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In marching towards the process of expanding human boundary by colonizing the red planet mars, there exists a need to find a source to provide seamless less expensive power onboard at mars. This source should be capable of utilizing the Martian mineral resources optimally, this type of resource usage is called as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). This system proposed here is an Iron Oxide and a higher concentration NaCl Solution (canter solution) based Electro-Kinetic mega battery, that can be used to generate electric power by an ion flow-based mechanism. The Entire system is cased in a Vacuum flask structure, externally covered with 3-D Printed Basalt (Basalt is one other widely present mineral in Mars) case for thermal and radiation isolation, so as to maintain canter solution in liquid state, withstanding the coldness of the planet. This research utilizes the nano-confinement effect whose operating principle is strongly sensitive to charge-carrier motion on thermal oxide nanolayers. This research is based on a reference approach that suggests that an aqueous flow on metal nanolayers (e.g. Iron) in thicknesses of 10-30 nanometers produce equilibrium potentials of tens of millivolts & current densities of several milli Amp cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated engine exhaust backpressure that affects the performance and emission of an IC engine under different speeds and load conditions. The function of an exhaust muffler is responsible for noise and emission reduction of the IC engine. Backpressure is essential to reduce to increasing the engine fuel utilization. During the exhaust stroke, the average pressure in the exhaust pipe is known as mean exhaust pressure and the atmospheric pressure is also known as ambient pressure. Atmospheric pressure is also known by the word barometric pressure. The difference between exhaust pressure and ambient pressure denoted by word backpressure. The backpressure continuously varies depending upon engine speed and load conditions. Due to rotations and chances of the exhaust gas has to spread the atmosphere air, there is a substantial quantity of backpressure which limits the allowed flow of the exhaust gases. It is an essential thing to decrease the backpressure. The main design concern is to make sure that the backpressure to be minimum. The exhaust mufflers were designed using Solid Works 2018. Arithmetical analysis for backpressure tested by Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using FLUENT. The analyses were carried out for existing and optimized mufflers to find better muffler design for lesser back pressure. Therefore, backpressure up to a positive level is not harmful to an IC engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important components in a road vehicle is its braking system. It is mainly used to decelerate vehicles. In vehicles friction brakes can be grouped into drum and disc brakes. Comparatively disc brakes having more advantages over drum brakes. A brake disc usually made of Gray cast iron or Ceramic composites is connected to the wheel or the axle. In this Brake Disc Rotor, high amount of heat is produced (up to 900°C) in a fraction of second due to high-performance driving and when going down a long steep hill. Gray cast irons maintain their mechanical properties up to 500°C approximately. Above this temperature, the mechanical properties drop quickly and a large amount of plastic deformation. Due to high temperature (500°C) during braking may cause brake failure during the cause of premature wear on the pad, brake fluid evaporation and density changing property, and reduce the wheel bearing life. This causes a thermal stresses that generates surface cracks and wear and tear. For the reduction of the heat, there are many experiments taken place like changing the materials, increasing the number of vanes. Here the objective is to provide the more amount of air to the disc rotor by providing the duct on a car bumper. To design air duct to force cool the disc rotor (which forces the opposing air to disc brake) and to provide the solution by analyzing the disc's temperature reduction rate from results using analysis tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Technique of using an experimental factorial design to study the dye removal capacity of an adsorbent nanocomposite on textile dye Methylene blue. Adsorbent is nano magnesium oxide coated Delonix regia activated carbon composite, a low cost adsorbent. The factors temperature, particle size and pH are investigated experimentally. Main and interaction effects are studied through factorial design model equations. The factors and the levels for the study are pH of 4 and 9, particles size of 70 BSS and 150 BSS and the temperature of 300 and 320 K. The factorial design infers significant interaction between pH and adsorbent, to certain extent the particle size and no influence by temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this present study is the design and development of an apparatus to measure the temperature profiles, heat flux, and heat generation from a lithium-ion battery cell at different nominal capacity of 20 Ah,40 Ah,60 Ah and 80 Ah with fixed discharge and charging rates of 1C at Atmospheric temperature. It is noted that the lowest temperature is 303°K observed for +1C20 Ah(Discharging) and the highest temperature is observed to be 316 °K at the end of discharge for +1C-80Ah for cell level testing, similarly lowest temperature is 301°K observed for - 1C20Ah (charging) and the highest temperature is observed to be 313 °K at the end of discharge for -1C-80Ah.Ohimic heat generation rate increasing from 6.1068 to 9.53 e4 for discharging rate of cell testing also the total heat generation rate increases from 1.1925e4 to 9.56 e4 from the cell capacity increases from 20 Ah to 80 Ah [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocrystalline Mg2Ti2Zr5O16 ceramic is successfully synthesized through the modified combustion technique.The surface morphological analysis carried out with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) displays that the materal is highly sintered with minimum pores. The energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) shows that the material consist of only elements in the stoichiometric concentration and no impurities are present. The dielectric studies indicates that the material processes a high dielectric constant of 170 at 1 MHz and 750 °C. The conductivity is found to increases with temperature and the maximum value of conductivity is 3.4 x 10−2 S/m at 650 °C. The electrical properties of the sample is evaluated using the Z-View software. The sample acquired grain and grain boundary activation energies of 0.11 eV and 0.26 eV, respectively. The high ionic conductivity of the material suggests that, it can be used as electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite material is made from two or more materials with different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with superior characteristics. These materials are anisotropic and inhomogeneous materials. It is having unique properties in which the strength-to-weight ratio is high. Basically there are three types of composite materials. They are polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites. They are widely used in numerous engineering applications. These materials are widely used in variety of markets, including aerospace, architecture, automotive, energy, infrastructure, marine, military, sports and recreation. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) consists of at least two constituents, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. Hardness is a measure of resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. In this research paper the hardness and wear behaviour of aluminium composites (Al6061) reinforced with Tungsten Carbide (WC) was investigated. The results revealed that, the hardness of composite increases with increase in the percentage of tungsten carbide particles. The wear resistance of the composite also increases with increase in tungsten carbide particle weight fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of the project is to design and mathematical modelling of motor by using electromagnet. The main objective is to design and selection of the optimized parameter of electromagnetic motor (EMM)for different hp with different type of magnetic shape (rectangle, cylinder, ring, sphere) to select optimized parameter to run a motor. The parameters considered for the analysis are Magnetic flux, pull force, Torque, Horsepower, Distance between the magnet block, Selection Magnetic shield etc. in this paper N40 Grade magnet and 10 mm different shape of magnets is used to to operate a motor at 1000,1500 and 500 RPM. From the mathematical modelling its observed that the magnetic shapes of rectangle, cylinder, ring, sphere generated the power of 0.83 HP, O.75HP, 0.71 HP, 0.65 HP respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium ion or molecules battery is one of the most critical electrochemical imperativeness in amassing devices, driving electronic mobile phones, electric vehicles and their equivalents. Regardless, there is a pivotal differentiation between their pace of creation and pace of reusing. Toward a staggering completion cycle, only a foreordained number of lithium ion batteries experience some reusing treatments; where larger part occupying the landfills or being aggregated to nuclear families. Further, misfortunes of lithium particle batteries and its parts happen in the light of truth that, the top level batteries of the sort and its reusing structures are kept to pieces with high monetary worth. Example: cobalt, copper, aluminum, iron, nickel. So far the Li-Ion batteries are recycled by means of chemical processes called Leaching, which is more toxic to the society. So it is required to have a new method of recycling that unleashes the toxicity. As a result, an ever tested method for recycling by means of sensor ore and magnetic separation has been planned and a simulation model has been proposed that washes out the practical difficulty and primes to an eco– accommodating way of recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an analysis of the performance of Engineering students of Professional College in Coimbatore District has been done using the concept of Absorbing Markov Chain. The study has been carried out to assess various performance attributes of the learners of engineering stream. The outcomes of four programmes offered by an Engineering College for eight semesters in four years have been studied and it has been attempted to arrive out the mean value of the time used-up by the students during a semester, total semesters taken to get the graduation on completion and the probability of a student getting graduated from the institution or withdrawn from the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual Reality (VR) application mostly deals with human gesture interactions to interface with the computing system in a completely computer generated virtualized environment involving the concept of physics to bring reality in the simulation. Gamification of VR applications allows the smarter way of its usage in various domains even with non- gaming context such as medical, industry, education etc. The contemporary engineering methodology of software application following various iterations between requirement gathering, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance requires a novel shift to integrate interaction paradigm to make it suitable for virtual reality based gamified application. An enhanced engineering paradigm for VR application is necessitated due to the variation of visual and auditory perception in terms of acceleration, rotation, and equilibrium from person to person interacting with the system. Though developed using general design principles, every user will have a unique VR experience. The incorporation of reality into the simulation environment considering the psychological and physical factors experienced by the users of different application domain will be a quiet challenging task in VR environment. An augmented engineering paradigm having the base of conventional methodology along with an outlook of various challenges and features is proposed for the design and implementation of gamified VR based smart and real time application development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home automation system has reached popularity due to advancement in communication technology where appliances are controlled over internet. It has been developed to support elderly and disabled people. Smart phones are used to receive input which is processed by Google application. In this system, android has been used to capture input voices which are transferred to Ardunio Uno. The received input signals are processed using Bluetooth interfaced Ardunio Uno which is used to control fan and light using relay module. Android operating system is used to achieve automation. Mobile phone and Bluetooth communication protocol are used to control various devices. Home automation aims to supply improved comfort, convenience and security. It helps the elderly and disabled by providing quality of life instead of requiring caregivers or institutional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper designs to investigate the non-fragility nature of a state