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Proverbs and idioms are among the most important language and cultural treasures of a nation. Proverbs are concise and set phrases based on past and life experiences. Idioms are short-set phrases that contain figurative meanings. Proverbs and idioms, which are widely used in daily language, are also used in literary works. The use of proverbs and idioms in poetry enriches the meaning world of poetry. Many studies, especially dictionary studies, have been carried out to reveal the richness of Turkish at this point. Studies have been done on the identification and evaluation of proverbs and idioms in classical Turkish poetry texts based on a rich poetry tradition. In these studies, proverbs and idioms that can be identified from other poetry sources especially divans are generally discussed in terms of subject, content, style and linguistic aspects, taking into account the alphabetical order. In this study, a bibliography of studies such as papers, articles, dissertations, books and book chapters on proverbs and idioms in the field of classical Turkish poetry is presented. The general characteristics of the studies on proverbs and idioms, their statistical meanings, etc. are aimed to shed light on the following studies by making some evaluations on the points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to determine the utility of CD4 T lymphocyte counts and percentages and CD4/CD8 ratios as markers for the progression of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active tuberculosis (TB) infection in HIV-positive patients followed in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Polyclinic of our hospital. Methods: The files of 530 HIV-positive patients were retrospectively analyzed. "Tuberculin skin test" (TST) was applied after the anti-HIV test was positive. Asymptomatic patients with a TST =5 mm were considered TB negative, patients with a TST =5 mm were considered LTBI, and all symptomatic patients (fever, cough, night sweats, weight loss) regardless of TST result were considered as active TB infection. CD4 counts and percentages and CD4/CD8 ratios were calculated and the relationship between LTBI and active TB infection was evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test and independent sample t-test. Results: During the specified period, 530 patients were admitted to the HIV Outpatient Clinic. There were 43 (8.11%) patients in the LTBI group, of whom 4 (9.3%) were female and 39 (90.7%) were male. CD4 was <200 mm² in 7 (16.3%) patients and >200 mm² in 36 (83.7%) patients. The mean CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.55 (0.08-1.45). 21 (3.96%) patients had symptoms of fever, cough, night sweats and weight loss and were diagnosed with active TB infection. Among these patients, 1 (4.8%) was female and 20 (95.2%) were male. CD4 was <200 mm² in 5 (23.8%) patients and >200 mm² in 16 (76.2%) patients. The mean CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.38 (0.07-1.8). The difference in CD4 counts between patients with LTBI and active TB infection was not significant, but the difference in CD4/CD8 ratio was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Immune dysfunction that occurs in HIV and TB co-infection facilitates the activation of LTBI. While CD4 counts and CD4 percentages were not significant as risk markers, CD4/CD8 ratio was found as significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the vessel wall. It is usually limited to the skin but may rarely affect organs such as the kidney. A 58-year-old female patient presented with palpable petechiae-purpura on the skin after initiating metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Renal biopsy was performed due to hematuria and proteinuria. The renal biopsy showed proliferative glomerulonephritis. After other causes of vasculitis were excluded, a diagnosis of metformin-induced vasculitis was considered. The patient was started on methylprednisolone and azathioprine treatment. Skin findings disappeared completely after two months, and glomerulonephritis resolved at 9 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: We aim to determine whether chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b pigments in green vegetables and fruits have antigenotoxic effects against the MeIQx compound, which is frequently formed during the cooking of meat and meat products. In this study, the protective effects of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (0.5 and 1 µM) against the heterocyclic amine compound 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx, 4.69 µM, 9.38 µM, 23.45 µM) with somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster are investigated. Chronic applications are performed to transheterozygous larvae with respect to two recessive genes, mwh (multiple wing hair) and flr3 (flare), by using Drosophila strains. The genotoxic effects of MeIQx are primarily determined for third instars larvae. In antigenotoxicity studies, two different application groups are constituted. While for the first group doses of chlorophyll a, b, and MeIQx are given to the third instars larvae simultaneously, for the second group doses of MeIQx are applied at the third instars after doses of chlorophyll a and b are given to at the second instars larvae. Chlorophyll a and b are effective in reducing genotoxic effects of MeIQx by both applications on individuals and it is observed that the pretreatment method is much more effective than the simultaneous one. There are similar results for chlorophyll a and b in efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the effects of hypokalemia on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 pneumonia. Materials and Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, we recorded characteristics of hospitalized covid-19 pneumonia patients and laboratory test results on the first hospital day. Duration of hospitalization, requiring intensive care including mechanical ventilation and survival, were determined. Results: Our study included 185 patients and of them 111 male (60% male) patients with mean age of 64 ± 14.5 (23- 90). Patients were grouped as hypokalemic (16.8%) and normokalemic patients (83.2%). The number of diabetic patients was higher in the normokalemic group. Serum total protein and albumin levels were lower in hypokalemic group, while alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, blood pH and bicarbonate level were higher. In multiple logistic regression analyses, alkalosis increased risk of hypokalemia 5.73 times. Duration of hospitalization, requirement of intensive care and hospital mortality were similar in hypokalemia and normokalemia patients. Conclusion: In patients with Covid-19 pneumonia, hypokalemia has been found to be quite common as high as 16.8% at the first presentation. Hypokalemia was related to metabolic alkalosis but unrelated to the duration of hospitalization, requirement of intensive care including mechanical ventilation and hospital mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time in this innovative study, microorganisms such as Bacillus simplex bacteria, mostly used in biological activity studies, are used as