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Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), also known as the common beans, are broadly cultivated in temperate and semitropical regions. P. vulgaris contain different varieties, such as kidney beans, black beans, navy beans, pinto beans, and Great Northern beans. This legume is an excellent source of nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemical compounds. The phytochemicals in beans comprise bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and oligosaccharides. These bioactive substances exhibit health and therapeutic benefits including antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory potential. However, there is another category of essential phytochemicals, the antinutrients (e.g. enzyme inhibitors, phytic acids/phytates, saponins, and lectins), that negatively influence nutrient digestion and absorption. This review aims to describe the nutritional and phytochemical compounds of beans as well as the impact of different processing methods on bean phytochemicals, including soaking, extrusion, germination, roasting, steaming, autoclaving, boiling, cooking, microwaving, high-pressure processing, ultrasound, and pulsed electric field. In addition, the differences regarding volatile compounds; the impacts of storage on phytochemicals in beans; their bioaccessibility and digestibility; and the potential health benefits of bean consumption are introduced and evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), a notorious pest native to the tropical and subtropical Americas, has recently invaded China, causing substantial damage to crops, particularly maize. The push–pull strategy has been reported to be an effective prevention measure for FAW in Africa, with maize–soybean intercropping significantly reducing FAW infestation. To assess the potential of legume hosts as ‘push’ or ‘pull’ plants to control FAW in maize, we employed life table analysis and indoor cage tests to investigate the offspring performance, feeding and oviposition preference of FAW on five selected legume species, namely mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red bean (Vigna angularis Willd.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), with maize (Zea mays L.) as a control. Mung bean and cowpea were subsequently selected as repellent and attractant plant, respectively, to study FAW infestation levels in maize in the field. The results showed that maize was the most suitable host plant for FAW, as indicated by its shortest developmental duration and highest pupal weight. However, among all the tested legume species, cowpea was the best host for FAW, with shorter larval, pre‐adult and adult durations than on the leaves of the other legumes. Moreover, the feeding and oviposition preference tests revealed that FAW had a strong preference for maize and cowpea, but strongly rejected mung bean. Compared with that in the maize monoculture group, the total number of eggs laid in the maize–mung group decreased by 67.25%, whereas that in the maize–cowpea group significantly increased by 2.04‐fold in greenhouse tests. In the randomised block field experiment, the infestation of maize by FAW in the mung bean–cowpea system was significantly lower than that in the maize monoculture or in the system with maize surrounded only by cowpea. This study indicated that mung bean and cowpea are promising candidates as repellent plants (push) and attractant plants (pull), respectively, for intercropping with maize to reduce the damage caused by FAW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The existing literature on resistant starch analysis in Australian foods has predominantly relied on older testing methods. Thus, our study aimed to address this gap by assessing the resistant starch content of selected Australian foods using the validated Association of Analytical Chemists 2002.02 testing method. Forty commonly consumed and available foods were tested in duplicate. The resistant starch content of foods varied from 0 to 13.72 g/100 g. Foods with the highest resistant starch were Hi‐maize flour pancakes, red kidney beans, Lebanese bread, and Cornflakes cereal, which ranged from 2.30 to 13.72 g/100 g, respectively. The lowest resistant starch foods included beetroot, rice crackers, All Bran cereal, and Nutri‐grain cereal, which ranged from 0 to 0.04 g/100 g, respectively. This is the first known Australian study to evaluate the resistant starch content of foods using the AOAC 2002.02 method. This data can be used to assess resistant starch consumption in the Australian population, inform gut microbiome research, and guide clinical practice recommendations for fibre intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'Denali' (Reg. no. CV‐360, PI 705152) white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2022 as a midseason, disease‐resistant, bush bean cultivar with uniform dry down. Denali was developed with the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 8 years of field trials across Michigan, Denali yielded 3500 kg ha−1, flowered in 37 d, and matured in 97days on average. Plants averaged 46 cm in height, with a lodging resistance score of 1.3 and seed size of 62 g 100 seed−1. Denali combines high yield potential with midseason maturity in a white kidney seed type. Denali outyielded 'Beluga' by 13% years and matured 5 days earlier. It is well adapted to the irrigated production systems on coarse‐textured soils where kidney beans are typically grown in Michigan and the Upper Midwest. Denali is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus and exhibits significantly higher levels of tolerance to root rot than 'ND Whitetail'. Tolerance to common bacterial blight and white mold exhibited by Denali is comparable with ND Whitetail, 'Yeti', and 'Snowdon'. Denali is susceptible to anthracnose. Seed size of Denali (0.62 g) is slightly smaller than Snowdon (0.69 g) and equivalent to seed produced by other white kidney bean cultivars. Seed of Denali meets industry standards for packaging and canning quality in the white kidney bean seed class. Core Ideas: Denali is a high yielding white kidney bean.Denali has mid season maturity.Denali has favorable seed size and shape.Denali has overall good disease resistance package.White kidney is a highly desirable bean seed type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study blended five types of beans—florid kidney bean, red adzuki bean, chickpea, black bean, and white kidney bean—with glutinous rice flour (GRF) to create a synergistic heat–moisture treatment (HMT). We investigated the effects of this combination on the digestibility of the glutinous rice mixture and the quality of sweet dumplings. The inclusion of beans, along with HMT, altered the granular morphology, adhesive qualities, thermal characteristics, crystallinity, and protein secondary structure of the blended powders compared to GRF. Notably, the starch granules in the glutinous rice flour with red adzuki bean (R‐GRF) were more complete in morphology, compact in structure, and exhibited higher heat stabilization and crystallinity, with significant changes in protein secondary structure. These modifications resulted in a low expected glycemic index (eGI) value of 52.01. Additionally, the quality assessment of the fast‐frozen sweet dumplings showed that those made with red adzuki bean mixed with glutinous rice flour (R‐SD) had superior texture, reduced cracking, and less water loss compared to those made with GRF (G‐SD), while maintaining similar color and odor to G‐SD. The eGI value of 52.21 for R‐SD also fell within the low eGI range, indicating its potential for developing low‐eGI foods for patients with T2DM and other special populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though legumes are valuable medicinal plants with edible seeds that are extensively consumed worldwide, there is little information available on the metabolic variations between different dietary beans and their influence as potential anti-cholinesterase agents. High-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization modes combined with multivariate analysis were used to explore differences in the metabolic profiles of five commonly edible seeds, fava bean, black-eyed pea, kidney bean, red lentil, and chickpea. A total of 139 metabolites from various classes were identified including saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, iridoids, and terpenes. Chickpea showed the highest antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase effects, followed by kidney beans. Supervised and unsupervised chemometric analysis determined that species could be distinguished by their different discriminatory metabolites. The major metabolic pathways in legumes were also studied. Glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most significantly enriched KEGG pathway. Pearson's correlation analysis pinpointed 18 metabolites that were positively correlated with the anti-cholinesterase activity. Molecular docking of the biomarkers to the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes revealed promising binding scores, validating the correlation results. The present study will add to the metabolomic analysis of legumes and their nutritional value and advocate their inclusion in anti-Alzheimer's formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriocin producing strain Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3, was isolated from 'Tatwakhar'- a flour prepared from seeds of Indian Horse Chestnut (Aesculus indica). Bacterial strain Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3 identified by morphological, biochemical techniques followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequence of bacteriocin producer was deposited in NCBI GenBank under accession no. KP861913.1. Bacteriocin of Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3 showed strong antagonistic activity against food spoiling/pathogenic bacteria viz. Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. Bacteriocin production by Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3 was enhanced by optimizing production time, pH of the medium, inoculum size and incubation temperature. Maximum bacteriocin activity (6000 AU/ml) was recorded/obtained in basal salt medium of pH 5.5 with an inoculum size of 1.5 OD at 10% and incubation period of 24h at 35 °C. The bacteriocin was purified by single step gel exclusion chromatography. Molecular weight of active bacteriocin from Brevibacillus laterosporous TK3 was found to be 6 kDa according to SDS PAGE. The molecular mass of purified bacteriocin was confirmed as 5953.89 Da by MALDI TOF analysis. The purified bacteriocin was found desirable/suitable for food preservation as it showed wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, resistance to high temperature, wide pH range and sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes thus, making it safe for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a typical omnivorous insect that feeds on host plants, pollens and mite eggs, and poses a threat to crops worldwide. The insulin signalling pathway (ISP) is a typical nutrient‐sensitive pathway that participates in the regulation of various functions in insects. Serine/threonine kinases (AKTs) and phosphoinositide‐dependent kinases (PDKs) are key components of the ISP. In this study, the FoAKT and FoPDK genes in F. occidentalis were cloned, and the effects of three foods on their expression were determined. The expression of FoAKT and FoPDK in the thrips fed on kidney bean leaves supplemented with pine pollen or mite eggs was higher than in those primarily fed on leaves alone. Meanwhile, the fecundity of thrips fed on leaves supplemented with pine pollen was highest. In addition, RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of FoAKT and FoPDK decreased vitellogenin (Vg) content and Vg expression in females, shortened ovariole length, delayed egg development and reduced fecundity and offspring hatching rates. Furthermore, the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) was reduced, and the contents of glucose, trehalose, glycogen and trehalase were affected. These results suggest that FoAKT and FoPDK regulate the reproduction of F. occidentalis by regulating Vg and JH production as well as carbohydrate metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maize-legume intercropping is a sustainable strategy to improve maize production for smallholder farmers. Maize is a staple food crop in Bhutan and integration of legumes with maize has been considered as an alternative option towards enhancing maize production in the country. Here, we conducted two studies in eastern Bhutan: first study (2021) to identify suitable legumes for intercropping with maize and second study (2022) to evaluate the effects of different maize-soybean intercropping patterns on grain yield, land use efficiency, and economic benefits. The maize-soybean intercropping system showed better productivity and economic viability than the kidney bean and groundnut systems in both the sites. Row intercropping and strip intercropping with 2 rows of maize alternating with 2 rows of soybean (2 M:2S) spaced 0.3 × 0.3 m showed stable and consistently higher grain yield at Lingmethang and Wengkhar (LING = 6.05 t ha−1; WENG = 8.37 t ha−1). The land equivalent ratio (LING = 1.78; WENG = 1.73) and net return (0.16 million Nu. ha−1 for LING and 0.21 million Nu. ha−1 for WENG) were notably higher for these intercropping methods. Our results suggest that the integration of legumes between conventional maize planting density, row intercropping and strip intercropping (2 M:2S) spaced at 0.3 × 0.3 m would be beneficial for achieving higher productivity for smallholder farmers in eastern Bhutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating selenium into high-surface-area carbon with hierarchical pores, derived from red kidney bean peels via simple carbonization/activation, yields a superior