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The two-year anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine affords an occasion to examine why the war has produced such deep rifts within the Left Party and the AfD. Drawing upon party documents, parliamentary proceedings, electoral and polling data and secondary literature, this article examines why Russia's war against Ukraine proved so disruptive to both parties and explores the implications of these intraparty conflicts. Germany's domestic politics of the Ukraine War matter given Berlin's central role in backing the Kyiv government. This article assesses three explanations for the lack of internal unity in the Left Party and AfD regarding a new Russia policy: (a) path dependency; (b) eastern Germany, and (c) the reinforcing rather than crosscutting nature of the Ukraine War vis-à-vis the primary intraparty cleavage. It finds that the third explanation fits both Left Party and AfD cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Maria's journey from Kyiv to Warsaw to reunite with her friend Lesia, who had relocated there before the Russian invasion. Topics include Maria's nostalgic train journey, the contrast between Lesia's new life and Maria's current struggles, and their shared experiences of displacement and adaptation.

Introduction: Daily oral HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is recommended for people who inject drugs (PWID) but coverage is low. The real‐life effectiveness of PrEP among PWID is unknown as previous studies were conducted in controlled settings and mainly relied on self‐report. Analysis of PrEP metabolites—tenofovir diphosphate (TFVdp) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTCtp)—offers an objective measure of adherence. Methods: To analyse longitudinal patterns of PrEP adherence among PWID in Ukraine, we used data from a community‐based implementation trial conducted in Kyiv between July 2020 and March 2021 to test the efficacy of SMS reminders to improve adherence. Among 199 enrolled participants, 156 (78.4%) were retained through 6 months. Based on TFVdp/FTCtp levels assessed at 3 and 6 months, we identified groups with various adherence patterns (adherent at ≥2 doses/week, improved, worsened, non‐adherent). Correlates of adherence were analysed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Most participants (53.8%, n = 84/156) had no detectable metabolites at both assessments; 7.1% (n = 11/156) were consistently taking ≥2 doses/week; 1.3% (n = 2/156) were consistently taking ≥4 doses/week; 13.5% (n = 21/156) exhibited improved and 21.8% (n = 34/156) had worsened adherence at 6 compared to 3 months. "White coat compliance" (increased dosing prior to assessment) was common. Consistent adherence was associated with SMS reminders, younger age, employment, lower income, longer injection drug use duration, recent high‐risk injecting (receptive syringe sharing, using pre‐filled syringe, back‐ or front‐loading, container sharing), absence of overdose in the past 6 months, perceived HIV risk through sexual intercourse and higher PrEP self‐efficacy. Alcohol consumption was associated with inconsistent PrEP use. Groups with improved and worsened adherence did not differ. Conclusions: Daily oral PrEP may not achieve the desired effectiveness among PWID as a standalone intervention, calling for testing of alternative PrEP formulations and innovative integrated risk reduction strategies, especially in the context of HIV epidemics associated with injection drug use in eastern Europe and central Asia and the public health crisis in Ukraine caused by the war with Russia. SMS reminders may be effective among PWID who prioritize PrEP. Our findings offer practical guidance in identifying PWID who are likely to benefit from PrEP and those who need additional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of satellite observations using satellite laser ranging (SLR), a key task is pointing the telescope with high precision. Positioning the steering system's mechanical parts with zero error is impossible. Accordingly, we must analyze and account for pointing errors by incorporating the telescope mounting errors themselves into the modeling error. Such models are far from trivial owing to the factors such as satellite azimuth, altitude, perhaps distance, or meteorological data. In this article, we explain how the data for the telescope pointing inaccuracy model (TIM) was collected and how a neural network was used to build a very precise TIM for the Golisiiv 1824 SLR station in Kyiv. We have focused our efforts on the suggested approach's positive aspects based on our experience of using it to find practical solutions. Our practical recommendations may also be interesting for anyone working with hardware, especially in analyzing their errors. The key proof of the effectiveness of the approach is the serious increase in the number of satellites successfully tracked, especially for "blind" paths, when the satellite is not visible to the observer through the telescope guide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical and experimental study of the geomagnetic effect of cosmic bodies remains an urgent problem. This is especially true for meter-sized meteoroids, for which the very existence of the magnetic effect remains in question. The purpose of this article is to present the results of the analysis of temporal variations of the X-, Y-, and Z-components of the geomagnetic field detected by the International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) on the day of the Kyiv meteoroid fall and on reference days. The analysis of temporal variations has shown that the levels of these components on the day of the cosmic body explosion and on reference days were significantly different. The level of X-component with a 6 min delay decreased by 2...5 nT, which lasted approximately 60 min. With a delay of 25 min and a duration of 25 min, a quasi-periodic disturbance was observed with a variable period within 4...12 min and an amplitude increasing from 0.3...0.4 to 1.2...1.5 nT. The first disturbance, which had a speed of approximately 300 m/s, could have been caused by a blast wave. The second disturbance was most likely associated with the generation and oblique propagation of an atmospheric gravity wave with a speed of hundreds of meters per second. Within the ionosphere, the disturbance propagated at a speed of approximately 660 km/s by means of magnetohydrodynamic waves. The temporal variations of the Y- and Z-components on the day of the explosion fluctuated for 60 min and decreased by 5...10 nT. The mechanism of long-lasting disturbances of these components remains unknown. It is likely that it could be related to the diamagnetic effect. There are reasons to believe that meter-sized cosmic bodies can cause the detected magnetic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copepod Boeckella poppei was first recorded in a freshwater body of the Wilhelm Archipelago (Kyiv Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica) in 2008. This crustacean is one of the main consumers of filamentous algae in freshwater Antarctic bodies and is used as an indicator species in freshwater ecosystems. This work aimed to research the current distribution of B. poppei within the Argentine Islands of this archipelago. The second population of this crustacean species was discovered on the Nob Island at the beginning of this research in 2010. Boeckella poppei was also recorded in 33 freshwater bodies of eight other islands in 2020. During the final stage was analyzed the adaptation of B. poppei to the extreme conditions of existence in the freshwater reservoirs of Antarctica and the main ways of the spread of this species over short and long distances in this region of the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church is one of the main centers of the Roman Catholic community of Ukraine, an architectural monument of national significance, a neo-Gothic building of the beginning of the 20th century, unique for Kyiv, built in the innovative for that time material of reinforced concrete and experimental structures. As a result of problematic soils, design miscalculations, destructive to the structures of the building city transport communications (vibrations from subway traffic), a catastrophic fire in the building in 2021, deterioration of the stability of the building as a result of the barbaric Russian bombing of the civilian center of Kyiv, the church building is in a critical condition, and currently is no functioning. An urgent survey and restoration is needed to prevent the church ruining. The restoration should apply new practical technological measures to correct the critical situation. This publication sheds light on the current issues of the state of the monument and presents proposals for priority measures for its preservation, highlights the role and significance of St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church in the history of Kyiv and in the formation of stylistic architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research is focused on the design of a new driving cycle of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) for the Kyiv city. This cycle consists of a complex of two types of sections. Each of them includes various phases of the traffic. A mathematical model was specified, which serves for defining the efficiency properties indices and for regimes of bus transport. The BRT are used within the bus lines. It was found, that two articles articulated buses are the most suitable choice, the MAZ-215 among them, for exploitation. At the same time, they provide the smallest fuel consumption together with the shorter operation time on the bus line as well as higher average speed at full and half loading. The optimal driving speeds of the steady traffic are the values of 50 km/h for section up to 1 km and 60 km/h or 70 km/h for section over 1 km. It was evaluated, that depending on the steady motion speed and the load level, the driving time of the BRT on the line varies from 20.1 min to 23.4 min, which is much lower than the driving time of a trolleybus on the same line according to the traffic schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study explores the indirect impact of climate change driven by gentoo's penguin colonization pressure on the microbial communities of moss banks formed by Tall moss turf subformation in central maritime Antarctica. Methods: Microbial communities and chemical composition of the differently affected moss banks (Unaffected, Impacted and Desolated) located on Galindez Island and flape Tuxen on the mainland of Kyiv Peninsula were analyzed. Results: The native microbiota of the moss banks' peat was analyzed for the first time, revealing a predominant presence of Acidobacteria (32.2 ± 14.4%), followed by Actinobacteria (15.1 ± 4.0%) and Alphaproteobacteria (9.7 ± 4.1%). Penguin colonization and subsequent desolation of moss banks resulted in an increase in peat pH (from 4.7 ± 0.05 to 7.2 ± 0.6) and elevated concentrations of soluble nitrogen (from 1.8 ± 0.4 to 46.9 ± 2.1 DIN, mg/kg) and soluble phosphorus compounds (from 3.6 ± 2.6 to 20.0 ± 1.8 DIP, mg/kg). The contrasting composition of peat and penguin feces led to the elimination of the initial peat microbiota, with an increase in Betaproteobacteria (from 1.3 ± 0.8% to 30.5 ± 23%) and Bacteroidota (from 5.5 ± 3.7% to 19.0 ± 3.7%) proportional to the intensity of penguins' impact, accompanied by a decrease in community diversity. Microbial taxa associated with birds' guts, such as Gottschalkia and Tissierella, emerged in Impacted and Desolated moss banks, along with bacteria likely benefiting from eutrophication. The changes in the functional capacity of the penguin-affected peat microbial communities were also detected. The nitrogen-cycling genes that regulate the conversion of urea into ammonia, nitrite oxide, and nitrate oxide (ureC, amoA, nirS, nosZ, nxrB) had elevated copy numbers in the affected peat. Desolated peat samples exhibit the highest nitrogen-cycle gene numbers, significantly differing from Unaffected peat (p < 0.05). Discussion: The expansion of gentoo penguins induced by climate change led to the replacement of acidophilic microbiomes associated with moss banks, shaping a new microbial community influenced by penguin guano's chemical and microbial composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the use of X-ray computed tomography and X-ray fluorescence in the analysis and expert research of the seventeenth century printed book "Eukhologīon albo Molitoslov, ili Trebnik" from Kiev. The main purpose of the survey was to confirm whether the book binding is original or whether it is a rebinding, and whether there are any fragments of the hidden older texts. Commonly used radiography is usually not able to provide sufficient information for these purposes. On the other hand, computed tomography allows a detailed and three-dimensional documentation of the bookbinding technology and the structure of the materials used, including the wooden boards. It will be presented that all elements of the weave are clearly visible, making it possible to show that there are no internal defects in the stitching and materials. It has also been convincingly shown that there are no fragments or layers of older texts in the binding, so no further invasive intervention will be necessary regarding this aspect. The paper also demonstrates the possibility of reading the text in a closed book utilising X-ray computed tomography data; this option may be advantageous for massively damaged manuscripts. It will also be shown, that thanks to detailed tomographic imaging of the wood structure of the boards, a dendrochronological survey can be successfully carried out without invasive intervention into their outer layers. From the CT data it was also found that the pigments of the letters have significantly different densities. Therefore, as part of the survey, elemental analysis of the writing was also carried out using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to confirm and clarify this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the spatial effects of the ongoing "decommunization" campaign in Ukraine, a state-led attack on Soviet symbols and ideology in the urban space of the capital, Kyiv. We examine decommunization through the lens of an extensive legacy of architectural, urban design, and monumental art projects erected for the celebration of the 1500th anniversary of the city of Kyiv held in 1982. We focus on four ideological narratives and examine the outcomes of decommunization on four monuments. We find that decommunization's effect is limited; Communist symbolism has been annotated with Ukrainian identity symbols or neglected, not demolished. We conclude that decommunization has focused on the comparatively superficial qualities of toponomy and Lenin symbols, that the legacy of Soviet identity in Kyiv's cityscape is much deeper and has proved surprisingly persistent, and that the historiography of the newly independent nation of Ukraine is still in a process of reformation and revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The article discusses the challenges faced by civilian healthcare providers in Kyiv, Ukraine, during the conflict in treating pediatric trauma resulting from war‐related incidents. Methods: The authors share their experiences and insights from managing a series of 12 pediatric patients admitted to the Ohmatdyt children's hospital between February 25 and April 1, 2022. During this period, the hospital was under constant threat due to the military conflict. Results: The patients, ranging in age from 3 months to 17 years, suffered injuries from various causes, including vehicle shootings, explosions, and other traumatic events. The interventions and timely management are discussed, and two detailed clinical cases are presented to illustrate the complexities of treating pediatric trauma in a warzone. Conclusion: In summary, the article sheds light on the unique challenges faced by healthcare providers in a warzone when treating pediatric trauma. It underscores the importance of timely intervention, effective triage, and the utilization of advanced medical techniques to improve patient outcomes in such challenging circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the minimum number of teeth in the anterior dental arch that would yield accurate results for individual identification in forensic contexts. Materials and Methods: The study involved the analysis of 28 sets of 3-dimensional (3D) point cloud data, focused on the labial surface of the anterior teeth. These datasets were superimposed within each group in both genuine and imposter pairs. Group A incorporated data from the right to the left central incisor, group B from the right to the left lateral incisor, and group C from the right to the left canine. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, including the evaluation of root mean square error (RMSE) values and the distances resulting from the superimposition of dental arch segments. All analyses were conducted using CloudCompare version 2.12.4 (Telecom ParisTech and R&D, Kyiv, Ukraine). Results: The distances between genuine pairs in groups A, B, and C displayed an average range of 0.153 to 0.184 mm. In contrast, distances for imposter pairs ranged from 0.338 to 0.522 mm. RMSE values for genuine pairs showed an average range of 0.166 to 0.177, whereas those for imposter pairs ranged from 0.424 to 0.638. A statistically significant difference was observed between the distances of genuine and imposter pairs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The exceptional performance observed for the labial surfaces of anterior teeth underscores their potential as a dependable criterion for accurate 3D dental identification. This was achieved by assessing a minimum of 4 teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the extensive literature on the digital transformation of museums, this article explores how war museums can effectively use online media to fulfil their functions related to remembering, interpreting and debating war. The author focuses primarily on the context of ongoing armed conflict as war museums engage in a struggle, shaping, mobilizing and unifying narrative to support the war effort. The main part of the article is an analysis of the online activities of the Kyiv Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War during the first months of the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The author analyses the online exhibitions, online projects and content of the official Museum's Facebook profile in order to explain how the War Museum uses its digital online resources to inform the local population and the international communities about the Russian aggression against Ukraine, and mobilize them to support the war effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the study is the territory that became the object of the influence of hostilities. The study is dedicated to finding ways to assess the state of ecosystems and ensure their stability in the conditions of military conflicts. The impact of military conflict on the environment is highlighted through the analysis of risks and losses in ecosystems. It has been studied that the intensity of armed conflicts determines the scale and degree of damage to ecosystems, and the use of destructive weapons leads to the direct destruction of natural environments and their components. It has been determined by an expert survey that the most significant changes in natural ecosystems are the biodiversity losses, deforestation, territorial changes and the destruction of natural objects (scores ≥9.0). Factors of low impact (score <6.75) are air pollution, erosion due to air pollution, biodiversity losses due to water pollution. The interrelationships between military actions and environmental pollution are studied for the importance of understanding these processes for effective management of environmental security during military conflicts. A mathematical and graphic model of material flows has been developed, which allows taking into account resource flows, pollution and losses in the ecosystem during armed conflicts. The model, tested in the Kyiv region, made it possible to determine the priorities of conservation and risk management. Analysis of 9,000 km2 revealed contaminated areas, in particular, in the southwestern and western directions. The practical use of the research results is in the development of strategies for minimizing and restoring the ecological consequences of armed conflicts. This can help improve the management of natural resources in the context of military operations and increase the resilience of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberal interventionism is in crisis, being weakened both from within and without. From Kabul to Kyiv and beyond, the contributions to our thematic issue reveal that the crisis of liberal interventionism has unraveled differently than previously understood. In countries of the Global North, it stretched out in different ways, depending on the political culture, party/coalition in power, or institutional path dependencies. In countries of the Global South, mandate-specific benchmarks, in addition to the neglect of local agencies by both interveners and domestic elites, produced unintended consequences and a backlash effect. The articles in this thematic issue contribute to a better understanding of the crisis of liberal interventionism by unpacking the global fragmentation of collective security instruments, patterns and conditions of foreign policy change in liberal democracies, intervention failure in Afghanistan, alternative forms of interventionism like the one of the Wagner Group, international orientation change through the Zeitenwende, or counter-terrorism and deterrence postures. To conclude, the thematic issue critically investigates whether singing the swansong of liberal interventionism is premature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War always results in civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure, architectural monuments and historic buildings. Systematic analysis of the current situation of historic sites in the occupied territories reveals fundamental problems and unresolved issues in preserving the heritage of areas that are not under the control of the Kyiv government. There are shortcomings in the regulatory framework of legal status, protection and preservation, as well as violations in the occupied territories. The activities ofvarious countries in determining the status of historical monuments are reviewed. Positive and negative aspects of the policy of protection and restoration of cultural heritage objects are outlined, and practical recommendations are made for improving the protection of historical monuments in the occupied territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a toponymic lens, this article opens insights into Kyiv's rampant, largely unregulated urban growth under neoliberal management, including associated forms of new-build gentrification. Practices of (re)naming are increasingly used to brand places, especially in the real estate market contexts. Theoretically, we discuss the uses of symbolic motif-repertoires, place-spoofing (through name-loans or copied architectural forms, for instance) and local heritage-based autochthonous naming as the ingredients of neoliberal place making and new-build gentrification. Empirically, we analyze 639 names for residential estates in Kyiv and its outskirts, coined in 2010–2020. We classified this corpus into autochthonous and neotoponymic estate names based on their relationship to the existing local toponymy, and then conducted a detailed interpretative analysis of both subsets. Used to attract a specific niche of home-buyers, the main types of toponymic place brands in Kyiv include select autochthonous "prestige names" recycled in the real estate landscape, overwhelmingly Western (North American and above all European) name loans, references to business owners and corporate brands, and evocations of internationally fashionable generic themes of urbanism (from urban greenness to expressions of high social status). Although the revealed toponymic novelties may express the integration of Ukrainian society to the worldwide community of free market economies, such repercussions of these neoliberal place making linguistic practices as symbolic repetitiveness and linguistic Westernization may have potentially adverse effects of enfeebled historicity and increasing placelessness, as well as phenomenological displacement in the Ukrainian capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ethical challenges faced by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic practitioners in Ukraine during the Russian invasion in 2022. Some practitioners suspended their practice to join the Armed Forces or volunteer groups, while others sought safe places to continue their work. The article highlights ethical issues related to expressing support for Ukraine, maintaining relationships with Russian patients, and violating patient confidentiality. The need for a conference to address these challenges and revise the Ethical Code is also emphasized. The text explores the difficulties of maintaining ethical boundaries and neutrality in the face of war-related interruptions and differing perspectives on the conflict. The conference aimed to provide a space for dialogue, formulate joint ethical guidelines, and share experiences with a global audience. [Extracted from the article]

