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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are efficient electrochemical energy device that converts the chemical energy of fuels directly into electricity. It has a high power and energy density and a sustainable source of energy. The electrode (cathode and anode) materials are essential for the efficient operation of SOFCs. Several electrode materials have been studied in the last two decades, mainly perovskite materials. The investigated materials have resulted in improved electrochemical performance of SOFCs, increased commercial viability, and reduced operational costs. However, the sustainability of most of the material compositions (heteroatoms) used as electrodes in SOFCs has never been investigated. The present study examines the recent progress, challenges, and constraints associated with electrode material development in SOFCs from a sustainable perspective. Heteroatoms majorly employed for doping in electrode materials’ long-term availability on the earth’s surface was established. The study also provides an overview on the current state of electrode materials development for symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells. This is intended to address the complexities of different materials development for the anode and cathode.

The paper presents the results of experiments on measuring cross-sections for the neutron transfer channels 9Be(3He, α)8Begs,3.03 in the reaction of the 3He (30 MeV) ions with the 9Be target. To describe the angular distributions, we use the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) applying the FRESCO code. The results of the theoretical analysis are in agreement with the experimental data. In addition, we perform calculations based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for the weakly bound neutron of the 9Be nucleus. The TDSE approach allows us to determine the dynamics of the neutron transfer process and calculate the probabilities for the transfer and removal of the neutron of the 9Be nucleus in the 3He + 9Be reaction.

The author emphasizes the importance of scientific jurisprudence in legal consciousness formation and strengthening the legitimacy of the legal order in Russia within the context of constitutional transformation and a changing socio-historical environment across the country. As the rigid separation of politics, ideology, and jurisprudence comes under criticism, it is argued that law is interconnected with social attitudes and cannot be purely non-ideological. Additionally, the risks associated with the arbitrary borrowing of foreign ideas and applying them in Russian scientific jurisprudence are discussed, such as human rights concepts and legal globalization methods. The need to create an independent system of legal ideals based on national traditions and values is emphasized. In this regard, scientific jurisprudence lags behind practical needs and the dominance of a template-schematic approach. The author comes to the conclusion that it is important to intensify the efforts that seek to strengthen the role of Russian constitutional law in the educational process, for students of law as well as students of other disciplines.

Copper sulfide is a multifunctional material. Copper sulfides are known to be used in photo-electric converters, in plasmonics, in active electrodes of batteries and supercapacitors, etc. The excellent thermoelectric properties of copper sulfide are well-known too. The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermoelectric performance of nanocomposite copper sulfide contained monoclinic Cu2S and tetragonal Cu1.96S phase. According to scanning electron microscopy, the average particle size of the synthesized powder was about 373 nm. The Li0.11Cu1.89S sample showed an electronic conductivity of 50–180 S/cm, a Seebeck coefficient of 0.04–0.31 mV/K in the range of 300–700 K, and high power factor 5.8 μW K−2cm−1 at 672 K. Total thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature from 0.61 to 0.22 W∙K−1m−1 in the range of 300–700 K. Such low thermal conductivity and high power factor made it possible to achieve an extremely high dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT = 1.76 at 672 K, which allows to consider the Li0.11Cu1.89S alloy as a promising thermoelectric material.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising energy conversion devices, offering high efficiency and environmental sustainability. Efficient electrode materials are crucial for the overall cell performance of SOFCs. Perovskite type Nd1-xSrxMn0.5Cr0.5O3-δ (x = 0.25, 0.5) (NSCM25, NSCM50) was synthesized via conventional solid-state reaction technique. Structural, thermal and electrochemical characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, conductivity measurements, scanning electron microscope, thermal expansion coefficient analysis and impedance spectroscopy. Structural analysis revealed that both compositions exhibit orthorhombic symmetry in the Pbnm space group. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated minimal weight changes in both pre-reduced and as-prepared samples. The electrical conductivities in air at 600 ℃ were found to be 1.69 S/cm for NSCM25 and 4.91 S/cm for NSCM50, with a decrease observed under reduced oxygen partial pressure. Polarization resistance (Rp) analysis was conducted on symmetrical cells composed of NSCM25|GDC|NSCM25, NSCM50|GDC|NSCM50, NSCM25|YSZ|NSCM25, and NSCM50|YSZ|NSCM50. At 900 ℃, the polarization resistances were 0.12 Ωcm2, 0.21 Ωcm2, 0.11 Ωcm2, and 0.67 Ωcm2, respectively. The results suggest that NSCM25 and NSCM50 hold promise as electrode materials for symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells (SSOFC) employing YSZ or GDC electrolyte.