Li–Se battery cathode material. This method produces a carbon framework with 568 m2 g−1 surface area, significant pore volume, and improves the composite's electronic conductivity and stability by mitigating volume changes and reducing lithium polyselenide dissolution. The Se@ACRKB composite, containing 45 wt% selenium, shows high discharge capacities (609.13 mAh g−1 on the 2nd cycle, maintaining 470.76 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.2 C, and 387.58 mAh g−1 over 1000 cycles at 1 C). This demonstrates exceptional long-term stability and performance, also applicable to Na–Se batteries, with 421.36 mAh g−1 capacity after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. Our study showcases the potential of using sustainable materials for advanced battery technologies, emphasizing cost-effective and scalable solutions for energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extraction of starch from waste is also an effective way to recover resources and provide new sources of starch. In this study, starch was isolated from white kidney bean residue, chickpea residue, and tiger nut meal after protein or oil extraction, and the morphology of starch particles was observed to determine their physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility. All these isolated starches had unique properties, among which white kidney bean starch (KBS) had a high amylose content (43.48%), and its structure was better ordered. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct granular morphologies for the three starches. KBS and chickpea starch (CHS) were medium‐granular starches, whereas tiger nut starch was a small granular starch. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the absence of significant differences in functional groups and chemical bonds among the three starch molecules. In vitro digestibility studies showed that CHS is more resistant to enzymatic degradation. Overall, these results will facilitate the development of products based on the separation of nonconventional starches from waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is a novel nanomaterial being applied in different fields, but was less used as foliar fertilizer in agriculture. We conducted a pot experiment to analyze the effects of foliar spraying GO from 0 (control), 50 (T1), 100 (T2), 150 (T3) and 200 mg • L-1(T4) on the morphogenesis and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of kidney bean plants during the initiation of flowering to clarify the physiological effects of foliar spraying GO. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, the content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars of T1 to T4 treatments, were significantly increased by 40.7%-43.4%, 10.4%-80.7%, 6.4%-9.1% in kidney bean plants compared with CK treatment, respectively. T3 treatment performed the best. Meanwhile, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, acid converting enzyme and neutral converting enzyme of T3 and T4 treatments were increased by 25.7%-45.5%, 17.4%-28.6%, and 14.7%-20.1%, and the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthetase of T2 and T3 treatments were increased by 8.1%-15.2%, 11.5%-25.0%, and 89.7%-93.1%, respectively. In conclusion, foliar spraying of appropriate GO in early flowering stage of kidney bean could increase the content of photosynthetic pigments, improve the level of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase dry matter accumulation. T3 treatment (150 mg • L-1) was the most effective in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the important functional-active components in different varieties of natto, natto was processed using soybean, black bean, red bean, mung bean, lentil, chickpea, kidney bean, pea, red bean and cowpea, and the differences of nattokinase, polyphenol, natto polysaccharide and γ-aminobutyric acid were compared and analyzed in these natto. The results showed that the nattokinase activity ranged from 985.31 to 2453.18 U/g, and the nattokinase activity in chickpea natto was significantly higher than those of other natto (P<0.05). The total phenol content ranged from 1.44 to 3.21 mg GAE/g, and the total phenolic acid content ranged from 19.754 to 183.902 μg/g. The types of phenolic substances were abundant in black bean natto, mung bean natto and cowpea natto. The yield of polysaccharide was 1.03%-15.11%, the content of total sugar was 21.86%-58.40%, and the content of uronic acid was 4.26%-15.09%. And the yield of polysaccharide, the contents of total sugar and uronic acid in kidney bean natto were significantly higher than those of other natto (P<0.05). The content of γ-aminobutyric acid was 4.97-15.99 mg/g, and the content of γ-aminobutyric acid in cowpea natto was significantly higher than those of other natto (P<0.05). The viable number of Bacillus subtilis natto in lentil natto was significantly higher than those of other natto (P<0.05). After comprehensive evaluation, black bean, cowpea and kidney bean were ideal raw materials for the produce of new natto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A long-term intake of a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), even a high-fat, high-fructose but low-protein diet (HFFD + LP), could cause obesity associated with cognitive impairments. In the present study, rats were subjected to a normal diet (ND), an HFFD diet, an HFFD + LP diet, and an HFFD with kidney bean protein (KP) diet for 8 weeks to evaluate the effect of KP on HFFD- or HFFD + LP-induced obesity and cognitive impairment. The results demonstrated that compared with the HFFD diet, KP administration significantly decreased the body weight by 7.7% and the serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) levels by 14.4% and 46.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, KP suppressed HFFD-induced cognitive impairment, which was evidenced by 8.7% less time required to pass the water maze test. The 16s RNA analysis of the colonic contents showed that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Butyricimonas, and Alloprevotella was increased by KP by 5.9, 44.2, and 79.2 times. Additionally, KP supplementation primarily affected the choline metabolic pathway in the liver, and the synthesis and functional pathway of neurotransmitters in the brain, thereby improving obesity and cognitive function in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To thoroughly understand the profile of phenolic phytochemicals in kidney bean seeds cultivated in a cold region, the extractions, contents, antioxidant activities, compositions of free and bound phenols in the seed coat and cotyledon, and also relevant color attributes, were investigated. The results indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction was an efficient method for free phenols. The bound phenols in seed coat and cotyledon were released more efficiently by alkali-acid and acid-alkali sequential hydrolysis, respectively. Under the optimized extractions, total phenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and anthocyanins (TAC) ranged in 7.81–32.89 mg GAE/g dw, 3.23–15.65 mg RE/g dw, and 0–0.21 mg CE/g dw in the whole seeds of the five common kidney beans. There was a big difference in phenolic distribution between red and white seeds. From whole seed, the phenols in the four red cultivars mainly existed in free state (78.84%) and seed coat (71.56%), while the phenols in the white 'Sark' divided equally between free (51.18%) and bound (48.82%) states and consisted chiefly in cotyledon (81.58%). The correlation analyses showed that the antioxidant activities were significantly and positively correlated with TPC and TFC. The phenolic attributes were closely associated with the color of the seed coat. Red seeds had higher total contents of phenols than white seeds. TAC had a positively significant correlation with redness. Brightness and yellowness showed a negatively significant correlation with TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities, which were necessarily linked with redness degree and spot in red seeds. The spotted red 'Yikeshu' with the most outstanding performance on phenolic attributes was selected to analyze phenolic compounds with UHPLC-QE-MS. Among the 85 identified phenolics, 2 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids were dominant. The characteristic phenolics in free and bound states were screened in both seed coat and cotyledon, respectively. The available information on the phenolic profile may expand the utilization of kidney beans as a nutritional ingredient in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some predators prefer to settle on leaf patches with microstructures (e.g., trichomes and domatia), leaving traces on the patches. Herbivorous arthropods, in turn, select leaf patches in response to these traces left by predators. It remains unclear whether traces of predators on leaf patches affect the distribution of herbivorous prey within plants through plant microstructure. Therefore, we examined the distribution of herbivorous mite (Tetranychus urticae) and predatory mite (Phytoseiulus persimilis) by investigating their oviposition pattern. We used a kidney bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) with two expanded primary leaves and the first trifoliate leaf, focusing on leaf trichomes as the microstructure. The density of trichomes was higher on the first trifoliate leaf than on the primary leaves and on the abaxial surface of the leaves than on the adaxial surface. Adult female P. persimilis laid more eggs on the first trifoliate leaf to the primary leaves. Although adult female T. urticae preferred to oviposit on the abaxial surface of primary leaves, previous exposure of plants to predators diminished this preference. The altered egg distribution would be a response to the traces of P. persimilis rather than eggs of P. persimilis. Our findings indicate that T. urticae reproduces on leaf patches with traces of predators without altering their oviposition preference. Given that the presence of predator traces is known to reduce the reproduction of T. urticae, it may have a substantial effect on the population of T. urticae in the next generations on kidney bean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Erzincan Binali Yildirim Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

'ND Redbarn' (PVP. no. 202300271; Reg. no. CV‐357, PI 703021) is a new dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed by the Dry Edible Bean Breeding Program at North Dakota State University and released in 2023 by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Compared to other market classes, kidney beans usually command higher prices. However, kidney beans are less productive than other market classes. Minnesota is the largest dark red kidney bean producer in the United States, accounting for ∼90% of the total production in 2022. ND Redbarn was released based on its good adaptation to this region, higher seed yield, large seed size, and desirable seed shape characteristics. Between 2012 and 2021, ND Redbarn was tested across 16 environments in Minnesota, where seed yield was significantly higher than commercial checks 'Montcalm', 'Red Hawk', and 'Talon' (14%, 27%, and 9%, respectively) and comparable with 'Dynasty'. ND Redbarn is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus and has intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight. ND Redbarn exhibits higher field tolerance to the root rot fungal complex infection compared to Montcalm, Red Hawk, and Talon, and is similar to Dynasty. ND Redbarn has shown higher levels of tolerance to white mold than Montcalm and Red Hawk. Under Minnesota environments, ND Redbarn shows an average plant height of 51 cm, has a 100‐seed weight of 50.4 g, and matures in approximately 99 days. The canning quality for Redbarn is within acceptable commercial ranges. Core Ideas: Dark red kidney bean is the most predominant market class in Minnesota, which accounts for ∼90% of the total US production.Dark red kidney beans are known to be less productive than other bean market classes, but they respond extremely well to good agronomic management.Strict industry and consumer requirements in terms of visual seed quality for kidney beans hinders genetic progress for this market class.Improvements in dark red kidney bean productivity, disease resistance, and size and shape have been accomplished in the new cultivar ND Redbarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound (US)-assisted soaking combined with fortification with red grape skin (GS) phenolics was applied on two Phaseolus varieties, namely White Kidney Bean (WKB) and Cranberry Bean (CB), before heat treatment. The aims were to investigate: (a) the effect of US application on the kinetic of hydration; (b) the extent of absorption of different phenolic classes of GS into the beans and the resulting effect on antioxidant activity; (c) the effects of heat treatment on the phenolic fraction and antioxidant activity of GS extract- and water-soaked beans. US fastened the soaking step of both WKB and CB beans, which showed the sigmoidal and the downward concave shape hydration curves, respectively. Anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanol and phenolic acids levels increased with GS soaking, but US application was effective only for increasing the level of flavonols, while it favored the loss of endogenous phenolic acids and it did not affect the uptake of anthocyanins and flavanols. Heat treatment decreased the levels of most of phenolic compounds, but increased the levels of monomeric flavanols. Overall, the antioxidant activity was 40% higher in WKB and 53% higher in CB upon GS-fortification than in the control beans, despite the effects of heating. This fortification strategy could be applied for value addition of varieties low in phenolics or as a pre-treatment before intensive processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the optimum formula and the