Red wood ants (RWA, Formica rufa group) play a key role in forest ecosystems as effective entomophages and participants in the circulation of organic matter. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficiency of using the highway method to accelerate the growth of anthills, specifically focusing on height, diameter, volume. The study was conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine, from May to October 2023. In the experimental group, highways were constructed on ant trails, totalling nine Formica polyctena Forster, 1850 anthills and eight Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1761 anthills. These highways consisted of a continuous line of logs ranging from 10 to 15 cm in diameter. The control group consisted of 11 F. polyctena anthills and eight F. rufa anthills, with all trails running along the forest floor surface. Height and diameter measurements were conducted monthly, and anthill volumes were calculated during data processing. Analysis of anthill linear parameters revealed a significant acceleration of growth in the experimental group. The average anthill diameter, height, and volume for both ant species in the experimental group (12 cm height, 24 cm diameter for F. rufa and 29 cm diameter, 9 cm height for F. polyctena per season) exceeded those of the control group, where either no increase or a decrease in anthill size was observed (p = 0.01-0.0001). The increase in anthill volume within the experimental group, compared to the control group, from May 2023 to September 2023 was twice as large for both species (p = 0.02-0.005). These findings confirm the efficiency of the highway method in stimulating growth of red wood ant anthills. Accelerated anthill growth can help maintain ant populations in forest ecosystems, which is important for maintaining biodiversity and stability within these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive simulation of a number of main processes induced in all geospheres by the fall and explosion of the Kyiv meteoroid on April 19, 2023, have been conducted. Magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, ionospheric, and seismic effects and the effects of acoustic gravity waves have been assessed. The magnetic effect of the ionospheric currents and the current in the wake of the meteoroid could be considerably large (approximately 0.4–0.7 nT). Owing to the capture of electrons in the atmospheric gravity wave field, the magnetic effect can reach the levels of 0.6–6 nT. Under the influence of an external electric field, a transient current pulse with a current strength of up to approximately 102–103 A can arise. The electrostatic effect can be accompanied by the accumulation of an electric charge of approximately 1–6 mC, which produces the electric field strength of approximately 10 MV/m. The flow of the electric current in the meteoroid wake can give rise to generation of an electromagnetic pulse in the 10–100 kHz band with an electric field strength in the range of 1–10 V/m. The electromagnetic effect of infrasound could be substantial (approximately 0.6–6 V/m and approximately 2–20 nT). The absorption of the shock wave at the ionospheric dynamo region altitudes (approximately 100–150 km) can generate secondary atmospheric gravity waves with a relative amplitude of approximately 0.1%. The fall of the meteoroid produced a plasma wake not only in the lower atmosphere but also in the upper atmosphere at altitudes of not less than 1000 km. The possibility of the appearance of an electrophonic effect is unlikely. The possibilities of generating the ion and magnetic sound by infrasound and generating gradient drift and drift dissipative instabilities seem to be unlikely as well. The magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic effects dealt with in this study partially fill up gaps in the theory of physical effects produced by meteoroids in the Earth–atmosphere–ionosphere–magnetosphere system. The magnitudes of magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, ionospheric, and acoustic effects are significant. The magnitude of the earthquake caused by the meteoroid explosion did not exceed one. The mean rate of recurrence of the fall of celestial bodies similar to the Kyiv meteoroid equals 32.3 yr–1, i.e., one event in 11 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merocyanines, thanks to their easily adjustable electronic structure, appear to be the most versatile and promising functional dyes. Their D–π–A framework offers ample opportunities for custom design through variations in both donor/acceptor end‐groups and the π‐conjugated polymethine chain, and leads to a broad range of practical properties, including noticeable solvatochromism, high polarizability/hyperpolarizabilities, and the ability to sensitize various physicochemical processes. Accordingly, merocyanines are applied and extensively studied in various fields, such as light‐converting materials for optoelectronics, nonlinear optics, optical storage, solar cells, fluorescent probes, and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy. This review encompasses both classical and novel more important publications on the structure–property relationships in merocyanines, with particular emphasis on the results by A. I. Kiprianov and his followers in Institute of Organic Chemistry in Kyiv, Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objects of the study are unmanned vehicles and branches of the bridge of the city of Kyiv (Ukraine), which connects the Great Ring Road, Zhytomyr Highway and Peremogy Avenue. The built routes were analyzed using the technology of recognition of road signs, people and vehicles. The important problem of this research is to analyze the possibilities of detecting obstacles by an unmanned vehicle using pattern recognition, which combines the methods of machine communication, navigation and real-time video surveillance. Based on the study, the results of detecting and avoiding obstacles on the road, where a study was conducted to investigate the main reasons that can cause time delays (traffic jams, weather conditions, accidents). The results of planning and navigation are obtained to determine the appropriate road route, which allows detecting and eliminating obstacles on the road, as well as building a map plan of the route in advance using online map services (Google Maps). It is shown that recognition of road signs (based on the classification using a road sign map consisting of 7 categories), people and vehicles minimizes the occurrence of road accidents, traffic jams and time delays. To recognize the images of road signs, people and vehicles, we studied the road sections connecting to the branched bridge. Thus, the authors have reviewed and analyzed the digital capabilities of pattern identification and recognition using machine learning methods, navigation and video surveillance systems, where the safety of vehicles with detection of road signs and obstacles on the way is of great importance. The results obtained can complement the possibilities of using unmanned vehicles to avoid obstacles and road accidents based on a trained pattern recognition system. This system, using convolutional neural networks and video surveillance navigation systems, will be able to provide the driver and the people around it with safe driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of competition in the transport