In this work, we investigated the effect of nanostructuring on the thermoelectric and thermal properties of nonstoichiometric solid splavs doped with copper sulfides with potassium. The synthesized alloys K0.01Cu1.96S , K0.02Cu1.95S , K0.03Cu1.94S , K0.04Cu1.93S , K0.05Cu1.94S are nanocomposite. The crystallite sizes of the synthesized powder, as estimated from the half-width of X-ray diffraction lines, range from 7 to 180 nm. Sample K0.01Cu1.96S is a mixture of phases consisting of chalcocite Cu2S (82%), jarleite Cu1.96S (12%), anilite Cu1.75S (6%). The composition of samples K0.02Cu1.95S and K0.03Cu1.94S includes the most common phases of copper sulfides - chalcocite Cu2S , jarleite Cu1.96S, digenite Cu1.80S . Samples K0.04Cu1.93S and K0.05Cu1.94S consist of jarleite Cu1.96S , digenite Cu1.80S and potassium copper sulfide KCu4S3 phases. In a practical sense, the extremely low thermal conductivity values (from 0.16 to 0.80 W/m · K) found in the range of 300–700 K for nanocomposite samples K0.02Cu1.95S and K0.03Cu1.94S are very favorable for achieving high thermoelectric figure of merit ZT material.

The objective of this study was to assess the performance of a Humidifier-Dehumidifier (HDH) desalination system paired with thermoelectric cooling, in order to achieve effective water desalination. The system employed the thermoelectric module's heating and cooling capabilities to warm the water entering the HDH system and remove moisture from the humid air. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of varying sea water mass flow rate (SWMFR) and air mass flow rate (AMFR) on the performance characteristics of the system. These metrics include gain output ratio (GOR), coefficient of performance (COP), fresh water generation, and dehumidifier efficiency. The data collected clearly demonstrated that the performance of the system was significantly influenced by the WMFR and AMFR. The ideal values for the amount of fresh water produced, COP, GOR, and dehumidifier efficiency were determined to be 140 gs per hour, 0.93, 0.7 and, 52.5 %, respectively. The experimental assessment showcased the capability of the integrated HDH desalination with thermoelectric cooling system as a highly efficient and economically viable approach for desalination, particularly in regions with limited water resources.

This study presents an evaluation of the energy exergy and thermo-economics of a hybrid power generation system that simultaneously produces power, heat, and hydrogen using solar and biomass energy. The system employs a polymer membrane electrolyzer for hydrogen production, with heat exchangers utilized to attain the desired water temperature instead of conventional heaters. The steam turbine section is heated using exhaust gas from the combustion chamber and heated water from the condenser. Simulation of the system's thermodynamic, exergy, and exergy-economic analyses was conducted using the ESS tool. Analytical assessments were performed based on the provided data. The system achieves a power output of 25 MW, marking the highest level for solar-based systems. The results showed that the cost of the solar section, which constitutes around 68 % of the overall cost, rises with the number of mirrors. The exergy destruction rate of the entire system decreases from 25.71 MW to 24.95 MW. The total cost of operating the system increases by 175.5 dollars per hour at the highest temperature and decreases by 173 dollars per hour at the lowest temperature. The power consumption of electrolyzers directly affects the overall cost of the system, with a range of 0.05 to 0.07 MW resulting in total cost changes of 1.52 USD per hour. The transition to the work requiring the most energy by the electrolyzer causes a loss of 0.27 MW of exergy.

