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The stringent emission norms for ultra-low emission vehicle pose challenging problems on automotive exhaust gas treatment. When engine starts, the catalytic converter does almost nothing to reduce emission characteristics, until it is desirably heated. Preheating the catalytic converter is a noble technique to reduce exhaust emissions. Present work lays the method of low temperature conduct of the converter, when the mainstream of the emissions befalls. The test was conducted on a four-cylinder, spark-ignition engine in order to enhance the performance of the catalytic convertor when heated two minutes prior to engine start, through a heating gun actuated with a radio key at around 500K. The values of HC and CO were measured at idling rpm using MRU DELTA 1600L exhaust gas analyser and NOx values were measured using CRYPTON 295 five-gas analyser. Preheating Catalytic Convertor (CC), results in reduction of CO (58.82%), HC (47.01%) and NOx (36.36%) at engine start-up condition; when compared with exhaust of CC at 1500rpm, employed without heating gun. Similar trends of reduction of exhaust emissions were found at 2000 and 2500rpm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AISI P20 tool steel is commonly used for engineering of die holders, rails, plastic molds, wear strips, bolsters, shafts, and backers. When normally heated and sub-cooled, it experiences metallurgical modifications. Because the essential aspect of the "wire-electro discharge machine (WEDM)" is product finishing, this research examines the parametric responses when machining parent metal and sub-cooled metal (AISI P20). Thus, it is always necessary to choose a proper parametric arrangement for reaching maximum material removal rate (MRR), cutting speed with minimum surface roughness (SR), and kerf width. The effects of pulse on time, wire speed, discharge current, wire tension, and flushing pressure on individual machining reactions are also discussed in this study. An orthogonal array was created using Taguchi's mixed experimental approach. The measurement alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method, the Honey Badger Algorithm, and the Taguchi-MARCOS method are engaged to obtain the important machining constraints and the optimal parametric settings for each response. When compared to the parent material, sub-cooled material has a greater cutting speed, SR, kerf breadth, and MRR. Here, cutting speed, MRR, and fitness were maximized along with minimization of SR and kerf width using the Honey Badger Algorithm as compared to both the MARCOS and Taguchi-MARCOS methods. According to ANOVA, for both parent and sub-cooled material, discharge current was the most significant and influential factor. The sub-cooled material's machined surface contains smaller deposits and more spherical globules than the parent material, which has bigger melted deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for an effective solution to improve performance and emission characteristics of internal combustion (IC) engines used in the commercial sector is regarded as one of the most important and essential issues in recent years due to increasing levels of pollution. Nanoparticles with their additive ability to increase fuel reactivity and atomization, due to their large surface area and high heat transfer coefficient, can improve the performance and emission characteristics of a fuel. This review highlights the use of nanoparticles as fuel additives to enhance the emission and performance characteristics of IC engines. Detailed comparisons of performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of IC engines using fuels blended with nanoparticles have been done. Nanoparticles were observed to be an oxygen buffer for fuel combustion and boost fuel atomization, thus enhancing engine performance. While alumina exhibited a decrease in levels of HC and CO but a considerable increase in NOx, graphene nanoparticles and ceria were found to be particularly effective in enhancing engine performance. Detailed study has been done on other nanoparticles, including metal‐oxide, nonmetal‐oxide as well as carbon nanoparticles. Overall, the use of nanoparticles can enhance the thermophysical characteristics of fuels, improving the emission and performance characteristics of engines. The review suggests that selecting the right dosage and variety of nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing engine performance, and thus directly helps in tackling the ongoing pollution problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of fresh water in many parts of the world has been dwindling as a result of both climate change and population increase. The worldwide transition away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energy sources is driven by the rising need for energy. As freshwater supplies dwindle worldwide, many desalination facilities will have to be built. One such energy source that is being investigated is geothermal energy. Conventional procedures are increasing in efficiency and decreasing in cost, while new desalination technologies are emerging. This article gives an outline of the global applications of geothermal energy. It offers a particular scenario for desalination using a geothermal source, which has the potential to be both energy- and pollution-free. Discussed in depth are the advantages of geothermal desalination over other methods, the current state of geothermal desalination across the world, the process of selecting desalination technologies, and the difficulties inherent in implementing desalination systems powered by geothermal sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]