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Societies of eusocial insects are probably the most complex biological systems. Repeated independent evolution of eusocial organization in multiple insect lineages has typically led to an unprecedented ecological success of these insects. However, beside coordinated work activities and altruism, the eusocial societies are also characterized by a potential for conflict over reproduction, leading to the evolution of mechanisms that prevent this conflict and ensure the colony homeostasis. Though it has long been known that this role is mediated by Queen Pheromones, there is still an important knowledge gap between our understanding of the biological role of Queen Pheromones and their chemical identity, biosynthesis and perception. Although the first Queen Pheromone has been identified in the early 1960s, more intensive research in this area is the matter of the last decade. The best known Queen Pheromone is that of the honey bee, contrasting with the knowledge on other social Hymenoptera and termites. Elucidating the chemical nature of Queen Pheromones could help to a better understanding of the evolution of social insects, their life cycle and community organization. This thesis summarizes the knowledge about the evolution and chemistry of Queen Pheromones in social insects.

TFEU attempts to achieve a balance Member States and the European Union by laying down a broad prohibition on the granting of State aid which distorts of threatens to distort competition by favouring certain undertakings of the production of certain goods' insofar as it affects trade between Member States (Article 107 (1) TFEU). Even TFEU provides the general prohibition of State aid, there are some exceptions to the general prohibition that are either automatically compatible with the internal market (Article 107 (2) TFEU) or enables the European commission to consider the compatibility of certain aid with the internal market on the bases of a number of objectives to be attained (Article 107 (3) TFEU). The application of these exceptions is only within the power of European Commission. State aid measures can be effective tools for achieving objectives of common interest. State aid should only be used when it is an appropriate instrument for meeting a well defined objective, when it creates the right incentives, is proportionate and when it distorts competition to the least possible extent.