a bio-supporter agent of iron to release hydrogen from sodium borohydride hydrolysis at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The goal is to investigate thoroughly sodium borohydride hydrolysis catalyzed by Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles impregnated on microorganism such as Bacillus simplex (BS) bacteria (Fe 2 O 3 @BS NPs) known with strong antibacterial properties, which makes innovative them a candidate for hydrolysis reaction. This study was focused on the preparation, identification, and catalytic use of biocatalyst-like Fe 2 O 3 @BS NPs for hydrogen release from the sodium borohydride hydrolysis at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The characterization results made after and before hydrolysis reaction using by SEM/SEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD, UV–vis, XPS, DLS, ELS Zeta potential, ESR, and TEM techniques reveal the formation of highly active, stable, durable, and long-lived biocatalysts-like Fe 2 O 3 @BS NPs. [Display omitted] • Green synthesis of biocatalyst-like Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles impregnated on Bacillus simplex. • Use of Bacillus simplex bacteria as bio-supporting agent for iron oxide nanoparticles. • In-depth characterization of biocatalyst-like Fe 2 O 3 @BS NPs. • Making Fe 2 O 3 @BS NPs candidates for the innovative sodium borohydride hydrolysis. • Detailed kinetic study of the catalytic sodium borohydride hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giriş: Bu çalışmada insan bağışıklık yetmezliği virüsü (HIV) nedeniyle polikliniğimizde takip edilen hastalarda AIDS tanımlayıcı hastalık sıklığını görmek amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: 2018-2023 yılları arasında hastanemiz enfeksiyon hastalıkları ve klinik mikrobiyoloji polikliniğine başvuran ve takipleri yapılan HIV pozitif hastalar geriye yönelik olarak incelendi. Hastaların ilk başvuru sırasında AIDS tanımlayıcı hastalık belirtileri, HIV-RNA ve CD4 sayıları, eşlik eden komorbid durumlar irdelendi. Bulgular: Yaşları 21 ile 66 arasında değişen, 5 (%10) kadın ve 45 (%90) erkek, HIV tanımlayıcı hastalık olan 50 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. En sık görülen AIDS tanımlayıcı hastalık Pneumocystis jirovecii (n=19, %38) pnömonisiydi. Bunu sırasıyla lenfoma (n=9, %18), sifilitik üveit (n=7, %14), Kaposi sarkomu (n=7, %14), kandida özefajiti (n=6, %12), toksoplazma keratit ve ensefaliti (n=2, %4), kriptokok menenjiti (n=2, %4), sitomegalovirüs retiniti (n=2, %4) ve bir hastada progresif multifokal lökoensefalopati idi. Hastaların 5'inde (%10) birden fazla HIV tanımlayıcı hastalık mevcuttu. HIV-RNA düzeyi 0-14093638 kopya/ml (ortalama: 1158750 kopya/ml) arasında ve CD4 sayısı 1-1314/μl (356) arasında değişmekteydi (hastalık gruplarına göre HIV-RNA ve CD4 sayıları ve ortalamaları Tablo 1'de özetlenmiştir). Sonuç: AIDS tanımlayıcı hastalıklar neoplazmlar, viral, bakteriyel, parazitik, fungal enfeksiyonlar şeklinde karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Farklı şikayetlerle başvuru yapan hastalarda tanımlayıcı hastalıkların varlığı HIV enfeksiyonunu düşündürmeli ve gerekli tetkikleri istenmelidir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of vascular injuries during cholecystectomy is reported as 0-2% in different series. The liver bed is a potential area that some serious bleeding can occur. It is well-known that middle hepatic vein is very close to gallbladder. It can be injured specially in patients with acute or chronic cholecystitis. We presented two patients, in which middle hepatic vein was detected very near to gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two operations were done without any bleeding complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of left ventricular geometric patterns in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods: A total of 162 patients (100 males) with stage 2--5 CKD were included in the study. Patient age was between 17 and 79 years. Left ventricular geometry (LVG) patterns were calculated as left ventricular normal geometry (LVNG), left ventricular concentric remodeling (LVCR), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (cLVH) and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (eLVH) by echocardiographic parameters. Results: The incidence of LVH was 45.1%. LVG patterns were found as follows: eLVH in patients 18(11.1%), cLVH in 42(25.9%), LVCR in 51(31.5%), and LVNG 51(31.5%). LVNG was found 10.38% and 34.27% in CKD stage 2 and dialysis, respectively. LVCR was as high as 62.3% in CKD stage2. cLVH and eLVH were found as 35.92% and 29.13% in stage 5 non-dialysis and dialysis, respectively. There was a relationship between clinical characteristics and LVG as follows age and GFR with LVCR, HbA1C and serum levels of albumin and sodium with cLVH, and age and serum albumin with eLVH Conclusions: In our CKD patients, abnormal LVG was found as earlier as CKD stage 2. The incidence of cLVH and eLVH was higher in advanced stages of CKD. Nontraditional factors such as volume status and nutrition were also crucial for left ventricular remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common pathologies in emergency surgery practice. While many patients apply with classical symptoms and physical examination findings, some patients experience diagnostic difficulties. The files of 58 patients who were operated in our clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of acute appendicitis were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnosis of the patients was made by history, physical examination, laboratory values and imaging method results. The patients were divided into groups as negative appendectomy, non-complicated and complicated appendicitis according to the operation findings and pathology results. When laboratory parameters were examined, the difference between patients with negative appendectomy and those with positive appendectomy was statistically significant for leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, CRP level, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR and platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR). As a result of our study; In complicated and noncomplicated appendicitis cases, NLR (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) and PLR (Platelet lymphocyte ratio) can be used as a strong diagnostic marker in cases of inflammatory process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, The divan of Bâkî, one of the poets of classical Turkish literature of the 16th century, was evaluated in the context of literary arts based on the world of words and concepts used by the poet. Considering that literary arts constitute an inseparable whole, it is tried to be determined in which direction the poet's concept preferences and on which points it focuses. This determination is the basis for evaluating the projection of the concepts used by the poet in the field of literary arts. The variety and orientation of the concepts used in the point of literary arts also gives an idea about the style of the poet and the world of poetry. Although we do not pursue a purpose on the basis of stylistics in the study, we believe that the