market requires delivery organizers to implement better approaches based on modern management methodologies, in particular, agile, which makes it possible to provide a modern level of service to cargo owners. The object of this research is the processes of organizing multimodal delivery. The subject of the study is the area of compromise in the processes of organizing multimodal delivery based on the agile approach. The term «compromise area» is introduced, which reflects the numerical limits of product parameters in the general case. For the transportation domain under consideration, the «trade-off area» reflects the limits of the characteristics of multimodal delivery, which is the «product» for the multimodal operator. A set of alternative options for multimodal delivery forms the basis for establishing the dependence of the cost of delivery on time and its reliability (possible time deviation). The area in the «time-reliability-cost» space, which is formed on the basis of this dependence, on the one hand, and the requirements of the cargo owner, taking into account their possible adjustment, on the other hand, is the area of compromise. This area is proposed for use in agile approaches to the organization of multimodal delivery. Balancing the interests of the cargo owner and the multimodal operator allows changing the limits of the compromise area within the framework of the proposed scheme of agile cycles in the process of planning and organizing delivery. On the example of delivering a container with cargo from China to Kyiv, regression linear models were built. These models formalize the dependence of delivery cost on reliability and/or time. Using the example of varying the requirements of the cargo owner regarding the limitations of some delivery characteristics, the formation of the compromise area and its adjustment was carried out, which demonstrated the practical aspects of the formation of the compromise area for multimodal delivery. The results are the basis for the implementation of the agile approach in the field of multimodal transportation. The further development of these results consists in the construction of mathematical models that could form the basis for finding solutions in the area of compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of today, in Ukraine, there are no opportunities to conduct genetic research on a sufficient scale to identify the composition of the genomes of honey bees. Wing morphometrics of drones is a readily available alternative for obtaining information about the approximate composition of DNA. The goal of the work was to formulate the principles of the main stages of research and illustrate the procedure for obtaining morphometric data, methods of their processing, and possibilities for interpreting the obtained results. In the package of statistical data processing application programs Statistica, the classification of 2,147 drone wings obtained from 6 apiaries of Zhytomyr, Mykolaiv, and Kyiv regions was carried out according to eight indices: Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, Ci.3, Ci.2.1, and Ci.2.2. We propose a method for obtaining morphometric wing standards of bees based on studying a significant number of bee colonies from various apiaries in specific regions of Ukraine. Using a two-stage methodology, three datasets were formed and recommended for use as standards: one for the local population of Ukrainian bees and two for populations of the A.m.mellifera subspecies distributed in the Polissia region. We analyzed the reliability of results in determining the taxonomic affiliation of bees was analyzed. Using the example of a single bee colony, a detailed procedure is demonstrated to identify taxonomic affiliation through utilization of the obtained standards. It has been demonstrated that in case of reliable identification of standards belonging to specific subspecies, it is possible to predict the likely composition of chromosomal sets in the genomes of drones, queens, and worker bees partially corresponding to the wing phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at considering revitalization as a complex renewing method and a component of the complex process of restorative-reconstructive transformations of the historical urban environment. The effectiveness of complex revitalization with the involvement of various restoring and renewing methods has been proven. It allows at different system levels to revive and improve the quality of heterogeneous in terms of historical and architectural value and destruction of the historical urban environment, which usually includes the historically formed industrial territories. Such heterogeneity of the historical urban environment, reinforced over the last year by the devastating consequences of the war, today is characteristic of Kyiv and many cities of Ukraine, and therefore the proposed methodology is extremely relevant. The analysis of the experience of revitalizing former industrial territories of Lodz, as the most successful among the cities of Poland - the country with the closest historical, cultural, and architectural ties to Ukraine, is extremely valuable for pre-project studies of neglected and ruined historically formed industrial territories of Kyiv. The proposed concept of revitalizing degraded former industrial territories in Podil and on Radyshcheva Street in Kyiv has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area – the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers’ Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the example of graffiti created by famous artists on the walls of buildings and structures damaged during hostilities in Kyiv and its suburbs, the article analyzes and summarizes the factors influencing the lifespan of street artworks. Special conditions for dismantling graffiti and changing the exposure are considered. Examples of measures taken to preserve art objects are given. The study provides recommendations for additional protection of building structures, which are the basis of murals, taking into account their condition and degree of destruction. The authors provide photographic materials and results from some of the most common objects. Also provided are constructive schemes for strengthening the building elements or their fragments and options for technological solutions for protection, preservation and further dismantling. The article also includes materials from already implemented projects: applications of street art, which were saved using these other methods and techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study lies in the need to maintain optimal levels of mobile phosphorus in carbonate soils to support healthy plant growth and development, as it can be converted into less mobile forms in such soils. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of various long- term fertilisation strategies on the content of various forms of phosphorus in the soil to improve this availability. The research was conducted in 2019-2022 as a stationary experiment in a separate division of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine "Agronomic Experimental Station" in Kyiv Oblast on meadow chernozem carbonate low-humus coarse-sawn light loamy soil in a five-field crop rotation, where the influence of different levels of fertiliser saturation (no fertiliser, minimum, average, and optimal) on soil phosphate status and yield of Etana winter wheat variety and Sumiko sunflower hybrid was investigated. Soil samples were taken from the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers, and the group and fractional composition of phosphates was determined using the Chang-Jackson method and the content of mobile phosphates using the Chirikov and Machigin methods. According to the analysis of the group and fractional composition of soil phosphates, it was found that in meadow chernozem carbonate low-humus coarse-sawn light loamy soil, the content of iron phosphates prevails among all fractions during long-term fertilisation. The results showed an increase in the content of aluminium phosphates in the 0-20 cm surface layer of the soil of two variants with long-term fertilisation, and an increase in the content of the second fraction of soluble calcium phosphates (Ca-PII), with the minimum saturation (N27P18K20) with the highest available phosphate fraction for plants (Ca-PI) is observed The content of mobile phosphates was maximal at optimal fertiliser saturation (N81P54K62) and was 4.8 and 8.5 mg/100 g of soil, the aftereffect of organic fertilisers positively affected the accumulation of mobile phosphates in the soil. The highest yield of winter wheat (7.55 t/ha) and sunflower (4.28 t/ha) was obtained with optimal fertiliser saturation, the lowest - without the use of fertilisers, where it was 4.45 t/ha for winter wheat and 2.23 t/ha for sunflower. The results of the study can be used to develop more sustainable and effective strategies for using phosphorus in soils, which can help preserve soil resources and prevent possible contamination of water sources due to excessive phosphorus intake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication analyzes a little-known Liubech plan described by Abraham van Westerveld in his report on Janusz Radziwiłł's march to Kyiv in 1651. The latter was a Lithuanian hetman. The article concerns topographic drawings and geodetic tools used in that time. Modern topographic plans and early modern ones are compared (including respective mistakes). The drawing meets the West European cartographic school: orthogonal projection without decoration and description. It combines fortifications, separate buildings, infrastructure objects, etc. The plan is provided with a scale and English cardinal points. Such a draft was drawn by a skilled cartographer. The above-mentioned can determine the land survey, its methods and tools. The survey was conducted after the Liubech seizure by Janusz Radziwiłł. The geodesist could get acquainted with the object and determine the stages of plan creation. The work was completed properly. There was only one deviation on the plan: the corner tower orientation shift. Besides, several surveying techniques were applied to the plan, which confirms high skills of the geodesist. The plan is almost centered. No pasting or wall direction changing are detected. Such techniques are usable for surveying unknown objects. However, plan errors themselves are typical for surveying tools and methods of the 17th century. Unfortunately, such a plan was created in a single copy. Therefore, we cannot make any assumptions about its authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on original qualitative data on the mobilization of anti‐Kyiv combatants during the war in eastern Ukraine (started in 2014), this article suggests an approach for understanding the spontaneous mobilization of nonstate armed groups during contemporary military conflicts. This approach is based on the notion of career as a collective path of mobilization unfolding over time. It explains how different mobilization factors usually proposed in the literature on contemporary civil wars acquire their mobilization power. The article identifies five combatant careers leading to joining the anti‐Kyiv armed groups: evolving localists, disrupted outcasts, nationalist warriors, adventurous ideologues, and inspired sympathizers. It demonstrates that (1) mobilization requires the combination of factors such as economic incentives, ideological affinity, social connections, and conflict dynamics in a particularly sequenced way, (2) this combination is different for each career path, and (3) these factors acquire their mobilizing capacity only in the context of particular social trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive modeling studies of the thermal, turbulent, and plasma processes induced in all geospheres by the passage and explosion of the Kyiv meteoroid on April 19, 2023, were performed. Thermodynamic and plasma effects, as well as the effects and turbulence, accompanying the passage of the Kyiv meteoroid were estimated. It has been shown that the passage of the celestial body led to the formation of a gas-dust plume. The heated trail of the meteoroid cooled for several seconds. A simplified one-dimensional model of plume motion in the vertical direction is considered. The acceleration and speed of the plume are estimated. It has been shown that the initial acceleration of the plume initially reached a maximum value of 117 m/s2 and lasted ~1 ms. Its speed increased from 0 to ~1 m/s, then gradually decreased to 0 m/s. At this speed, the height of the plume's ascent hardly increased. The products of the explosion contained in the thermal, specks of dust and aerosols, further took part in the following three processes: a slow precipitation to the surface of the Earth, turbulent mixing with the ambient air, and transport by the predominant winds around the globe. The effect of turbulence in the trail has been shown to be well-pronounced, while the effect of magnetic turbulence has been shown to be absent. The following basic parameters of the plasma in the trail have been estimated: the height dependences of the electron densities per unit length and per unit volume, their relaxation times, the particle collision frequencies, the plasma specific conductivities, and the electron temperature relaxation time. At the initial moment, the linear and volume electron densities in the trail have been shown to be equal to approximately 1017–1023 and 1017–1022 m–3, respectively, and the plasma specific conductivity to be equal to ~103 Ohm–1 m–1. The role of the dusty plasma component was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz is a protected species in Ukraine. In order to organize optimal protection measures comprehensive studies of various aspects of its biology are necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the pollinators and visitors of E. palustris. The study was conducted in Kyiv city (Ukraine) between 2020 and 2022. The research focused on arthropod visitors in two human-made populations. Specimens of 31 families and 48 genera from 9 arthropod orders were identified and established. The greatest number of species represented Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Evaluation of visitor activity show that Hymenoptera were the most frequent visitors. E. palustris in the conditions of Kyiv is mainly characterized by entomophily. Halictidae, Apidae and Coccinellidae played an important role in E. palustris pollination. It was found that populations of E. palustris in the conditions of the Kyiv city form a unique self-regulating biocenosis that provides shelter and food for 53 identified species of arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given text is a speech by President Zelenskyy of Ukraine at the National Defense University of the United States. He discusses the importance of freedom and the ongoing war between Ukraine and Russia. He emphasizes the need for confidence and security in order to protect freedom and democracy. President Zelenskyy also highlights Ukraine's achievements in the war and calls for continued support from the United States. [Extracted from the article]

Based on original qualitative data on the mobilization of anti‐Kyiv combatants during the war in eastern Ukraine (started in 2014), this article suggests an approach for understanding the spontaneous mobilization of nonstate armed groups during contemporary military conflicts. This approach is based on the notion of career as a collective path of mobilization unfolding over time. It explains how different mobilization factors usually proposed in the literature on contemporary civil wars acquire their mobilization power. The article identifies five combatant careers leading to joining the anti‐Kyiv armed groups: evolving localists, disrupted outcasts, nationalist warriors, adventurous ideologues, and inspired sympathizers. It demonstrates that (1) mobilization requires the combination of factors such as economic incentives, ideological affinity, social connections, and conflict dynamics in a particularly sequenced way, (2) this combination is different for each career path, and (3) these factors acquire their mobilizing capacity only in the context of particular social trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the peace settlements of 1815, 1919, and 1945 with an eye towards drawing out certain insights for current conflicts, specifically the Russo-Ukrainian War. Among the points