characteristics of mocaf and multigrain (sorghum, kidney beans, mung beans) based noodle products. A design expert determined the optimum formula for the noodles. The noodles were tested for their gelatinization profile and tensile elongation profiles, protein content, and sensory evaluation using descriptive and preference tests to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula was then compared to the noodle with the highest protein content for its nutrient, color, cooking properties, energy, fiber, and mineral content. The different formulas of multigrain noodles significantly affected the gelatinization and tensile elongation profiles. The higher content of mung beans and kidney beans increased the protein content. Multigrain noodles were accepted by consumers. The optimum formula for the multigrain noodle was 0% sorghum, 6.14% kidney beans, and 8.86% mung beans. Noodles with the highest protein content contained carbohydrates (83-84%), protein (7-8%), moisture content (6-8%), fat (0.3-0.5%), and ash (1-1.2%). The total energy of the noodles was about 365-372 Kcal/100g, while the energy from fat was about 2.75-4.46 Kcal/100g. These noodles contained high dietary fiber, consisting of 1.33-4.09% of soluble dietary fiber and 7.1-9.78% of insoluble dietary fiber. They had color and cooking properties comparable to other noodles that existed. The major minerals found in the noodles were potassium and sodium, followed by magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) is one of the essential ways to add extra quantities of minor and major nutrients, plant hormones, stimulants, and other useful ingredients for soil cultivation. Research Method: The experiment was set up using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were recommended basal and topdressing (Control T1), 5t/ha poultry manure as basal with foliar spray of 0.5% (T2), 1% (T3), 1.5% (T4) of Vermiwash, 0.5% (T5), 1% (T6), 1.5% of vegetable waste solution (T7). Vermiwash and vegetable waste solution were applied at 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th week after planting. Findings: The study showed that leaves per plant and number of branches per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant, dry weight of leaves, and dry weight of stem and roots were significantly (P<0.05) increased in T2 at the 8th week after planting. The total pick yield achieved in T2 was higher than in tested treatments. Originality/ Value: This study suggests that the application of 5t/ha poultry manure with 0.5% vermiwash (T2) would be preferable for growing green beans in red-yellow podzolic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study was conducted using rodents at different doses to evaluate the effect of Phaseolus vulgaris (red beans) on cage crossing, head dip, open field, elevated plus maze, and light and dark apparatus for anxiety and forced swim test for depression. The corticosterone level and histopathological evaluation was also done to correlate the antidepressive impact of the red beans. The study also identified the components responsible for the effect using GCMS. Based on the findings, red beans could be a potential non-pharmacological therapy for mild to moderate depressive patients. The anxiety model was conducted on mice weighing 20–25 gms. Group I was taken as control, group II as 500 mg/kg and group III as administered 1000 mg/kg. The tests were performed on 0th, 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th day. The depression model research was conducted on albino rats weighing between 180 and 200 g, divided into four groups: a control group, a 500 mg/kg Phaseolus vulgaris group, a 1000 mg/kg Phaseolus vulgaris group, and a standard group treated with fluoxetine. The forced swimming test was performed on days 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60, after which histopathological evaluations were conducted and blood samples were taken to assess corticosterone levels. GCMS was used to identify the constituents present in red beans, while optical spectroscopy was used to detect minerals and ions. Results showed that both doses of Phaseolus vulgaris possess anxiolytic effect and increased the struggling time of rats in depression model significantly, with the 1000 mg/kg dose showing more significant results than the 500 mg/kg dose. The GCMS results identified the presence of erucic acid, which causes an increase in α-amylase, thus reducing depression. Optical spectroscopy also showed that red beans contain zinc, which may increase BDNF and help in treating depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has led to an increased risk of infectious diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in particular, poses a significant obstacle due to its propensity to rapidly acquire resistance to conventional antibiotics. This has resulted in an urgent need for the development of new classes of antibiotics that do not induce resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been studied as potential small-molecule antibiotics due to their unique mode of action. In this study, peptides were extracted from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae), and the antimicrobial activities of the extract were evaluated using microbroth dilution against five different microorganisms. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against all tested organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.5 mg/mL, except for Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which had MICs of 1.25 mg/mL. The extract was also bacteriostatic for all tested organisms. The crude peptide extract from Phaseolus vulgaris was further studied for its antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common nosocomial pathogen associated with biofilm formation. The extract showed good antibiofilm activity at 1/2 MIC. The extract also inhibited the expression of pyocyanin and pyoverdine (virulence factors of P. aeruginosa whose expression is mediated by quorum sensing) by 82% and 66%, respectively. These results suggest that the peptide mix from Phaseolus vulgaris may inhibit biofilm formation and virulence factor expression by interfering with cell-to-cell communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ability of the extract to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of all tested organisms indicates its potential as an antimicrobial agent that could be further studied for drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the risks they pose to human and environmental health, there has been a strong push in recent times to reduce the use of chemical fungicides in phytopathogen treatment. In the present study, vicilin was isolated from kidney bean seeds and characterized by SDS-PAGE, zeta potential, and pH solubility curve. The a/(85 KDa), a (70 KDa), and ß (60 KDa) subunits were represented by three distinct protein bands in vicilin. The linear growth of B. cinerea was clearly reduced by 12.96%, 14.81%, 25.92%, 35.18%, and 40.73% in response to vicilin application at 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µg/ml, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vicilin-exposed B. cinerea revealed hyphae enlargement and conidia distortion. Addition of vicilin from kidney bean seeds clearly reduced the disease incidence in a concentration-dependent manner (100, 200, and 400 µg/mL). The higher doses (400 µg/mL) of vicilin provided higher activity in decreasing the disease severity of the strawberry fruits. As a sustainable glycoprotein, vicilin, found in kidney bean seeds, can be used to combat postharvest fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy protein is rich in protein and antioxidant compounds compared to other plant-based foods. Additionally, buckwheat is known as healthy grains which can help strengthen the immune system and inhibit carbohydrate and fat digestion. However, it has a low protein content that can be fortified by soy protein isolate inclusion. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of soy protein isolate addition on the physicochemical, functional, and glycaemic properties of the buckwheat gel. In this study, buckwheat gel from buckwheat flour was incorporated with buckwheat bran and soy protein isolate at various levels (5, 10, and 15%) and was analysed for its total starch content, resistant starch, protein content, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, pasting properties, and starch digestibility properties. The results show that adding soy protein isolates altered antioxidant and resistant starch content whereas increased protein content and reduced starch digestibility and viscosity of buckwheat gel. Overall, buckwheat flour, buckwheat bran and soy protein isolate blend exhibited buckwheat gel with high nutritive values (rich in protein and antioxidants) and low glycaemic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root rot is one of the main reasons for yield losses of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production. Pre-inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum can effectively lower the incidence of red kidney bean root rot. In this study, four treatments including CK (control), Fu13 (Fusarium oxysporum), T891 (T. harzianum) and T891 + Fu13 (T. harzianum + F. oxysporum) were arranged in a pot experiment to investigate how T891 affected the incidence and severity of root rot, plant growth, and changes of defense enzyme activity in red kidney bean plants. Community composition and diversity of the rhizosphere microbiota was evaluated through high-throughput sequencing, and co-occurrence network was analyzed. The results showed that when compared to the Fu13 treatment, pre-inoculation with T891 reduced the incidence and severity of red kidney bean root rot by 40.62 and 68.03% (p < 0.05), increased the root length, shoot length, total dry biomass by 48.63, 97.72, 122.17%. Upregulated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) by 7.32, 38.48, 98.31% (p < 0.05), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) by 23.70% (p < 0.05), respectively. Microbiological analyses also showed that F. oxysporum reduced alpha diversity resulting in alteration the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community in red kidney bean. T891 significantly reduced abundance of F. oxysporum, allowing the enrichment of potentially beneficial bacteria Porphyrobacter (ASV 46), Lysobacter (ASV 85), Microbacteriaceae (ASV 105), and Gemmatimonas (ASV 107), resulting in a more stable structure of the microbial network. The results of random forest analysis further revealed that ASV 46 (Porphyrobacter) was the primary influencing factor for the incidence of root rot after inoculation with T891, while ASV 85 (Lysobacter) was the primary influencing factor for the biomass of red kidney bean. In conclusion, T. harzianum promotes the growth of red kidney bean and inhibits root rot by improving plant antioxidant enzyme activity and regulating the rhizosphere microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited evidence is available that focuses on beans within American dietary patterns and health. The purpose of this study was to identify commonly consumed adult dietary patterns that included beans and compare shortfall nutrient intakes and diet quality, relative to adults whose typical dietary pattern did not include beans. Methods: The analyses used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2018. Cluster analysis was used to identify bean patterns of consumption, while the USDA food coding system defined daily beans consumed. Five bean dietary patterns of consumption were identified, of which four patterns included both canned beans and dry beans, while one pattern had no bean consumption. Bean consumption was defined as those consuming kidney beans, black beans, chickpeas, and/or pinto beans. Results: Adults consuming Bean Dietary Patterns 1, 2, 3 and 4 had significantly higher diet quality scores (as assessed by USDA's Healthy Eating Index-2015) compared to the no-bean pattern (61.2 ± 0.5, 58.9 ± 0.5, 55.2 ± 0.4 and 56.5 ± 0.8 vs 48.8 ± 0.2 p's < 0.0001). Bean consumers also had significantly higher intakes of several shortfall nutrients (choline, alpha-linolenic acid, folate, iron, magnesium and vitamin E) relative to non-consumers of beans. Similarly, intake of dietary fiber, potassium and calcium, all nutrients of public health concern were significantly higher in bean patterns compared to no-beans. Bean Dietary Pattern 1 (~ 13.5% of total daily kcal from beans or ~ 2 servings of beans/day) and 2 (~ 9.5% of total daily kcal from beans or ~ 1.7 servings of beans/day) were significantly associated with lower BMI, decreased body weight and improved waist circumference relative to no-beans. Conclusions: Dietary patterns that are rich in canned and dry beans were associated with significantly higher diet quality scores and greater intake of shortfall nutrients, including nutrients of public health concern. Bean dietary patterns were also associated with improved weight-related outcomes. Dietary guidance should consider the nutrient and health benefits associated with the promotion of increased canned and dry bean consumption in American dietary patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated CO2 (eCO2) can affect the environmental adaptability of herbivorous insects by affecting the quality and quantity of host plants' nutrients under climate change. In this study, the impacts of eCO2 on carbohydrate metabolism, chitin synthesis and cuticle thickness of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) fed on kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were studied to elucidate the physiological responses of F. occidentalis to eCO2 and provide a theoretical basis for the occurrence trend of thrips under future climate change. The results indicated that the trehalose and glycogen contents in F. occidentalis adults significantly increased with corresponding regulation of key genes related to