determinations at this point will shed light on the understanding of Baki, one of the most important poets of the period and Turkish literature. The data presented at this point may also be a source for other studies. While the literary arts in the sofa are conveyed in accordance with the content of words, meanings and letters and writing arts, examples of the important reflections of the arts in the sofa are given, and a complete detailed casting is not made. The diversity of literary arts in the poet's divan will be important in terms of quantity and quality, and it is well understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate baseline parameters including platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as predictive value for mortality in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: In this study 129 patients undergoing hemodialysis more than 3 months, were evaluated for survival between 1999 and 2017. In the 3. Month of beginning of hemodialysis clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were separated into 2 groups as dead and living. After 30 excluded patients due to study criteria, 33 paients of the remaining 99 patients died and 66 were still undergoing hemodialysis. Results: The mean age of patients was 57 ± 18.9 years (13- 93), 46.5% (46) were female and mean hemodialysis vintage was 35.02 ± 30.44 months. According to Kaplan Meier, survival analysis PLR was significantly higher in hemodialysis patients who died compared to surviving hemodialysis patients but NLR was not different in hemodialysis patients who surviving or died. Multivariate Cox regression analysis model, correlated factors associated with mortality were PLR and serum sodium. Conclusion: Baseline PLR and serum sodium were found to be sensitive biomarkers for mortality. Baseline 3. hemodialysis month PLR of which is easily accessible, inexpensive and simple, can be a predictor of mortality at follow up period in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In hemodialysis patients, detection of left ventricul diastolic dysfunction as early as possible is critically important. The presystolic wave occurs in the left ventricul outflow tract and it’s associated with left ventricul stiffness and compliance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of presystolic wave in the detection of diastolic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, eighty hemodialysis patients and 88 healthy controls were included in the study. The laboratory parameters were tested before the dialysis. The conventional B-mode, pulsed doppler parameters, doppler tissue-imaging, and presystolic wave measurements were performed at echocardiography. Results: Presystolic wave was detected in 46.0% of patients and 18.1% of the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between patients in terms of MPI, mitral E and A wave velocity, E/A and e’/a’ ratio, deceleration time, septal a’ and e’ wave velocity, and Sao in either presence or absence of presystolic wave. In the univariate model, higher Eao velocity and septal E/e’ ratio, and reduced duration of hemodialysis were determined as risk factors for the presence of presystolic wave. Conclusion: The assessment of presystolic wave on echocardiography examination may provide important information about the left ventricul diastolic function. But we have demonstrated in this study that presystolic wave is not entirely associated with left ventricul diastolic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis transmitted through the urine of infected animals. Leptospira can be associated with respiratory, renal, hepatic and hematological complications and most importantly carries a high mortality when untreated. We present a rare cause of acute renal failure, acute hepatitis, hyperbilirubinemia and cold agglutinin disease occurring simultaneously with leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is defined as tumoral lesions located on peritoneal surface. In this study, we examined demographic findings, operational findings, early and late postoperative complications and survival times of our patients who underwent CRC + HIPEC due to PC. Between January 2013 to September 2017 patients operated due to gynecological, gastrointestinal PC or primary peritoneal mesothelioma were studied retrospectively. CRS+HIPEC was performed for treatment of PC. Demographic characteristics of patients, preoperative and intraoperative findings, postoperative early and late complications, and survival times were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed. Median follow-up and overall survival were calculated from the date of surgery until death, or last follow-up visit. A total of 6 women (75%) and 2 men (25%) aged between 40-75 years (mean age 54.3 years) were operated due to PC secondary to ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, or due to primary mesothelioma. Two patients developed morbidity at the postoperative period including pleural effusion, intraabdominal abscess, sepsis, wound dehiscence. Two patients were died in early period due to recurrence. This study presents outcomes of a very limited number of cases. CRC+HIPEC can be performed in a low volume center in selected patients with CC0 or CC1 resections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing analogies between abstract concepts and concrete ones in order to improve expression is common practice in literature and poetry. In classical Turkish poetry poetry, too, human-related abstract concepts have particularly been made concrete through analogies with other human-related concepts. Certain semantic relationships and points of similarity exist between the abstract and concrete concepts used in the analogy. In this study, couplets from religious and spiritual classical Turkish poetry poetry have been reviewed to spot the religious and spiritual concepts that have been likened to a horse. The identification and interpretation of these analogies are worthwhile considering the significance and cultural perception of the horse in human life particularly during ancient times. In this study, the uses of the horse analogy for religious and spiritual concepts have been demonstrated with examples. In addition, examples of the horse analogy in other concepts in classical Turkish poetry poetry have also been included. The process of making religious and spiritual abstract concepts concrete is related to the nature of a horse and the cultural importance and place of horses. The study has examined the use of the horse as an element in religious and spiritual texts in classical Turkish poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol Embolization Syndrome (CES) is a systemic disorder due to cholesterol crystal embolization from atherosclerotic plaques of the aorta and its major branches to the small arterioles, resulting in local ischemia and organ damage. The diagnosis is mostly missed, especially in dialysis patients. There is no definite treatment available and the mortality is relatively high. We present a hemodialysis patient with cholesterol embolization syndrome who developed discoloration of the toes and necrotic ulcers after coronary angiography and whose diagnosis was confirmed