estimator with parameter uncertainties and sojourn probabilities for a class of discrete-time neural networks. The uncertainties formed by the norm boundedness on the parameter, consists of the nonlinear and the linear parts in the state estimator of the neuron with the error considered by the variation in the estimator gain. A new switched system is so modeled by sojourn probability method for all admissible parameter uncertainties and gain variations which guarantees the resulting error system is asymptotic stable in the mean square. By applying Lyapunov function technique, the desired designing of the state estimator with the gain matrix's characterization is done explicitly. Finally, a numerical simulation is illustrated for the developed state estimation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, buckling analysis of composite stiffened panel with different shapes stiffener under uniaxial compressive load was carried out. Buckling behavior of straight stiffened panel on different shape of stringers were studied and compared. Stiffeners are providing the stiffness to the stiffened panel. In this paper several types of shapes like Z- shape, L-shape, Hat shape, I-shape, C-shape, J-shape and T- shape were taken. Numerical analysis done by non- linear software (ABAQUS 6.14-1). Main motive of this paper understands the shape of stringers and influences of the shapes in buckling strength. Influences of stiffener with various cross section areas of stiffened panel were deciding the buckling strength of the panel. Once buckling strength was improved, relatively high stiffness of assembly is also improving. Closed sections and more fasteners providing high buckling loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the underwater image processing has significantly improved due to the technological development. The real challenge is that the poor contrast and noise because of absorption of light and scattering in the oceanic environment inherently disturb these underwater images. Hybrid filters depending on fuzzy for de-noising underwater images is proposed and analyzed clearly. The proposed algorithm is compared with various existing de- noising algorithms such as Gaussian median filter, TMED and median filter. The PSNR and NMSE of each algorithm has been measured and analyzed, which compares the ability to de-noising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes directional weighed hybrid median based fuzzy filter for de-noising random valued impulse noise from digital images. The two-step process namely, noise detection through fuzzy noise detection process followed by directional weighed fuzzy hybrid median (DWFHM) filtering for de-noising random valued impulse noise is the proposed technique studied in this paper. The application of DWFHM filter to remove random valued impulse noise yields improved result over existing methods based on PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) values and RMSD (root mean square deviation) values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In daily life the number and time consumption of people is reduced by the technological advancements. This paper proposes an automatic driving license issue system for the candidate, which operates in an efficient and transparent manner. Existing system uses manual test procedure, which is time consuming. It also involves corruption, because of which many road accidents happen as bad drivers are also given license. In this paper, if the person learned to drive the vehicle in a good manner then he can fill the application form to get. The person who undergoes license test has to apparel the shoe having RFID. The authority has provide this shoe during driving test period, so that the candidate is known by RFID sensor. The person while driving the vehicle is monitored by the infra-red sensors on track. The person get cleared all the driving test, he may get license within two days or else then driving test is postponed to other day. Further information is sent to the authority through RS-232 serial communication module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A twin drive process of extracting distilled water with domestic hot water has been designed and constructed in this study. It involves a single basin double slope solar still which is absolutely solar powered. The heat transfer equations has been framed to identify the performance of various parameters like heat exchanger tube, transmitting glass cover, water body and basin liner of the system. Provided, the analytical solutions of the heat transfer equations have been predicted for the performance and correlation effects of the system using a computer program. The regression coefficients R2 for different parameters of the still were promising with 0.969 for glass cover, 1 for water, 0.974 for heat exchanger tube, 0.982 for distillate, 0.993 for efficiency. The production range and average instantaneous efficiency of the suggested system was founded to be 4.0L and 39.5%. The peak value of the liquid temperature in the exchanger tube have risen up to 57°C and the model proved to have and maintain the physiochemical standards of IS :(10500-1991).It has been founded to have very less dissimilarities between the theoretical and experimental results and the solar stills can be opted out for dual purposes at a time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solar based drying system utilizes sun powered vitality to heat the air and dry each stacked nourishment material, which is useful in limiting horticultural item wastage and helps to save the farming items. Along these lines, a close planetary system is intended to make up for this limitation dependent on the disadvantages of common sun drying method. For example the direct daylight radiation the absence of sufficient control for vermin and rodents and the expanded cost of the mechanical dryer. This project provides a solar dryer's concept, installation and efficiency for vegetable preservation. In the dryer, hot air is moved to the drying cabinet from a separate solar collector. The outcomes acquired during the trial demonstrated that during specific long periods of sunlight, the temperatures inside the dryer and sun oriented gatherer were altogether higher than the surrounding temperature. In the drying cabinet, the temperature rise was up to 74% shortly after 12.00h (noon) for about three hours. The dryer exhibited the capacity to dry nourishment things rapidly to a protected degree of dampness, while simultaneously guaranteeing the dried item's predominant quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forms of technologies like interferometer and electromagnetic detectors are in existence for detection of Gravitational waves. In this