The paper presents the results of the studies of thermal properties of nanocrystalline superionic NaxCu1.75S (x=0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 25) compositions, and preliminary results of Na0.1Cu1.75S using as energy stored cathode material in Na-ion half-cell with NaPF 6 electrolyte and Na anode. The compositions contain a few copper sulfide phases: monoclinic chalcocite Cu2S , orthorhombic anilite Cu1.75S , tri-clinic roxbyite Cu1.74÷1.82S , also the compositions can contain monoclinic Na2Cu4S3 , orthorhombic Na2S , cubic Cu2O as inclusion phases. The sizes of powder particles lie in the range from 10 to 113 nm. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed in Na0.1Cu1.75S the endothermic thermal effects with critical temperatures near 123 ◦ C, 42 ◦ C and 442 ◦ C, caused by structural transitions in copper sulfide. Fourth endothermic peak at 323 ◦ C presumably belongs to Na2S phase. The minimum for the Fermi level at about 420 ◦ C is found with using of the e.m.f. E of the electrochemical cell of the Cu/CuBr/Na0.10Cu1.75S/Pt , which corresponds to minimum for the carrier concentration. This conclusion correlates well with the observed conductivity minimum at about 410 ◦ C. Electrode material Na0.10Cu1.75S achieved a significant specific energy density 146.5 mAh/g in half-cell assembled from the cathode active material, electrolyte (NaPF 6 in 0.5 mol PC) and Na anode.

This article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of materials based on lanthanum nickelate La2Ni1-xCoxO4+δ (0≤x≤0.3) and Pr2NiO4+δ. Their crystal structure and interaction with YSZ and GDC electrolyte materials at 900 °C are analyzed. The thermal expansion coefficients are determined and the temperature dependences of the conductivities are studied. The polarization resistance of these materials in contact with the electrolyte material YSZ is also measured. As a result of the study, the following cathode materials were investigated: La2Ni1-xCoxO4 (0≤ x ≤0.3), Pr2NiO4. In this case, the influence of low concentrations of Co on the characteristics of lanthanum nickelate was studied for the first time. Materials based on lanthanum nickelate and praseodymium nickelate were characterized by a structure of the K2NiF4 type (RuddlesdenPopper phases) with rhombic symmetry. A study of the thermal expansion of cathode materials showed that all the studied materials are characterized by higher CTEs than YSZ and GDC electrolytes. Based on the studies performed, cathode materials were chosen for the formation of composites with GDC electrolyte: La2NiO4, La2Ni0.8Co0.2O4, Pr2NiO4. A study of the sintering kinetics and CTE of composites showed that their thermal characteristics are much closer to those of electrolytes than those of pure cathode materials.

The paper presents the results of experiments on measuring cross-sections for the neutron transfer channels 9Be(3He, α)8Begs,3.03 in the reaction of the 3He (30 MeV) ions with the 9Be target. To describe the angular distributions, we use the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) applying the FRESCO code. The results of the theoretical analysis are in agreement with the experimental data. In addition, we perform calculations based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE) for the weakly bound neutron of the 9Be nucleus. The TDSE approach allows us to determine the dynamics of the neutron transfer process and calculate the probabilities for the transfer and removal of the neutron of the 9Be nucleus in the 3He + 9Be reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels in the current world has been a major concern due to their role as a primary source of energy for many countries. As non-renewable sources continue to deplete, there is a need for more research and initiatives to reduce reliance on these sources and explore better alternatives, such as renewable energy. Hydrogen is one of the most intriguing energy sources for producing power from fuel cells and heat engines without releasing carbon dioxide or other pollutants. The production of hydrogen via the electrolysis of water using renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, is one of the possible uses for solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). SOECs can be classified as either oxygen-ion conducting or proton-conducting, depending on the electrolyte materials used. This article aims to highlight broad and important aspects of the hybrid SOEC-based solar hydrogen-generating technology, which utilizes a mixed-ion conductor capable of transporting both oxygen ions and protons simultaneously. In addition to providing useful information on the technological efficiency of hydrogen production in SOEC, this review aims to make hydrogen production more efficient than any other water electrolysis system.

Calculations of level energies in the shell model of deformed and spherical nuclei are performed for 14N nuclei. The present theoretical analysis of the 12C(14N,13 C)13N reaction at 116 MeV was performed by means of the FRESCO code. Our theoretically calculated di erential cross sections give a fair description of the experimental data for the proton transfer reaction. Based on calculation for 116 MeV predicted calculations for region from Coulomb barrier to a maximum energy available at the DC-60 heavy ion accelerator were made.