with skin biopsy, and discuss the case with literature information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several tumor markers have been studied for early diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors. While some of them are used in clinical practice, most are not cancer specific. CEA, AFP and CA 19-9 are most commonly used markers for gastrointestinal tumors. Pancreas adenocarcinoma is one of the serious malignities with a bad prognosis among gastrointestinal tumors. Most of the patients present with distant metastasis in time of diagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis is still an important problem. CA 19-9 is most commonly used tumor marker in clinical practice. CA 19-9 is not specific for pancreas cancer and also increased in other gastrointestinal malignities and benign pathologies. New tumor markers have been researched for early diagnosis of pancreas cancer in last years. Beside CA 19-9, some oncogens and micro RNA's are also still investigated. We aimed to summarize the diagnostic value of CA 19-9 and other tumor markers in pancreas adenocarcinoma with literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants, and their abundance in the entire ecosystem raises the question of how far is the impact of these MPs on the biota, humans, and the environment. Recent research has overemphasized the occurrence, characterization, and direct toxicity of MPs; however, determining and understanding their genotoxic effect is still limited. Thus, the present review addresses the genotoxic potential of these emerging contaminants in aquatic organisms and in human peripheral lymphocytes and identified the research gaps in this area. Several genotoxic endpoints were implicated, including the frequency of micronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB), nuclear buds (NBUD), DNA strand breaks, and the percentage of DNA in the tail (%Tail DNA). In addition, the mechanism of MPs-induced genotoxicity seems to be closely associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory responses, and DNA repair interference. However, the gathered information urges the need for more studies that present environmentally relevant conditions. Taken into consideration, the lifestyle changes within the COVID-19 pandemic, we discussed the impact of the pandemic on enhancing the genotoxic potential of MPs whether through increasing human exposure to MPs via inappropriate disposal and overconsumption of plastic-based products or by disrupting the defense system owing to unhealthy food and sleep deprivation as well as stress. Overall, this review provided a reference for the genotoxic effect of MPs, their mechanism of action, as well as the contribution of COVID-19 to increase the genotoxic risk of MPs. [Display omitted] • The genotoxic effects of MPs are determined in somatic cells of aquatic organisms and human peripheral lymphocytes. • The mechanism of MPs-induced genotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA repair disruption. • The COVID-19 pandemic contributes to the genotoxic potential of MPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, essential oils extracted from 2 species of oregano, Origanum onites L. and Origanum minutilorum O.Schwarz & P.H.Davis, were assayed for genotoxicity using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. Results indicated that there is no signiicant genotoxic efect of the 2 oils tested. In addition, the antigenotoxic activities of these oils against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were tested. Results indicated that essential oil cotreatments were able to abolish the genotoxic efects induced by the 2 metal compounds. It is suggested that the observed efects can be linked to the antioxidant properties of the selected essential oils. Moreover, these in vivo results will contribute to the antigenotoxicity database of the 2 Origanum species used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Stapled hemorrhoidectomy is an alternative surgical technique in hemorrhoid treatment. We studied the early and long term results of stapled hemorrhoidectomy. Material and Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2009, 44 patients (33 men and 11 women) with an average age of 43 years (range 25 to 72) underwent stapled hemorrhoidectomy for third or fourth degree hemorrhoids in Vakif Gureba Training Hospital. Data about pre and postoperative symptoms, operation details, early and late term complications, length of hospital stay and patient satisfaction scores were collected. Statistical data is evaluated with SSPS 13 for windows. Results: Hemorrhoids were third degree in 30 patients (68.1%) and fourth degree in 14 patients (31.9%). Rectal bleeding was the most common preoperative symptom [n=39 (88.6%)]. The other symptoms were perianal swelling [n=11 ( 25%)], pain [n=10 (22.7%)] and itching [n=2 (4.5%)]. Six patients were operated with findings of chronic anemia. Operation time was ranged between 15 to 75 minutes (average 26 minutes). There were no perioperative complication. Haemostatic sutures for mucosal bleeding were needed in 30 cases (68.1 %). Postoperative problems were observed in 14 patients. The most common problem was urinary retention which has been detected in 8 patients. Conclusion: Stapled hemorrhoidectomy is safe, effective surgical technique with low complication rates. It can be performed in ambulatory setting. The haemostatic suturing after firing of stapler is needed and advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lipid-peroxidation products are formed by the thermal treatment of foodstuffs, as well as by endogenous processes. In addition, they are also common environmental pollutants originating from many different sources. Since conflicting data exist on their possible risk for humans, we have selected four lipid-peroxidation products namely acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-hexenal (4-HHE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE) to determine their ability to induce mutagenicity in mammalian cells. There is an important lack of mutagenicity data on mammalian cells for such products, which presents an important gap for any risk-assessment estimation. We have used the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) to determine the mutagenic potential of these four compounds. This assay detects a broad spectrum of mutational events, from point mutations to chromosome alterations. The results obtained indicate that the four selected compounds are mutagenic in the MLA assay, showing a direct dose–effect relationship. The relative mutagenic potencies according to the induced mutant frequency (IMF) are as follows: crotonaldehyde (IMF=758.5×10−6), 4-ONE (IMF=700.5×10−6), acrolein (IMF=660.5×10−6) and 4-HHE (IMF=572×10−6). Although the differences between the induced mutant frequencies for these compounds are not very large, the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-oxo-2-nonenal turned out to be the agent most mutagenic. This is because its induced mutant frequency was reached after treatment with 10μM, while 50μM of the other compounds was needed to reach the reported frequencies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, the mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator naturally synthesized in plants but produced synthetically, and β-naphthoxyacetic acid (BNOA), a synthetic plant growth regulator widely used in agricultural regions, were investigated using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila wings. The effect of the same plant growth regulators against the proliferation and viability of a human immortalized embryonic kidney HEK293 cells which is at the early stage of carcinogenesis were also examined with MTT and trypan-blue exclusion assays. For the SMART assay, two different crosses were used: a standard and a high-bioactivation (HB) cross, involving the flare-3 and the multiple wing hairs markers. The HB cross involved flies characterized by an increased cytochrome P-450-dependent bioactivation capacity, which permits the more efficient biotransformation of promutagens and procarcinogens. In both crosses, the wings of the two types of progeny, inversion-free marker heterozygotes and balancer heterozygotes, were analyzed. The results show that IAA and BNOA are not mutagenic or recombinogenic in the wing cells of Drosophila. Furthermore, neither plant growth regulator affected the proliferation rate of HEK293 cells; however, both of them induced cell death at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Primary epiploic appendagitis (PEA) is a rare clinical entity. The patients are usually admitted to the emergency room with acute abdominal pain. It may mimic acute abdomen and causes unnecessary laparotomies. Most of the patients with PEA can be treated conservatively. We are presenting two patients diagnosed with PEA in this report. The patients presented with acute abdominal pain and findings of acute abdomen. The diagnosis was established with ultrasonography and computerized tomography. They were managed succesfully with conservative treatment. Surgery is indicated in case of unsuccesfull conservative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a recurrent disease characterized by inflammatory process effecting synovial membranes such as peritoneum, pericardium and joints. It usually presents with acute abdominal pain. Intestinal obstruction secondary to adhesions may be observed in FMF patients. Sometimes diagnosing intestinal obstruction can be a challenging problem. We were presented a patient with FMF and adhesive intestinal obstruction. He was operated on after 10 days of symptoms. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of the case discussed with literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a life-threatening clinical pathologic syndrome caused by a variety of diseases. We report a case of DAH related to therapy of warfarin use. In this case report, we present the diffuse alveolar hemorrhage case as a rare and life-threatening complication of warfarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Epoxy group-containing poly(GMA-HEMA-EGDMA) microspheres were prepared by suspension polymerisation. The epoxy groups of the poly(GMA-HEMA-EGDMA) microspheres were used for the covalent attachment of Candida rugosa lipase and 1,6-diaminohexane (i.e., spacer-arm). C. rugosa lipase was also covalently immobilised onto the spacer-arm-attached poly(GMA-HEMA-EGDMA) microspheres using glutaric dialdehyde as a coupling agent. The maximum lipase immobilization capacities of the poly(GMA-HEMA-EGDMA) and poly(GMA-HEMA-EGDMA)-spacer-arm attached microspheres were 16.1 and 28.3 mgg−1, respectively. The attachment of the spacer-arm resulted in an increase in the apparent activity of the immobilised lipase with respect to the enzyme immobilised via the epoxy groups of the microspheres. The activity yield of the lipase immobilised on the spacer-arm attached microspheres was up to 45%, and this was 9% for the enzyme immobilized through epoxy groups. Therefore, the rest of the immobilization study was carried out using only spacer-arm attached microspheres. The optimum temperature for lipase immobilised on the spacer-arm attached microspheres was 5 °C higher than that of the free enzyme and was also significantly broader. The immobilised lipase had better resistance to temperature inactivation than did the free form. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the present study, the herbicides bentazone, molinate, thiobencarb and trifluralin were evaluated for mutagenic and recombinagenic effects using the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster (somatic mutation and recombination test, SMART). Both standard (ST) and high-bioactivation (HB) fly crosses were used, the latter cross is characterised by a high sensitivity to promutagens and procarcinogens. Three-day-old larvae, transheterozygous for the multiple wing hairs (mwh, 3–0.3) and flare-3 (flr3, 3–38.8) genes, were chronically fed with six different concentrations of each herbicide. Feeding ended with pupation of the surviving larvae and the genetic changes induced in somatic cells of the wing’s imaginal discs lead to the formation of mutant clones on the wing blade. Point mutation, chromosome breakage and mitotic recombination produce single spots; while twin spots are produced only by mitotic recombination. Bentazone, usually considered as a non-mutagen, gave positive results in the wing spot test with the high-bioactivation cross. Molinate, about which information on mutagenic effects is inconclusive, gave positive responses in both the standard and the high-bioactivation crosses, while the other thiocarbamate, thiobencarb, gave positive results only in the standard cross and at the highest concentration tested (10 mM). Finally, trifluralin, one of the most widely studied herbicides for genotoxic effects, gave positive results in the wing spot test with both crosses. Apart from the interest of the results found in the genotoxic evaluation of the four selected herbicides, our results also contribute to extend the existing database on the Drosophila wing spot test, and corroborate the utility of the use of high-bioactivation strains for the genotoxic evaluation of xenobiotics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The antimutagenic effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was investigated by using the Drosophila wing spot test. In this assay, 3-day-old transheterozygous larvae for the multiple wing hair (mwh, 3-0.3) and flare (flr, 3-38.8) genes were treated with 3 direct acting mutagens: ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and N-nitroso N-ethylurea (ENU). The results obtained from 3 reference mutagens were clearly genotoxic in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test. The calculated concentration of ascorbic acid as recommended dietary allowance (RDA) did not induce the frequency of the mutant clones recorded. When co-treatment experiments with ascorbic acid were carried out, ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the genotoxicity of the 3 direct acting mutagens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) to modulate the genotoxic action of several mutagens was investigated in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster. In this assay, 3-day-old transheterozygous larvae for the multiple