paper a method is put forward where metric perturbation attests the existences of the linearized gravitational waves and an system with the aid of greens function helps for the detection of linearized gravitational waves. Dipole arrangement characteristic of its high frequency electromagnetic waves and dipole moment forms the basic arrangement. System is built which tunes in accordance with that of linearized gravitational waves. Dipole radiation characteristic of accelerating of radiating charge makes up for the rest of the system. Poynting vector treatment on the domain scale and power calculations makes up for the penultimate arrangement. Greens function idiosyncratic of point charges helps finally for the detection the linearized gravitational waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction-stir welding can be effectively used to weld aluminum materials with less defects. In this paper, in order to experimentally compare the effects of process parameters of friction-stir welding, different combinations of AL alloys (AL 6351 and AL 6061) were welded. Process parameters that were considered in this work were rotating speed, welding speed and plunge depth. Their effects over the mechanical properties of the weldments were compared in order to bring the best out of them. Weldments considered in this work has three different combinations. The first set of combination consists of AL 6351 and AL 6351. The second set of combination consists of AL 6061 and AL 6061 and the third and final set of combination consists of AL 6351 and AL 6061. The tensile strength for all these three set of combinations were tested using micro-tensile testing machine and the wear test for the parent materials and the three combinations were conducted using Pin-on-disc apparatus. Further, the hardness tests were also done using Rockwell hardness tester for all the three set of combinations along with the parent material. The results that were obtained were compared with each other and the best combination was found which in turn may be used by industries for the required application which in turn enhances and ascertains the quality of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply Chain Management holds the key role in most sectors and improving the supply chain quality aids in high customer satisfaction. The anticipations of customers have forced business enterprise to invest in and focus attention on their supply chain. Supply Chain Management (SCM) involves procuring right inputs in the form of raw materials, components and capital equipment's and transforming them efficiently into completed products or semi-finished products and posting them to the absolute destinations. In the analysis of the supply chain of modular switches limited to a major electrical industry in India, the major problem that arises are reworks and rejection rate of semi-finished or finished components. This unsolved problem leads to reworks of almost one third of the products manufactured accumulating to huge fiscal loss for the electrical industries. Of the various methodologies available in Quality Management (QM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been a much preferred due to its versatility for this research. Data collection for the QFD was done using questionnaires and two major issues surfaced notably proper materials and experienced working person which have been addressed in this attempt. The outcome was that the rejection rates were reduced from 10% to 4.02%, which improved the productivity and also led to higher levels of customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The humid thermal wave dispersion of lipid protein nanotubules are modeled and verified via small scale inclusion through scale dependent strain gradient theory equations. The equations of kinematic are developed under the classical beam theory equations for the simply supported boundary conditions. Euler-Lagrange equations of the nano lipid tubules are obtained through accommodating energy based approach. The resulting guiding expressions are solved analytically for the frequency and wave velocity of propagated waves in the prescribed geometry. The effect of scale dependency and wave number on the elastic wave dispersion of lipid nanotubules is exposed in the graphs. Also, the accuracy of present model is verified with existing literature and good agreement has arrived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of foundry process is based on industrial practices and knowledge of the employees about the process. Most foundries are following trial and error system and few foundries have very less process control on rejection due to flaws and errors. It has become mandatory for foundries to produce error free products in optimal quality to survive in competitive market. Continuous improvement plays an important role in maintaining a cut-throat advantage in the existing industry environment. The implementation of lean tools in an industry will result in removal of non-value added process and helps to improve the overall efficiency. The lean principles are customized to improve the foundry processes in manufacturing of impeller casings. The value added and non value added activities are identified using a current state mapping in the existing process. A future state map is developed by reducing the non value added activities thus improving the overall efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the comparison of different surrogate models such as kriging surrogate model, support vector regression, radial basis functions and polynomial response surfaces for locating the damage and estimate its size for delamination detection in composite laminates using frequency shifts derived from experimental modal analysis. The strategy involved a forward problem and inversion using surrogate models. The data for the inversion was generated by Finite element analysis and experimental Modal analysis and was validated using the modal assurance criterion. It was found that the predictions made using kriging surrogate model and Radial basis functions had the lowest errors when compared with the other two models namely the polynomial response surfaces and the support vector regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present research work, Friction welding of tube to plate using an external tool to join Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic alloy grade (SA 213, SA387) materials by implementing a separate support. A set of nine experimental runs has been designed using design of experiments to perform a sequential research investigation. The ranking process has been analyzed by Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method. In this investigation, the constraint valueis