yang mengaturnya kewajiban melegalkan dokumen yang dibuat di luar negeri hanya berdasarkan peraturan Menteri Luar Negeri. Untuk dokumen seperti surat kuasa, namun hal itu diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Luar Negeri No. 09/A/KP/XII/2006/01 tanggal 28 Desember 2006 (poin 68) tentang Legalisasi Dokumen.

The subject of this study is an analysis of different normative solutions and degrees of institutionalization of the role of the opposition in parliaments across a number of European states, ranging from stipulation in the parliamentary rules of procedure to formal recognition of the opposition in the constitution of the state. Balance of the parliamentary political power as well as acknowledgement of the legitimate role of opposition ensures prerequisites for democratic social dialogue and active participation of responsible citizens in the processes of strengthening institutions of representative democracy. Therefore, only consensual political culture contributes to the political trust that citizens place in political institutions. Although there is no universally adopted model that defines the role of the parliamentary majority and opposition, it is undeniable that the post-democracy era requires a redefinition of basic concepts, such as parliamentary majority and opposition, as well as the role of parliament. The scope of the analysis is limited to a comparative overview of constitutional solutions that guarantee the rights of the opposition and the legal framework regulating the part of the rights of parliamentary opposition, which are realized in the process of creating policies. The aim of the paper is to strengthen mechanisms of parliamentary democracy and, in particular, to strengthen trust in the work of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, as only through the effective implementation of European experiences can public trust be built and standards of political culture be improved. Methodologically, the comparative approach is complemented by the analysis of comments and interpretations of constitutional acts, laws, rules of procedure, as well as recommendations of the Venice Commission.

The national policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), between the two world wars, was formulated under the direct influence of the Comintern and was therefore subject to sudden and radical changes in the foreign policy of the USSR. Thus, in accordance with the foreign policy interests of the first socialist state, the national policy of the CPY ranged from demands for the disintegration of the Yugoslav kingdom to insisting on its constitutional reorganization. Within the federalist concept of the CPY, Vojvodina, as a “historical, geographical, and economic entity,” was also envisaged to have the status of a federal unit, with occasional and conditional acceptance of its autonomous status. Although based on a different ideological matrix, the arguments used by the communists to justify the need for a special constitutional status for Vojvodina were identical to the demands of the Croatian political movement and a segment of the civic opposition in the Vojvodina Front, which the CPY formally supported in the mid-1930s. Despite the fact that autonomist and federalist projects for Vojvodina were not widely supported by either the Serbs or its national minorities for various reasons, Vojvodina became an autonomous province when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, at the end of World War II, established a federal Yugoslavia in the context of agreements among the interested major powers.

Hermeneutics, or interpretation, can be defined as a procedure to clarify something that is incomprehensible, unclear or insufficiently understandable, insufficiently clear, and to interpret it to the level of comprehensibility. Hermeneutics can rightfully be called the art of understanding. Legal hermeneutics as an art is, in principle, a very complex process that can also be characterized as a process requiring the application of knowledge from various scientific fields. Legal knowledge, in the specific case of interpreting legal norms by procedural bodies, cannot be disputed. However, legal knowledge is not always sufficient to ensure adequate interpretation and application of law in a given case. The need for legal hermeneutics arises in situations where there is a discrepancy between the spirit and letter of a legal norm, when the legal norm is unclear, contradictory, ambiguous, or even polysemous, and of course, in situations where there is an absence of legal norms regulating a specific issue. The above indicates the importance and dimension of the application of legal hermeneutics as a timeless skill in the field of law and the application of legal norms. In line with the topic, the paper analyzes several important questions: how to define the term legal hermeneutics, what are the reasons leading to the need for legal hermeneutics, and finally, which characteristic forms of legal hermeneutics can be singled out and presented more closely, according to the criterion of means or methods of interpretation.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the legal obligations to update digital products within the context of contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services. Through a legal analysis of the provisions of the German Civil Code relevant to this obligation, the study explores the specificities that make this requirement distinctive for digital products. The research methodology includes a qualitative analysis of legal texts and relevant literature to identify key elements and challenges in the implementation of the obligation to update. The findings reveal that suppliers are legally obliged to provide updates for digital products even when such an obligation is not explicitly stipulated in the contract. This research contributes to a better understanding of the legal aspects of updating digital products and provides a foundation for future legislative initiatives and practical guidelines for suppliers.

In our region, multi-ethnicity, multi-confessionalism, and multilingualism are common phenomena, and therefore the challenges they face are not exceptions. With the emancipation and transition of countries in the region, accession to the European Union, states have brought new legislative frameworks in which they have recognized long- standing personal characteristics of their citizens, provided protection for these characteristics, and criminalized attacks based on these personal characteristics, as well as incitement of hatred and intolerance based on the same. This paper presents the criminal offense of inciting national, racial, and religious hatred and intolerance, within the framework of constitutional and particularly criminal law. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the legal framework and the provision of the offense in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, the actions and methods of committing this criminal offense. Additionally, attention is given to the analysis of motives and reasons, as well as the consequences of committing this offense, questions of causality and possibilities of concurrence with other criminal offenses. Some important characteristics of this criminal offense are also discussed, such as: place, object, time, perpetrator, and form of guilt for the execution of the crime.

Underage marriages represent a specific form of marriage, established between underage partners, one or both of whom are minors. Underage marriage is a complex social phenomenon that withstands social changes, highlighting the relevance of this topic. The aim of the research of this paper is to look at the legal solutions concerning underage marriage in the Republic of Serbia with special reference to the legislations of France, England, Germany, Romania and Poland. By using the normative method, the authors will analyze the provisions of the most important laws that are relevant to the topic in the mentioned countries, while comparative analysis will reveal similarities and differences on issues related to underage marriage. Drawing on research that has examined the prevalence of underage marriages worldwide, the authors will present these findings to gain insights into the “real-life” situation, i.e., the prevalence of these marriages.

E-commerce has an increasing importance in the world and every year the volume of e-commerce in the world and in all individual countries increases, and Serbia is no exception in this sense. It is the result of the fact that more and more advanced devices (mobile phones, smart watches, computers, tablets) are more and more available, then faster and faster internet and the increasing presence of payment cards and the increasing security of online payments. During the pandemic and lockdown, shopping suddenly became electronic, and the growth was huge – companies were pressured to make rapid digitalization, and although the post-pandemic trend is such that the growth of e-commerce has decreased, it has remained at a high level and is growing. In Serbia, trends follow similar paths. The growth in Serbia coincides with the trend of increasing online trade transactions, as well as increasing the share of mobile transactions. On the other hand, the Serbian market is specific in that the largest niche is occupied by fashion and not books and music as in the West, and the largest supplier is China. Taking over the market from classic, physical stores is not expected. The take-up percentage is too small, unless there is a big shift in the coming years, i.e. unless Generation Z comes to a dominant position with completely different buying habits and suddenly reverses the tendencies, which is very possible.