wing hairs (mwh, 3-0.3) and flare (flr, 3-38.8) genes were treated with three reference mutagenic compounds, namely cobalt chloride (CoCl2), 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). The results obtained show that the three reference mutagens tested were clearly genotoxic in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). None of the three concentrations tested of ascorbic acid (25, 75 and 250 mM) induced significant increases in the frequency of the mutant clones recorded. When co-treatment experiments with ascorbic acid were carried out, different results were found. Thus, ascorbic acid was effective in reducing the genotoxicity of K2Cr2O7 virtually to the control level; on the contrary, it did not show any antigenotoxic effect on the genotoxicity of 4-NQO. Finally, co-treatments with CoCl2 and ascorbic acid show a significant increase in the frequency of mutant clones over the values obtained with CoCl2 alone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Interpenetration networks (IPNs) in membrane form were synthesized from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and chitosan (pHEMA/chitosan) via UV-initiated photo-polymerization in the presence of an initiator α,α’-azoisobutyronitrile. Procion Brown MX-5BR (PB MX-5BR) was covalently attached onto IPNs membrane as a metal chelating dye-ligand. Two different Lewis metal ions (Fe(III) or Cu(II)) were immobilized onto the dye-ligand for utilization in the immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The binding characteristics of a model protein (lysozyme) to IMAC adsorbents and selectivity of immobilized metal ions (Fe(III) and Cu(II)) to the lysozyme have been investigated from aqueous solution using the dye-ligand-attached IPNs membrane as a control system. The experimental data was analysed using the two adsorption kinetic models the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second order to determine the best-fit equation for the adsorption of lysozyme onto dye-ligand and IMAC adsorbents. The second-order equation for the adsorption of lysozyme on the dye-ligand, dye-ligand–Fe(III) and dye-ligand–Cu(II) membrane systems is the most appropriate equation to predict the adsorption capacity for all the tested adsorbents. The reversible lysozyme adsorption on the dye-ligand and IMAC adsorbents obeyed the Temkin isotherm. The lysozyme adsorption capacities of the dye-ligand, dye-ligand–Fe(III) and dye-ligand–Cu(II) immobilized IPNs membranes were 79.1, 147.4, and 128.2 mg ml−1, respectively. The adsorption of the lysozyme on the pHEMA/chitosan membrane plain was about 8.3 mg ml−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels are commonly employed as prognostic and inflammatory indices, given their ease in assessment, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we aimed to confirm the effectiveness of serum beta-2 microglobulin as a marker in geriatric patients and establish its role in frailty assessment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 81 participants aged>65 years. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels were compared with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, and vitamin D levels. To determine whether beta-2 microglobulin is an effective marker for frailty assessment, the study was divided into frail and non-frail patients, except for the acute infection group. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale Version 9, and quality of life was assessed using the Quality of Life Scale Short Form-36. Results: The mean age of the participants was 72.14±7.00 years. The frail group comprised 47.5% of the total patients. beta-2 microglobulin exhibited a strong positive correlation with C-reactive protein, Clinical Frailty Scale score, and comorbidity index, and a moderate positive correlation with Tumor Necrosis Factor-a and interleukin-6 levels. Conversely, beta-2 microglobulin and Short Form-36 exhibited a strong negative correlation. The Short Form-36 was the most effective in assessing changes in beta-2 microglobulin levels. The optimal beta-2 microglobulin cut-off value to assess frailty was 3.78 (sensitivity=75%; specificity=93.5%). Conclusion: In the geriatric population, we detected a significant association between increased beta-2 microglobulin levels and frailty, as well as a significant relationship with decreased quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has became a new treatment option in last years form any patients with peritoneal metastasis. In this case report, a 42 years old women was operated by gynecologists due to pelvic mass. On exploration, there was huge intraabdominal, omental mass with malignant appreance. There were multiple metastatic lesions on peritoneal surface sand in all colon mesentery. Subtotal colectomy, omentectomy, peritonectomy, splenectomy, cholecystectomy and resection of omentum minus were performed. After cytoreductive surgery, HIPEC with cisplatin was used. There were an intraabdominal abscess and pleural effusion which were treated hardly. In conclusion, CRS and HIPEC are becaming a more commonly performed treatment modalities in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. Pulmonary effusion and resistant intraabdominal infections can be important problems in postoperative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels are commonly employed as prognostic and inflammatory indices, given their ease in assessment, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we aimed to confirm the effectiveness of serum beta-2 microglobulin as a marker in geriatric patients and establish its role in frailty assessment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 81 participants aged>65 years. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels were compared with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, and vitamin D levels. To determine whether beta-2 microglobulin is an effective marker for frailty assessment, the study was divided into frail and non-frail patients, except for the acute infection group. Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale Version 9, and quality of life was assessed using the Quality of Life Scale Short Form-36. Results: The mean age of the participants was 72.14±7.00 years. The frail group comprised 47.5% of the total patients. beta-2 microglobulin exhibited a strong positive correlation with C-reactive protein, Clinical Frailty Scale score, and comorbidity index, and a moderate positive correlation with Tumor Necrosis Factor-a and interleukin-6 levels. Conversely, beta-2 microglobulin and Short Form-36 exhibited a strong negative correlation. The Short Form-36 was the most effective in assessing changes in beta-2 microglobulin levels. The optimal beta-2 microglobulin cut-off value to assess frailty was 3.78 (sensitivity=75%; specificity=93.5%). Conclusion: In the geriatric population, we detected a significant association between increased beta-2 microglobulin levels and frailty, as well as a significant relationship with decreased quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant duodenal ulcer perforations form the 1-2% of all perforations. The morbidity and mortality rates are high in these patients. The