a set of input noted from gear rotational speed (rpm), projection of tube (mm), impression (mm) and the output value is identified by performing pull test and hardness. The optimization part has been carried out using Genetic non-traditional Algorithm (GA)to identify the welding strength. Further the metallurgical investigation has been performed on welded sample, to analyze the metal bonding characteristics. The optimum tensile strength and hardness for the FWTPET welded sample is observed as 805.28 MPa and 290 Hv respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shockwave compactor is an effective technique to rise the strength properties of the concrete. The atmost result of this project is to elevate the strength properties of the concrete. The shock waves are permit to move through the concrete and those specimens are tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength at the age of 7 and 28 days in comparison with the standard control specimen. Thus, as a outcome of shockwave application, we shall expect the rise in strength properties of the concrete which will be more lucrative to the construction industries. For this experiment, M45 grade concrete is used which is also mainly to exploit for various construction applications such as beams, columns, roof slabs etc. of industrial structures. This procedure rise the performance of the concrete as a whole and such concrete can be execute even in large scale construction such as bridges, dams, roads, pavements and embankments. In this experiment, a unique technique of compaction of concrete by applying shock waves to these concrete specimens is followed. This knack helped in gaining high strength characteristics of concrete especially compressive strength when compared with conventional concrete. Level of compaction of concrete can be varied by altering the intensity of shock waves produced in the Shock tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of concrete play an important role on the performance during its lifetime. Concrete generally provides subsequent fire resistance for most applications. However, the strength and durability properties of concrete are notable change when subjected to elevated temperature. Terrorist attack, accidental fire disperse and different type of explosions outcome a rapid change of temperature for a short period. This study was focused on improving the elevated temperature resistance of normal concrete by inducing shock wave from shock tube. The main aspiration of this paper is to experimentally study about fire resisting property of shock wave induced concrete. In this shock wave is induced in a freshly prepared concrete of grade M35 by using shock tube apparatus. In addition to that Metakaolin admixture is used in concrete to resist temperature. The test were implement on concrete subjected to high temperature condition at 100°C, 200°C, 300°C and 400°C for 28 days. The performance of nominal concrete and shock wave induced concrete is compared with compression test. The results authorize us to assess the effect of high-temperature conditions on concrete with shockwave and concrete with metakaolin and concrete with both metakaolin and shockwave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star shaped Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using magnesium nitrate solution in alkaline nature at room temperature through sol-gel method. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles obtained by annealing hydrated magnesium oxide of nano size in air at 400°C. FESEM studies showed that the size of the nanoparticles was between 50 – 80 nm. X-ray Diffraction studies clearly showed that the synthesized magnesium Oxide were in good crystallinity. The antibacterial activity of Nano MgO- Delonix Regia Activated carbon was evaluated against bacterial strains namely, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lasing potency of the doped rare earth ions (REIs) in the metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) incorporated various host materials (amorphous, crystalline or mixed phases) was shown to be governed mainly by their surrounding structures. In our opinion, by interplaying the REIs (operate as activator) and MNPs (act as sensitiser) contents in the host matrix an enhanced lasing action may be achieved. To validate this outlook, two series of holmium ions (Ho3+) activated zinc-sulfo-boro-phosphate glass-ceramic (GC) with different concentration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesised following the celebrated melt-quenching strategy under the controlled user-defined heating and cooling conditions. In the first GC series the AgNPs were created from the AgCl via thermal annealing assisted redox reaction and in the second series pure AgNPs were directly included. These two series revealed different localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect due to dissimilar mean size of the NPs. As-quenched samples were thoroughly characterized to determine the influence of the activator and sensitizer on their structural and optical attributes. The XRD results of these samples revealed their GC nature and the TEM images showed the existence of the AgNPs within the host network where the LSPR bands of the AgNPs reaffirmed such disclosure. The GC containing 0.8 mol% of AgNPs (mean diameter of 20 nm) exhibited the optimum photoluminescence (PL) intensity enhancement and most intense LSPR band. The achieved AgNPs size dependent improvement in the green and red PL intensity of the Ho3+ clearly validated the intrinsic structural-optical correlation in the studied GCs which was attributed to the synergy of Ho3+ and AgNPs. For the first time we demonstrated that by carefully manipulating the REIs and MNPs contents the lasing potential of these new types of GC hosts can be enhanced. The present knowledge may be beneficial for the development of the efficient photonic devices based on Ho3+-doped boro-phosphate GCs sensitized by morphology tuned AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of Hemorrhage not only important for clinical success post-surgical treatment and also for prehospital trauma injuries. Numerous biomaterials have been investigated to control surgical and traumatic bleeding. Most of the traumatic deaths are due to uncontrollable blood flow. The various natural polymers such as cellulose, gelatin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, polypeptides and sugar based polymers are used for medical applications. The wound dressing requires biocompatibility, non-toxicity, liquid absorbency, vaporization and transfer, flexibility and adequate strength which are satisfied to the maximum extent by these bio-polymers. Due to the inherent properties viz. absorbing capacity of wound