covered in this article are the position and capability of military forces, the alignments and agreements which take place before and after the main peace negotiations, the assumptions around how long a settlement might last, the influence of existing social and intellectual currents which surround the statesmen and women negotiating peace, and the importance of individual personalities in arriving at a lasting and stable peace. How long the war between Russia and Ukraine will last is uncertain, but it is more likely than not that policymakers in Moscow and Kiev, as well as their counterparts in capitals across Europe and beyond, will consider eventual negotiations. This article provides ideas and approaches from some of the most notable precedents in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a way of stimulating thinking about a future peace settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch. adapts to living in the forests of Ukraine. The influence of P. inserta on native species and its consortial ties with representatives of the secondary ranges biota, in particular birds, has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to make an inventory of the consorts' ornithocomplexes of P. inserta, to give a comparative analysis of topic and trophic consorts as a result of an introduced species' participation in the transformation of habitat's conditions. The material was collected from 2019 to 2022 in forest parks and urban green spaces of the Kyiv city. The bird distribution was determined by the standard method of counting birds at points. Exactly 12.2 ha of P. inserta plantations were surveyed. Trophic consortium relationships of P. inserta with 32 bird species and topic ones with six bird species were revealed. The species composition of consorts was higher in forest fragments than in urban plantations (26 and 21 species, respectively). In the ornithocomplexes of P. inserta consorts in forest biotopes, there was a smaller pressure of dominant species and a more evenly ranked distribution of species by abundance than in urbanized ones. The similarity of the consort's species composition in urbanized and natural biotopes according to the Sorensen index was 0.64, in consorts 1 and 2 of the consortium concentres was 0.32, and in topic and trophic consorts was 0.27. According to the status of stay in the region, trophic consorts of P. inserta were mainly resident birds – 20 species (62.50%), wintering birds – six species (18.75%), and birds migrating through the region – six species of birds (18.75%). Among the topic consorts, there were four species of sedentary species and two species arriving for nesting. Principal component analysis revealed the largest positive relationship between P. inserta planting area and the number of consort bird species nesting (0.999) and feeding (0.889) on girlish vine plants. We predict that in the future, P. inserta will be more strongly woven into the matter cycle of the secondary range ecosystems. The study of consortial relationships between invasive plants and birds, taking into account the knowledge of the ecological characteristics of consort birds, will make it possible to more effectively prevent the spread of plants into natural biotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the key prerequisites in the process of preparing society and the state for future challenges is the development of the capabilities of the Intelligence Community (IC). The ability to collect necessary data and information about the intentions of an opponent, while simultaneously protecting one's own information resources, is essential for making quality and timely decisions. Examples from modern conflicts and wars confirm the extreme importance of using intelligence during various forms of action (either offensive or defensive) because it helps to perceive actual situation on the battlefield more objectively and reliably, thus enabling decisionmaking that should have a positive effect on the development of the situation. Ukraine, with the help of its allies and friends from the international community, learned many lessons from the defeat it experienced on the battlefield during the Russian invasion in 2014. It used the time between the two aggressions to develop its own defense capabilities, including the development of its IC in all necessary segments: human potential, technical capabilities, organizational forms. This is reflected, among other things, in the successful stopping of the Russian blitzkrieg against Kyiv and the sinking of the Russian missile cruiser Moskva. At the same time, they also showed deficiencies in the coordination of the IC's actions at the beginning of the Russian aggression, which, after wrong actions, were soon corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal and long-term changes in the quality parameters of water delivered to the Dnipro Water Supply Station (DWSS) in Kyiv after the Kyiv Reservoir were considered. The range of measured parameters covered the following periods: 1950–1962 until the creation of the Kyiv Reservoir, 1996–2006, and 2012–2022 after its creation. Water quality monitoring was performed by both the standard integral parameters (chromaticity, permanganate and bichromate oxidability, biological oxygen demand, and total organic carbon) and the ratios between them. The statistical analysis and graphic interpretation of data were carried out by Microsoft Excel tools. The correlations between the factors were estimated with the use of Pearson correlation coefficients r. Based on the determined correlations, the quality of water in the water reservoir and at the inlet to the DWSS water treatment facilities in Kiev was balanced between allochthonous and autochthonous sources of organic substances. The changes in water quality characteristics were noticed to be cyclic and correlate in a certain way with solar activity. The consideration for solar activity cycles provides a basis for predicting the Dnipro water quality and should facilitate the technological and logistic support of operation for the water treatment station in coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the oral recollections of Leonida Stanislavivna Panchyk, born in 1939 in Makariv district, Kyiv region, where she has lived all her life. The oral recollections were recorded from February 26 to March 5, 2022, during the beginning of the active phase of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The uniqueness and special value of the presented records lies in the fact that they demonstrate the living life of the Ukrainian narrative tradition. The recorded narrative is a direct reaction to the war. The analysed material and the study of the living situation gave grounds to distinguish the following three groups of reasons that caused the emergence of a memory: characters, events, place. The associative logical sequence of plots in memories is described. All the stories are a child's memories and primarily describe events that are important to the child. Panchyk's memories are sustained in one ideological, thematic and genre direction, they are not diluted by other themes or genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the most important food crops in the world. Cultivation of potatoes is an important segment of the agriculture and economy as a whole in Ukraine. Bacterial diseases such as ring rot caused by Clavibacter sepedonicus, as well as soft rot and blackleg caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum evoke tremendous losses of the potato crop. Stored seed tubers are the main source of accumulating pathogens in latent form. In addition, potato crop yield and quality are significantly affected by weather conditions. Along with affecting potatoes directly, meteorological factors such as air temperature and humidity can also impact tuber infestation with bacterial pathogens. The aim of the study was to monitor the prevalence of bacterial ring rot pathogen C. sepedonicus and soft rot pathogen P. atrosepticum in potato tubers on the territory of Ukraine in 2020 and 2021 years and assess its association with different weather conditions. Methods. Potato seed lots from newly harvested crops in eight regions of Ukraine (Odesa, Kyiv, Donetsk, Kherson, Cherkasy, Mykolaiv, Dnipropetrovsk, and Zhytomyr regions) without visual symptoms of diseases were used for the experiments. The detection of C. sepedonicus and P. atrosepticum was conducted by the immunochemical method DAS ELISA. Basal meteorological data (the sum of precipitation (mm/month) and average air temperature (°C) were obtained from the local meteorological stations. The amplitude of air temperature and the sum of precipitation during potato planting, growing, and harvesting seasons, as well as Sielianinov's hydrothermal coefficient (K) were additionally calculated. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used for the analysis of the correlation between pathogen prevalence and weather parameters. Results. Both ring rot pathogen C. sepedonicus and soft rot pathogen P. atrosepticum were detected in potato lots from all surveyed regions, but the prevalence of latent infestation varied between 2020 and 2021. In 2020, the highest soft rot pathogen prevalence values were registered for Mykolaiv, Kyiv, and Cherkasy regions (21.7, 10.5, and 10% respectively), where high rainfall levels in May and June were observed. In 2021, potato planting, growing, and harvesting seasons were marked by significantly higher precipitation levels, as compared to 2020, in all regions. Average occurrence values for P. atrosepticum in potato lots were 1.7 times higher than that in 2020. The highest prevalence (40%) was observed in the Donetsk region wiThextremely high air humidity during the potato growing period. Strong positive correlation (r = 0.721) was found between soft rot pathogen prevalence and K coefficients during the potato growing season, as well as between P. atrosepticum prevalence and the sum of precipitation during planting and early growing seasons. Prevalence of ring rot pathogen didn't differ significantly in 2020 and 2021. The highest C. sepedonicus prevalence was observed in 2020 in the Kyiv region (18.9%), and in 2021 -- in the Donetsk region (20%). A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.591) was found between pathogen prevalence and air temperature during planting and early growing season. Conclusions. Weather factors such as air temperature and humidity over the planting and early growing potato season can influence progeny tuber infestation with P. atrosepticum and C. sepedonicus. Knowledge of the effect of the changing weather conditions on the susceptibility of potato varieties with different genetic features to infestation with soft rot and ring rot pathogens warrants future investigation since it is crucially important for developing measures for disease control by potato producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work is to investigate the thematic orientation of the historical genre in the work of O. Poltavets-Huyda as a representative of the modern Kyiv school of painting. The research methodology consists in the application of general scientific and special research methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, generalisation and abstraction, semitic, descriptive, which together allowed to consider the works of painting of the historical trend in the artist's work. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the work of the modern artist O. Poltavets-Huyda became the subject of a scientific study, within which the genre and stylistic features of the series of works by O. Poltavets-Huyda "From Ukrainian Antiquity" (1998-2001) were analysed and revealed), a historical portrait in the series of works "Portraits of Contemporaries and Prominent People of Ukraine (2000-2001), other works covering different periods of Ukrainian history. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that O. Poltavets-Huyda belongs to the generation of modern representatives of easel painting of the Kyiv art school. The creative work of the artist includes, among other things, works of a historical genre orientation, representing the thematic picture of the Cossack period in the series of works "From Ukrainian Antiquity", as well as other works: "People's Avengers", "Grand Duke's Hunt in Russia" (both 1980), "Oath of I. Mazepa for loyalty to Ukraine" (2012), "Portrait of Pylyp Orlyk, creator of the First Constitution of Ukraine" (2012), "Will. Dignity. Eternity" (2016). Plot-wise and thematically, in her works, O. Poltavets-Huyda focused on presenting a holistic image of a historical personality, conveying the character and aristocratic features of outstanding figures of history and culture, as well as contemporaries. The work of O. Poltavets-Guyda belongs to the samples of the Kyiv school of Ukrainian historical painting, representing the author's decoding and interpretation of significant historical events and figures from different periods of Ukrainian history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at comprehensively analyzing and estimating the effects in gas dynamics, as well as mechanical and optical effects, from the Kyiv meteoroid that entered the terrestrial atmosphere and exploded over Bila Tserkva raion, Kyiv oblast (Ukraine). According to the International Meteor Organization (IMO), the apparent magnitude of the meteoroid was –18. According to our estimates, the luminous power was 215 GW with an effective duration of 2.4 ± 0.2 s, the total luminous energy was 25.2 ± 2.5 GJ, and the initial kinetic energy was 0.09 ± 0.01 kt of TNT or 375 ± 35 GJ. The initial mass of the cosmic body was estimated to be 0.89 ± 0.09 t, the volume was 0.250 ± 0.025 m3, and the size was 79 ± 3 cm. The initial velocity of the meteoroid reached 29 km/s. The inclination angle, i.e., the angle that the trajectory makes with the horizontal plane, was 32°. The explosion altitude equal to 38 km and the inclination angle equal to 32° give an estimate of 3.5 t/m3 for the material density, which is close to the rock density. The energy of the processes, the gas dynamics effects, and the mechanical and optical effects from the celestial body have been analyzed. The main release of energy associated with the deceleration of the fragments of the celestial body, which was defragmented under a dynamical pressure of approximately 2.5 MPa, took place in the region with a length of 2 km at an altitude of approximately 38 km. A quasi-continuous defragmentation is suggested to produce a mass distribution that follows a power law. The main parameters of the ballistic and explosive shock waves have been estimated. For the Mach number of 97, the radius of the ballistic shock wave is estimated to be approximately 77 m, and the fundamental period to be 0.7 s, which showed a dispersive increase from 3.7 to 11.5 s with the propagation path length increasing from 50 to 5000 km. The radii of cylindrical and spherical wavefront shock waves were approximately 0.28 and 0.34 km, and their fundamental periods were approximately 2.6 and 3.2 s, respectively. These periods increased from 9.5 to 30.0 s and from 11.1 to 35.1 s with an increase in the propagation path length from 50 to 5000 km. In the vicinity of the meteoroid's explosion height, the relative excess pressure was a maximum. It decreased with a decrease in the altitude and increased with an increase in the altitude up to approximately 120–150 km, at which it attained values of approximately 6–7% and then further decreased down to a few percent. The absolute value of the excess pressure is estimated to be near the altitude of the explosion; subsequently it decreased with a decrease in the altitude down to 20–25 km and then increased further again. At the epicenter of the explosion, it is estimated to be approximately 94 Pa for the cylindrical wavefront and approximately 99 Pa for the spherical wavefront, which is not enough to damage objects on the ground. The excess pressure decreased with an increase in the altitude from 8–15 Pa to a few micropascals. Given an estimate of 2.4 s for the average duration of the effective light flash, the maximum power of the fireball is estimated to be 21 GW, and the power flux near the fireball (or more precisely, the cone 0.5 km in length and 2.4 m in diameter), is estimated to be 5.1 MW/m2. At the same time, the temperature is estimated to be approximately 3100 K, and the Wien wavelength is estimated to be 9.4 × 10–7 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]