carbohydrate metabolism under eCO2 compared to ambient CO2 (aCO2), which was closely related to the increased foliar contents of starch and soluble sugars in P. vulgaris grown under eCO2. Subsequently, since trehalose is a precursor of chitin, changes in its content would further affect the chitin synthesis. With the up-regulation of genes related to chitin synthesis and the down-regulation of most genes related to chitin hydrolysis, the chitin content in F. occidentalis adults significantly increased resulting in their increased cuticle thickness and layers, which might enhance their resistance under eCO2 and become "thick-skinned thrips" under climate change condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant lectin, a heterogeneous group of carbohydratebinding proteins, is a direct defensive mechanism in plants against the attacking insects. Lectins from the leguminous plants Glycine max (GML) and Phaseoulus vulgaries (PhVL) were tested for their entomotoxic and growth inhibitory effects against the spiny bollworm (SBW), Earias insulana Boisd. The impact of the examined lectins on the two digestive enzymes of SBW, α-amylase and total proteases, was also investigated. Bioassay studies conducted on second-instar larvae over five and six days showed that GML (LC50 values of 72.22 and 33.45 µg/gm diet) was more hazardous than PhVL (LC50 = 299.05 and 182.91 µg/gm diet). GML and PhVL at LC25 equivalent concentrations (8.97 and 34.43 µg/gm diet) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the larval weight to 24.9 and 27.4 mg / larva compared with 55.3 mg / larva in control after 9 days of treatment. The average time for SBW larvae to pupate increased when GML and PhVL were added at LC10 and LC25 in comparison to the control. In addition, the tested lectins significantly (p < 0.05) reduced pupal mean weight, pupation, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility. Tested lectins demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase and total protease enzyme activity in larvae of SBWs fed on diets containing concentrations comparable to LC10 and LC25. These findings imply that GML and PhVL are appropriate proteins to add to the cotton plant's DNA in order to control SBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During precision sowing, the contact process between the soil and seeds cannot be ignored. The constitutive relationship of soil is relatively complex, with characteristics such as high nonlinearity, while the contact mechanism between the soil and seeds is unclear. To better understand the contact between seeds and soil, it is necessary to establish a reasonable contact model. Ellipsoidal seeds, such as soybean, red bean, and kidney bean seeds, were adopted as research objects. In this paper, we used the discrete element method to establish an ellipsoidal seed–soil contact model. The JKR + bonding model was adopted for describing the adhesion between soil particles, and the Hertz–Mindlin new restitution (HMNS) model was used for ellipsoidal seed particles to eliminate the multiple contact point issue when modeling with the multi-sphere filling method. Moreover, both simulations and experiments were conducted to calibrate the interaction parameters between soil and seeds. The path of steepest ascent test and Box‒Behnken design (BBD) tests were also used, as well as direct shear tests. Thus, certain soil parameter values were obtained, namely the JKR surface energy was 4.436 J/m2, the normal stiffness per unit area was 2.86 × 106 N/m3, the shear stiffness per unit area was 5.54 × 105 N/m3, the critical normal stress was 1833 Pa, and the critical shear stress was 3332 Pa. In addition, the simulation parameters for ellipsoidal seeds were obtained from previous works. Moreover, to obtain more accurate ellipsoidal seed–soil interaction parameters, collision tests, static friction tests, and rolling friction tests were adopted. A single-factor test was used to calibrate the ellipsoidal seed–soil interaction parameters. The calibration results were as follows: the collision restitution coefficients of ellipsoidal seeds with soil were all 0.25. The static friction coefficient of soybeans with soil was 0.6, that of red beans with soil was 0.65, and that of kidney beans with soil was 0.5. The rolling friction coefficient of soybeans with soil was 0.1, that of red beans with soil was 0.14, and that of kidney beans with soil was 0.14. Finally, the rationality of parameter selection was verified through piling tests between ellipsoidal seeds and soil. The relative error of the angle of repose of soybean/soil was 2.99%, that of red bean/soil was 0.60%, and that of kidney bean/soil was 0.55%. Thus, the feasibility and rationality of the contact models between the ellipsoidal seeds and soil established in this paper, as well as the parameter selection, were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entada rheedii seeds are a rich source of protein (23.99% ± 0.07), starch (42.04% ± 0.05) and potassium (1670.15 ppm ± 116.732). HPTLC–UV analysis (seeds) reveals galactose in considerable amount, that is, 2.60% ± 0.008. Additionally, the species is low in fat and anti-nutrient metabolites like tannin. Interestingly, the proximates in Entada seeds was found comparable with the commonly consumed legumes like cowpea, green gram, and so on. The species exhibits promising anti-radical, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity. Data advocates the folklore use of E. rheedii seeds and can be a promising alternative source of dietary nutrition, fortified with medicinal value. Standardization and validation of scientific knowledge will bring such underutilized, low-cost legumes into daily dietary intake and are a promising source for Protein-Energy-Malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As antibiotics cannot inhibit multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), continuous research is mandatory to find other antibacterials from natural resources. Native legume proteins and their modified forms exhibited broad spectra of high antimicrobial activities. Sixteen bacterial isolates were mapped for antibiotic resistance, showing resistance in the range of (58–92%) and (42–92%) in the case of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. White native Phaseolus vulgaris protein (NPP) was isolated from the seeds and methylated (MPP). The MIC range of MPP against 7 MDR bacteria was 10–25 times lower than NPP and could (1 MIC) considerably inhibit their 24 h liquid growth. MPP showed higher antibacterial effectiveness than Gentamycin, the most effective antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria and the second most effective against Gram-negative bacteria. However, MPP recorded MICs against the seven studied MDR bacteria in the 1–20 µg/mL range, the same for Gentamycin. The combination of Gentamycin and MPP produced synergistic effects against the seven bacteria studied, as confirmed by the Transmission Electron Microscopic images. The