repair of these defects are difficult. Most of the time Graham duodenoraphy was used for repair. We are presenting two patients with giant duodenal ulcer perforations (larger than 2.5 cm) who were successfully treated with omental plug technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin is a biguanide group oral antidiabetic drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anorexia are the most common adverse effects encountered during treatment. Lactic acidosis is a serious side effect seen with metformin use, and while the incidence of lactic acidosis is similar to other oral antidiabetics, metformin is not recommended to patients with certain risk factors, such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal and liver failure. We describe a chronic hemodialysis patient treated with metformin, presenting to the nephrology department with altered mental status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital carotid–jugular (CJ) fistula of the neck is a very rare clinical entity that has various causes. The CJ fistulas are particularly prone to complications unlike other peripheral arteriovenous fistulas. The aim of this report is to present a case of a CJ fistula between the external carotid and the external jugular vein, which was successfully closed with detachable balloon by an endovascular approach. A 14-year-old child was admitted to our clinic with a pulsatile neck swelling. There was no previous history of trauma. A high-flow fistula between the external carotid and the external jugular vein was determined. The fistula was closed with detachable balloon by an endovascular approach. The postoperative angiogram demonstrated complete resolution of the fistula. Endovascular treatment of CJ fistulas with detachable balloons is a safe and less traumatic technique and may be an effective alternative to the open surgery in selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The milk-alkali syndrome (MAS) was a common cause of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and renal failure in the early 20th century. This syndrome was first recognized secondary to treatment of peptic ulcer disease with milk and absorbable alkali. Its incidence fell after the introduction of H2-blocker and proton pump inhibitor. Persistent ingestion of calcium carbonate and vitamin D caused MAS. We report a patient presenting with a triad of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal failure secondary to treatment of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoestrogens are xenoestrogens found in plants with a myriad of health benefits. However, various studies reported the genotoxic effects of these substances. Thus, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies published in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to evaluate the genotoxic and the genoprotective potential of phytoestrogens. Only studies written in English and intended to study commercially available phytoestrogens were included. The screening was performed manually. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of action of phytoestrogens was described. Around half of those studies (43%) reported genoprotective results. However, several studies revealed positive results for genotoxicity with specific model organisms and with dose/concentration dependence. The assessment of the selected articles showed substantial differences in the used concentrations and a biphasic response was recorded in some phytoestrogens. As far as we know, this is the first study to assess the genotoxic and genoprotective effects of phytoestrogens systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most antibacterial applications in nanotechnology are carried out using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, there is a dearth of information on the biological effects of AgNPs on human blood cells. In this study, the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of ionic silver (Ag+), AgNP, silver bromide (AgBr), silver chloride (AgCl), and silver iodide (AgI) were evaluated through chromosome aberration (CA) test and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) test in human cultured lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the potential damages that can cause to DNA were evaluated through alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay on isolated lymphocytes. The results showed that AgNPs exerted cytotoxic effects by reducing the cytokinesis-block proliferation index and mitotic index at 24 and 48 h. AgNPs also increased micronucleus (MN) formation at both exposure times in the cultured cells. Meanwhile, AgCl had no genotoxic effects on the human lymphocyte cultured cells but had a cytotoxic effect at high doses. AgNP, Ag+, AgBr, and AgI caused substantial DNA damage by forming DNA strand breaks. They may also have clastogenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cells. Based on the foregoing findings, silver nanomaterials may have genotoxic and cytotoxic potentials on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We aimed to evaluate neuroprotective effects of tocilizumab on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our study design was an experimental rabbit spinal cord I/R injury model, and the setting was at the Animal Research Laboratory, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey. Methods Twenty-four adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group 1, control group (n = 8); Group 2, I/R group, and Group 3 (n = 8) I/R injury + tocilizumab (4 mg/kg, ip) treatment group. Spinal cord I/R injury repair was performed by infrarenal aortic cross clamping. On neurologic evaluation, spinal cord tissue plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels were analyzed. Spinal cord neuronal damage score and apoptotic cell count were also investigated. Results I/R injury significantly increases the plasma and spinal cord tissue TNFα, TOS, TBARS, and IL-6 levels and decreases the plasma and spinal cord tissue TAS and IL-10 levels. Tocilizumab treatment significantly reduces the plasma and spinal cord tissue TNFα, TOS, TBARS, IL-6 levels and increases plasma and tissue TAS and IL-10 levels. I/R injury significantly increases spinal cord neuronal damage score and apoptotic cell count. Tocilizumab treatment significantly reduces spinal cord neuronal damage score and apoptotic cell count. Neurologic examination scores at 24, 48, and 72 hours were significantly better in the treatment group when compared with the I/R group. Conclusions This study shows significant neuroprotective effects of tocilizumab on rabbit spinal cord I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Splenic metastasis are rare malignant lesions. They are most commonly seen in late stages of malignancies with diffuse spread. Splenic metastasis in ovarian carcinomas have been reported in literature and splenectomy has been shown to be beneficial for these patients. We operated a patient due to splenic recurrence after 3 years withovarian carcinoma. Here we are presenting the case with literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The overconsumption of added sugars makes people vulnerable to a myriad of diseases. Several