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We demonstrate experimentally and numerically the control of magnetization circulation of the closure domain state in thin permalloy squares divided diagonally into four dipolar-coupled isosceles triangles. The control over the magnetization circulation was achieved by the mutual application of a suitable external in-plane magnetic field and interaction with a magnetic force microscopy (MFM) tip. Numerical simulations confirm that the proposed switching protocol is valid for the broad range of MFM tips. Experiments performed on four diagonally cut squares show that this method is robust against slight imperfections in the fabrication process. Moreover, by varying the polarity of the applied field and the direction of the MFM scanning, proper symmetry response of the switching method is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of loss factor of freshwater ice at 13.5 and 37.5 GHz are described. The existence of temperature loss-factor hysteresis was found. Double difference of loss-factor value at the same temperature was observed. Thus, the electromagnetic losses may depend on the ice-specimen temperature history. Index Terms - Ice, loss factor, microwaves, time dependence.

The article examines the objectives and problems of the international political forum, Non-Aligned Movement. The commitment of the movement to promoting international peace is revealed. A background of the establishment of the political forum is presented. The challenge posed by the elimination of poverty and the achievement of sustainable development is assessed.

Focuses on the economic relationship between Russia and Germany. Benefit of economic ties with Russia for Germany; Problems concerning German-Russian economic relationship; Factors to consider for the development of German-Russian economic relations.