antimicrobial activity of MPP against the seven MDR bacteria remained stable after two years of cold storage at 8–10 °C as contrasted to Gentamycin, which lost 20–72% of its antimicrobial effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The study aims to investigate the effect of germination time on kidney bean protein isolate (KBPI), enhancing its nutritional and functional qualities to fill a knowledge gap. Using an alkaline extraction‐isoelectric precipitation strategy, KBPI was extracted with different germination periods (0–72 h). Germination up to 48 h significantly increased GKBPI (germinated kidney bean protein isolate) yield to 44.01%–50.01%, with G48H at 81.20% showing the highest protein recovery at 45 °C. Essential amino acids like valine and threonine were notably retained up to 48 h at 45 °C, preserving GKBPI's nutritional profile. Gelling capacity, protein solubility, foaming and emulsification properties were favourable at 35 °C with 48‐h germinated samples, making GKBPI versatile for food applications. GKBPI also displayed antioxidant activity, with DPPH% values ranging from 20.19% to 24.47%. After 72 h of germination, phytic acid levels decreased by 47.94%, leading to higher in vitro protein digestibility (IVDP) in G48R (germinated kidney bean for 48 h at 35 °C alkali extraction temperature; 82.82%) and G48H (germinated kidney bean for 48 h at 45 °C alkali extraction temperature; 85.55%) due to reduced anti‐nutrients. The study delves into the novelty of germination time's impact on KBPI. Extended germination, up to 48 h, increases protein yield, recovery, IVDP, antioxidant activity and enhances functional properties and reduced anti‐nutrients which indicates that GKBPI has significant potential as an ingredient for various food applications. However, further research is needed for in vitro data, toxins profile and a comprehensive understanding of its practical, economic and health‐related implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Though a low‐FODMAP diet improves 50% irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, regional dietary variations, vegetarianism, and long‐term nutritional consequences challenge its implementation. We aimed developing a FODMAP meal challenge test (FMCT). We prospectively studied whether (i) high‐ than low‐FODMAP foods produce more breath H2 among IBS patients than controls; (ii) post‐meal symptoms relate to breath H2; and (iii) novel FMCT predicts response to a low‐FODMAP diet? Methods: Forty Rome III IBS and 20 healthy controls underwent an eight‐hour H2 breath test following a low‐ (rice, brinjal, corn, and banana [450 Kcal]) and a high‐FODMAP meal (wheat, kidney bean, pulse, and card [450 Kcal]). Breath H2 (every 15 min) and symptoms following low‐ and high‐FODMAP meals were recorded. IBS‐symptom severity scores were recorded every month for 3‐months on low‐FODMAP diet. Results: Forty Rome III IBS (19 Rome IV positive) were comparable to 20 controls in age and gender. IBS patients (n = 39 excluding one H2 non‐producer) and controls produced more breath H2 after high‐ (greater in IBS) than low‐FODMAP meal. Post‐meal symptoms were commoner in IBS (4/40 [10%] and 27/40 [67.5%] with low‐ and high‐FODMAP, respectively [P < 0.00001]; none in healthy). IBS patients developing post‐high‐FODMAP meal symptoms produced greater H2 (18 PPM [IQR 10.5–23] vs 6 [0–7.2]; P < 0.001). A positive FMCT (breath H2 > 10 PPM above basal with symptoms following high‐FODMAP food) had sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 78.6%, 66.6%, and 75.6%, respectively, to predict low‐FODMAP diet response. Conclusions: The novel FMCT predicts response to a low‐FODMAP diet in IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal Molecules titled "Production and Properties of Starch: Current Research." It provides an overview of ten articles and a review that explore various aspects of starch production and its functional properties. The articles cover topics such as the effects of enzymes on different starches, extraction methods for highland barley starch, physicochemical properties of different starch varieties, the impact of physical treatments on rice flour, the effects of gamma irradiation and annealing on sago starch, and the beneficial effects of resistant starch on hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis. The editorial emphasizes the importance of understanding the structural changes of starch and encourages further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

The lifelong gluten‐free diet of celiac patients and gluten‐intolerant people prevents their balanced diet mainly due to starch‐rich products. The aim of this study is to determine optimum gluten‐free cake formulation having kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pod powder as fat replacer of up to 50% and rice flour replacer of up to 30% using multifactorial optimization approach. Central composite design was used to determine optimum formulation. The use of kidney beans in gluten‐free cake increased moisture, hardness, chewiness, L*, a*, b*, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and sensory evaluation scores (p <.05). The optimum gluten‐free cake is rich in protein (5.89%), phenolic compounds (0.51 mg GAE/g), antioxidant activity (1.93 μmol TE/g), and total dietary fiber (4.43%) with improved sensory properties. The optimum gluten‐free cake formulation prepared with kidney bean pod powder of 27.88% fat and 13.52% rice flour replacer provides higher specific volume, springiness, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and sensory analysis scores, and lower hardness and chewiness conditions. Gluten‐free cake containing kidney bean pod powder as fat and rice flour replacer at optimum ratio is a new healthier alternative with reduced fat content and improved nutritional and sensory properties for celiac patients and gluten‐intolerant people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Kidney beans are one of the most important economic legumes in China, and are cultivated extensively worldwide for their high nutritional value. However, food safety incidents caused by improper or inadequate cooking of kidney beans have occurred from time to time, which are generally believed to be associated with the toxicological effects of kidney bean lectins. Immunological studies show that lectins may be the major allergen in kidney beans, which have attracted significant research interest in foreign countries but have not been systematically reported in China. Therefore, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development of hypoallergenic kidney bean foods and the rational development and utilization of kidney bean proteins, this article summarizes recent progress in immunological research on kidney bean lectins, analyzes the evidence that kidney bean lectins are allergens, and reviews food processing strategies for reducing the allergenicity of kidney bean lectins.

In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season.