biochemical and developmental assays were performed in the current study to assess the effect of fructose on Drosophila melanogaster and to find substitutes for fructose by comparing it to well-known sweeteners. Drosophila was exposed separately to the same ratio of sugar 9.21% (w/v) of several types of sweeteners (sucrose, fructose, glucose syrup, high-fructose corn syrup and stevia). Results revealed that fructose might induce recombination, whereas stevia lacks genotoxic potential. No developmental delay, growth defects, or neurotoxic effects were recorded for any of the sweeteners. We also observed no striking differences in reactive oxygen species levels. Thus, stevia seems to be an alternative sweetener to fructose that can be consumed to reduce fructose-induced anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by abnormalities of the copper-transporting protein encoding gene ATP7B. Wilson's disease can cause various types of renal involvement. We present the case of a 56-year-old male liver transplant receiver patient who had proteinuria and cellulitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has been recognized to become a worldwide health concern at an alarming rate over time and to be more progressive and fatal in specific risk populations. This study aims to determine the clinical features of COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients (KTRxs) and contribute to the regulation of these patients' immunosuppressive treatments and COVID-19 treatment protocols. The trial comprised eleven KTRxs with COVID-19. Immunosuppressive treatments such as antimetabolite cessation, calcineurin inhibitor dosage adjustments based on blood levels, and low-dose corticosteroids were all controlled. All patients received antiviral medication and low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) as part of initial treatment. The steroid dose was then raised, and anti-cytokine therapies were provided in the setting of clinical worsening. The mean age of the patients was 50.3±11.2 years and 8 (73%) of them were male. The average time since transplantion was 6.82±3.34 years. Due to COVID-19 progression, the steroid dosage was raised in eight patients, anakinra and tocilizumab was added in five and one of the patients respectively. In five (%45) patients, the need for critical care arose and plasmapheresis was used in three of them. At the end of the follow-up, nine of our patients had made a complete recovery, whereas two (18.2%) had perished. Consistent with the literature, the data in presented study may also support the severe and fatal course of COVID-19 in KTRxs. It may be proposed that KTRxs with COVID-19 should be admitted to the hospital and constantly monitored, and certain effective management techniques should be initiated early depending on clinical circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are relatively rare neuroectodermal tumors that develop from choroid plexus epithelial cells and are usually restricted to the ventricles. Extraventricular CPPs are very unusual and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. A 50-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic complaining of headache and visual deterioration. Neurological examination found no abnormalities except decreased light perception and secondary optic atrophy in the left eye. Endocrine testing revealed normal levels of hormones produced by the pituitary and target glands. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a huge regular-shaped lesion in the sellar-suprasellar region occupying the sella turcica and extending into the suprasellar cistern and planum sphenoidale. The lesion was completely excised by microsurgery via an ordinary left-sided pterional approach. Histopathology identified the lesion as a choroid plexus papilloma. Following the case report, literature on the origin, differential diagnosis, and treatment of this rare tumor is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many studies about effects on health of compounds having azo groups in literature. However, anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phthalocyanines containing azo dyes are unknown. Therefore, the new metallophthalocyanines (M: Mn, Co, Zn) substituted with resorcinol azo dyes were synthesized and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties investigated. All phthalocyanines were synthesized by the microwave assisted method. The structures were characterized by elemental analysis, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, UV/vis, IR and Mass spectroscopy techniques. The antioxidant capacities were analyzed through radical scavenging of DPPH and chelating ability to ferrous cation. The highest DPPH activity was obtained from compounds ( 1c and 2c ) and the best ferrous ion chelating activity was determined from compound 2 . The antibiotic activities were evaluated by disc diffusion method. Compound 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against studied bacteria, but the other compounds had no significant antibacterial effect. Cytotoxicity, apoptotic and necrotic effects were examined on cancer cells MCF-7 and healthy fibroblast cells. Compounds 1 , 1a and 2a seem to be proper for the future cancer therapy researches. p K a values were determined by potentiometrically according to the half-neutralization method in N , N -dimethyl formamide. The effect of pH on the electronic absorption spectra of compounds ( 1 , 2 , 1c and 2c ) was reported. The newly synthesized compounds show positive solvatochromism behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is steadily spreading, leading to increased environmental exposures to many organisms, including humans. To improve our knowledge of this potential hazard, we have evaluated the genotoxic risk of cerium oxide (CeO2NPs) and magnesium oxide (MgONPs) nanoparticle exposures using Drosophila as an in vivo assay model. In this study, two well-known assays, such as the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (wing-spot assay) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis test (comet assay) were used. As a novelty, and for the first time, changes in the expression levels of a wide panel of DNA repair genes were also evaluated. Our results indicate that none of the concentrations of CeO2NPs increased the total spot frequency in the wing-spot assay, while induction was observed at the highest dose of MgONPs. Regarding the comet assay, both tested NPs were unable to induce single DNA strand breaks or oxidative damage in DNA bases. Nevertheless, exposure to CeO2NPs induced significant increases in the expression levels of the Mlh1 and Brca2 genes, which are involved in the double-strand break repair pathway, together with a decrease in the expression levels of the MCPH1 and Rad51D genes. Regarding the effects of MgONPs exposure, the expression levels of the Ercc1, Brca2, Rad1, mu2, and stg genes were significantly increased, while Mlh1 and MCPH1 genes were decreased. Our results show the usefulness of our approach in detecting mild genotoxic effects by evaluating changes in the expression of a panel of genes involved in DNA repair pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]