exudates and blood solutes, antibacterial efficacy and cell compatibility of chitosan and alginates, these are used as part of wound dressing materials. Hence biopolymeric macro and nano particles of sodium alginate, calcium alginate and chitosan polymers are studied to improve haemostatic function of blood. This study shows that chitosan nano particles have good hemostatic property through blood clotting time analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation CuO dopped with CaO nano composite materials have been synthesised by co- precipitation method by varying the molar condition (CuO:CaO – 1:2 and 2:1). The existence of nano crystalline phase of the prepared samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). The average crystalline size of the synthesized nano particle was determined and ranges from 12 to 14 nm respectively. The surface morphology of the prepared materials were also analysed by FE-SEM and TEM. It reveals the polycrystalline porous morphology with a nano flower structure. The small crystallites agglomerated to form a flower like structure. Anti-bacterial studies shows that the CuO:CaO nano particle exhibited the strong antibacterial activity against bacterial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable green method was adapted for the synthesis of Pure and Co (with 1and 3 mole % concentration) doped Tin oxide nanoparticles. The properties of nano particle werestudied by characterization using various techniques such as UV – Vis spectrophotometer (UV), Photo luminescence studies (PL), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The determined value of optical band gap of Pure and Cobalt doped SnO2(1, 3 mole %) nanoparticles were calculated to be 5.00 eV and 4.8eV, respectively, in comparability with 3.6eV corresponding for bulk SnO2 by optical absorption measurements. Green synthesized Pure SnO2 nanoparticles shows diamagnetic behavior and it changed into ferromagnetic natureby the incorporation of cobalt ion dopant onto the massSnO2matrix. The Co doped SnO2 nanoparticles, shows the magnetization values around 0.002 emu/g. Cyclic Voltammetry(CV) results of 3 mole % cobalt doped SnO2 nanoparticles exhibits potential electrochemical behavior with 0.5597 and 0,7157 V anodic and cathodic peak currents, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2/Ti2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized through the co-precipitation technique. The structural characterization of the prepared sample has been done with complementary methods like X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Formation of TiO2/Ti2O3 and nanostructural changes in terms of lattice imperfection have been estimated from the analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data. Rietveld method was used to refine the XRD data. Refinement leads to two crystalline phases of Titanium oxide i.e Ti2O3 and TiO2. The crystal structure of Ti2O3 was found to have a trigonal structure with space group R-3c whereas the crystal structure of TiO2 has a tetragonal structure with space group 141/a m d. In the present paper the lattice parameters, bond length, bond angle, crystallite size, lattice strain, dislocation density were studied in detail. The Wyckoff positions and interatomic distance have been calculated. Some applications of nanosize TiO2 and Ti2O3 have also been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the Co3O4 has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic Voltammetric (CV) studies. X- ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of face centered cubic Co3O4 for the samples annealed at 300°C and 400°C. FTIR analysis shows the vibrations around 564 cm-1 and 663 cm−1 which correspond to Cobalt-Oxygen stretching vibration of Co3O4 spinel oxide. SEM images reveals 3D flower like Co3O4 for both the temperatures. CV analysis reveals maximum specific capacitance for Co3O4 annealed at 300°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene dispersion in a polymer matrix alters the values of band gap energy and Urbach energy of the nanocomposite. In the presented work, the influence of fullerene dispersion and polymer-fullerene interactions on the band gap energy and Urbach energy of poly (methyl methacrylate)-fullerene C60 nanocomposite has been studied by means of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Pure and different doped films of gradually increasing concentrations were fabricated using solvent casting technique. Optical properties of these films were obtained from the UV-VIS absorption spectra, at normal incidence, over190-1100 nm spectral range. The optical absorption edge was described using the Tauc model. Band gap energy of the thin films was found using Tauc plot. The width of the band tails, known as Urbach tails, were evaluated to quantify the structural disorder. Optical characterization showed that average absorption and band gap energy decreased, while Urbach energy increased with the addition of fullerene C60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of Quantum-size effects of an electron-hole system confined in semiconductors is studied theoretically by computational modeling. Here we proposed a formula to relate particle size with decay time and oscillator strength using the concept of transition probability. The theory modeled is for CdSe and CdS semi-conductor quantum dots in the strong confinement region only where the particle size is less than Bohr's radius and the oscillator strength per volume is expected to increase with 1/r3 for the first excited state, r being the radius of spherical nano particle. As the experimental data needed to co-relate the modeled theory is available only for CdSe and CdS quantum dots only, therefore the theory is modeled for these two quantum dots only. The decay time for such spherical quantum dots is reduced thereby causing faster decay of luminescence. On the other hand it is also observed from the calculations that for same size of two different spherical quantum dots the decay time as well as oscillator strength varies depending upon the bulk oscillator strength of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady state thermodynamic investigation of vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) using CNT, Au and HAuCl4 nanoparticles suspended in different proportions in polyalkylene glycol lubricant is carried out and presented in this paper. The most commonly adopted R134a refrigerant is used in the system. The energetic and exergetic analysis are performed for nanoparticles with different volume fractions viz. 0.1% Au, 0.2% Au, 0.1% HAuCl4, 0.2% HAuCl4, 0.1% Au and 0.05% CNT, 0.2% Au and 0.02% of CNT. The experimental test rig is fabricated and tested with the different proportions of nanoparticles. Compressor exit temperature and pressure, condenser exit temperature, evaporator inlet and exit temperature are measured. The energy and exergy efficiency of the system components, cooling capacity, compressor power input and coefficient of performance (COP) of the system are obtained. The suspension of Au, HAuCl4 and CNT nanoparticles up to 0.2% and combination of Au(0.1%, 0.2%) and CNT(0.02%, 0.05%) increases the heat transfer characteristics and thereby system functioning. From the results it is established that the power input decreases by 16.7%, COP increases by 21.3% and the second law efficiency increases by 11.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereby, we report the synthesis of composites (1-x) Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 + (x) BaTiO3 [x = 0.075, 0.225] by the solid state method. The samples are prepared by the three step process where the constituent phases are individually synthesized and mixed in the stoichiometric ratio to obtain the final product. Although, the samples are intended to magnetodielectric and magnetoelectric effect studies, we report the analysis on structural and electrical properties in this work. The constituent samples of the composite were single phased cubic structured with space group Fd-3m for CZFO and Pm-3m for BTO phase. The XRD data analysis revealed the mixed diffractogram that exhibits both the phases. The dielectric property studies revealed the higher BTO phase containing composite to be highly dielectric compared to the low concentrated composite. The loss value of highly doped BTO is high and vice versa and both the samples show relaxation phenomena. Cole-Cole plot study revealed the current composite ferrite samples exhibit non-Debye character and thereby inherit spread of relaxation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure nanocrystalline of iron oxide (Fe3O4), Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been synthesized by chemical method. The nanocomposite of Fe3O4 and HAp nanocrystal formed by Ball-milling. The synthesized samples characterized for its particle size analysis using dynamic light scattering. The optical properties measure from UV-visible spectroscopy and morphology analysis using field emission scanning electron microscope. The functional group is revealed from Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy. Further Fe3O4, HAp and Fe3O4/HAp nanocrystal was using for biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic activity of Tin Cadmium Sulfide was investigated under the visible light irradiation for the production of hydrogen by means of water splitting. Synthesis of nanocomposite was carried out hydrothermal method. The nanocomposite was characterized for investigating the physico-chemical properties. An instrumental analysis confirmed the formation of nanocomposite with the uniform size and having a relatively low band gap 2.86 eV. The morphology shows spherical shape with aggregated as a nanocluster. The nanocomposite as demonstrated the photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production around 265ml. The composite have shown great promising potential for the production of hydrogen by water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), the zero dimensional (0D) single nanostructures have many exciting technological applications such as bio imaging probes, sensors, light emitting devices, solar cells etc. Here we are proposing a new, one pot, facile and ecofriendly synthesis approach for fabricating GQDs via Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA) of an organic solvent without any catalyst. It is a promising synthesis choice to prepare GQDs because of its fast production, lack of byproducts & further purification and also the control over the product by accurate tuning of laser parameters. We have employed a 355nm Nd:YAG laser for the ablation. We found that the obtained (GQDs) exhibits greater fluorescence and less toxicity than the other standard quantum dots and which is expected to have potential applications in optoelectronics and light-harvesting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano size transition metal oxides are attracted the attention of researchers due to its interesting electrochemical properties. Here, vanadium oxide (V5O9) nanostructures were synthesized by one pot hydrothermal route where three different kinds of acids were used such as H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 to synthesize V5O9 and its physico-chemical studies were examined. The structural parameters of the obtained products were investigated from XRD data. Anorthic structure of vanadium oxide (V5O9) phase was confirmed from XRD spectra. Vibration of V-O in V5O9 was confirmed by FTIR. Interstitial vacancies and oxygen related deficiencies present in the sample were confirmed from PL spectra. The typical nanoplate morphology of V5O9 was confirmed by SEM images. The excellent pseudocapacitive storage behavior was achieved as 218 F/g at 10 mV/s scan rate for V5O9 nanoplates synthesized by using H2SO4. The better conductivity and high charge discharge specific capacitance were also achieved for the same electrode. Hence, the strong acidic nature of H2SO4 is concluded as the better mineralizing agent for producing suitable electrode for future energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CZ-Silicon has always a big attraction for electronic industry. Present study is based on FTIR study of CZ-Silicon crystals for which the heat treatment were given in air and argon ambients. After heat treatment, an isotopic shift had been seen for the peak at 1107 cm−1. However, there is no much effect of ambients for that peak. The peak representing inhomogeneities in crystal at 3739 cm-1 is removed at 465 °C which is again appeared for further annealing at 555 °C & 585 °C in the crystal annealed in air. But in argon annealed samples, surprisingly, there is not any notable change in intensity or in place for that peak at different annealing temperatures. The rate of donor generation increases with temperature upto 465 °C and consequently the resistivity decreases. But after 465 °C, the resistivity increases with decreasing the donor generation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiWO4, Ni(OH)2 and novel combination of NiWO4@Ni(OH)2 have been hydrothermally synthesized for clean energy production via electrochemical water splitting. The physical and electrochemical behavior of NiWO4, Ni(OH)2 and NiWO4@Ni(OH)2 were reported. The nanocomposite formation was confirmed by predominant diffraction peaks of both NiWO4 and Ni(OH)2 phase in X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. Nanocomposite formation and its phonon vibration modes were identified by Raman spectra. The fabricated electrodes were optimized in the half-cell electrochemical set-up and cyclic votammogram (CV) study resulted the well defined redox peak. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of the fabricated electrodes were examined by linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) as 0.97 mA/g at 10 mV/s scan rate for the nanocomposite and also the smaller semicircle region of Rct was also obtained for the same NiWO4@Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite. All the fabricated electrode was investigated for its stability under continuous electrochemical reaction for 12 h. From the obtained results, the dual phase NiWO4@Ni(OH)2 revealed highly performed OER activity via electrochemical water splitting approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present investigation, Mn doped CuO nanofibers were successfully synthesized by using newly designed spin coating generator. All the fabricated nanofibers have been subjected to post annealing at 400 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C. The surface morphology of Mn doped CuO nano structures was analysed using scanning electron microscope(SEM).The micro structural and chemical analysis of the Mn doped CuO nano structures have been examined using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Energy dispersive X- ray analysis (EDS). The optical characteristics of synthesized Mn doped CuO nanofibers like absorption and transmittance were investigated by UV- Vis spectroscopy. The obtained XRD pattern reveals the occurrence of nano crystalline phase with monoclinic crystal structure. The SEM micrographs reveals that all the fabricated Mn doped CuO nanostructures exhibit the spherical shaped nanoparticles and they are defect free. The Mn doped CuO nano structure annealed at higher temperature clearly reveals the formed spherical shaped sturures as compared with lower annealing temperature. The forbidden band gap of Mn doped CuO nanostructures are found to be around 2. 7 eV. Based on the structural and optical properties of Mn doped CuO nano structures it was concluded that the prepared and annealed samples may have numerous applications in sensing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiS, CuS and dual phase NiS@CuS composite nanostructures were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method. The synthesized material was subjected to structural and morphological studies using XRD and SEM. The rhombohedral and hexagonal phase of NiS and CuS was confirmed from XRD. The combination of rhombohedral NiS and hexagonal CuS together formed to produce NiS@CuS was revealed. The nanorod, agglomerated nanosheet like structures and its combination were also confirmed for NiS, CuS and NiS@CuS respectively from SEM images. FTIR spectral analysis of the prepared samples confirmed its metal sulfur vibration and also the functional groups on its surface. Predominant S(3p) with Ni(3d) emission and interstitial defects were confirmed from PL study. Further, CV measurement shows the perfect redox activity of the prepared electrodes at 10mV/s scan rate. Comparatively NiS@CuS showed very good specific area from CV curve and also the excellent water oxidation behavior from LSV as 240 mA/g at 10 mV/s. The very small Rct along with 71% retention after 12h was observed for the same nanocomposite electrode. Thus, the experimental results evidenced that NiS@CuS electrode is revealed as the excellent catalyst for electrochemical water oxidation for producing clean energy with zero CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprises of study on the synthesis and characterization of the Cu-Zn ferrites of the type Cu0.5Zn0.5-xBaxFe2O4 [x = 0.05, 0.1]. We used solid state (ceramic) reaction route to synthesize these ferrite samples. All the prepared materials were subjected to X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectral characterization techniques to confirm the structure, phase and lattice formation. The analysis of XRD data conveyed that all the prepared samples have acquired cubic structure and exhibit Fd3m space group. The diffractograms are same in appearance and there is no new reflection visible within the limits of experimentation. This reveals the sample are mono-phase in nature where host site is effectively occupied by the dopants. The lattice structure formation was witnessed via Raman spectral analysis with signature modes displayed by all the samples. These ferrites were investigated for optical bandgap studies and the values were found to be 1.38eV, 1.43eV and 1.44eV for pristine, 5% and 10% Ba2+ doping concentrations respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal synthesis technique was employed to synthesize bare and Ag doped WO3 electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting process for sustainable energy production. The structural confirmation of the bare and Ag (5% and 10%) doped WO3 samples were done by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Monoclinic crystal structure was confirmed. The active vibrations of O-W-O in WO3 structure was confirmed by Raman spectra. O-W-O stretching and functional groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The electrochemical water splitting nature of products was characterized by linear sweep voltammetry. The current density was achieved as 812 mA/g with low over potential for 5% Ag doped WO3 electrode. The higher charge transfer was reported for the same electrode with very good electrochemical stability over 24 h of continuous electrochemical OER activity. From the results, it is confirmed that the optimum dopant concentration and the fine morphological engineering in WO3 with high oxygen vacancies present in the sample would be recommended as one of the efficient electrodes utilized for sustainable energy production applications via electrochemical water splitting technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles exhibit different properties compared to their bulk counterpart and among many methods available for synthesis of nanoparticles, biological synthesis is a preferred green synthesis method due to their ecofriendly nature and ease in scale up. Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) are very significant due to their potential antimicrobial properties and can be used in wound healing applications. In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized with 13% (v/v) betel leaf extract and studied for the effect of pH and temperature and it was found that AGNPs were more stable at room temperature. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and EDAX. PEGylated AgNPs had antibacterial activity against the pathogens like Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]