Nanocrystalline alloys of the compositions Na 0.05 Cu 1.95 S, Na 0.075 Cu 1.925 S, Na 0.10 Cu 1.90 S, Na 0.125 Cu 1.750 S, Na 0.15 Cu 1.85 S, Na 0.17 Cu 1.80 S, Na 0.20 Cu 1.77 S were synthesized in a melt medium mixtures of hydroxides NaOH and KOH at a temperature of about 165 ◦ C. X-ray phase analysis showed that the alloys are heterophasic and consist of phases of Cu 9 S 5 digenite, CuS 2 copper disulfide, Covellite CuS, Cu 7 S 4 anilite in various combinations. The crystallite sizes range from 16 to 160 nm. The degree of crystallinity of the alloys slightly increases with an increase in the sodium content from 68% in Na 0.05 Cu 1.95 S to 81% in Na 0.20 Cu 1.77 S. A quasi-one-dimensional Na 2 Cu 4 S 3 phase was detected in the composition of the Na 0.20 Cu 1.77 S alloy. The measured values of the conductivity of the alloys are two orders of magnitude lower than in isolated pure Cu 9 S 5 , CuS 2 , CuS, Cu 7 S 4 , of which the alloys consist. An activation temperature dependence of the conductivity is observed in the region from 300 K to 360 K with an activation energy of 0.08 -0.15 eV. The reason for the low conductivity of the alloys is assumed to be the presence of weakly conducting interfacial layers and sodium doping of non-stoichiometric phases Cu 9 S 5 (Cu 1.8 S) and Cu 7 S 4 (Cu 1.75 S), leading to the compensation of holes by electrons of impurity sodium atoms. The measured values of the coe cient of thermo-emf alloys at room temperature lie in the range from 0.032 to 0.147 mV/K. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the order of 0.2 W/mK, a rather high dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT ≈ 0.28 at 570 K was obtained for the composition Na 0.15 Cu 1.85 S.

In this paper the experimental data on the differential cross sections for elastic scattering of9Be ions on28Si nucleus at the energies of the incident nucleus ranging from 12 to 201.6 MeV were analyzed in the framework of the double folding model using the Paris NN-potential CDM3Y. A good agreement with the experimental angular distributions of differential cross sections for elastic scattering was obtained and the values of the total reaction cross sections were calculated. When the double folding potential was used as real and imaginary parts, no manifestation of the threshold anomaly was detected. The reason for such a behavior of the potential can be explained by the presence of break up and/or transfer channels at low energies.

Secondary beams (6Li,7Be,8B) were obtained by the separation of fragmentation products of a15N ion beam (50 MeV/A) impinging on a Be target using the COMBAS spectrometer. The secondary products were detected by a telescope consisting of five Si-detectors (dE) and a stop CsI(Tl) detector. The telescope allowed us to achieve unambiguous particle identification of fragments originating from incident secondary beams as well as their reaction products resulting from interaction with the Sidetectors, chosen as a secondary target. This way, break-up reactions of6Li,7Be and8B have been studied in this experiment, in particular the longitudinal momentum distributions of7Be fragments in the break-up of8B on a Si have been measured at 30 MeV/A.

For the first time after the mothballing of the uranium mine, comprehensive studies were carried out to assess the radiation situation in the territory of the Saumalkol settlement in the North Kazakhstan region. On the territory of the Saumalkol settlement, pedestrian and automobile gamma surveys were carried out, the rates of the ambient equivalent dose of gamma radiation, the flux density of . and . 220Rn particles and the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of daughter products of 222Rn and isotopes in residential premises were measured. Samples of soil, water and bottom sediments were taken for laboratory radio spectrometric and radiochemical analyzes. At all measurement points, geographic coordinates were determined using a satellite navigation device. On the territory of the abandoned mine and in some areas of the Saumalkol settlement, anomalous areas with a high value of gamma radiation power from 0.35 to 1.08 Sv/h were revealed. In the residential premises of the Saumalkol village, the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activityof daughterproductsof radon isotopesisupto8 times higher than the norm (200 Bq/m3).

The availability of new radioactive ion beams has broadened the study of nuclear reactions and nuclear structure. The main mechanism to produce the secondary beams is the fragmentation of the projectile. An alternative method for the production of the exotic nuclei is the multinucleon transfer. We measured production cross section for the B, C, N and O isotopes in the reaction18O + Ta and the beam energy at 10 MeV/nucleon. The cross sections were obtained by integrating the momentum distributions of the isotopes. It was shown that in deep inelastic processes the production yields of different isotopes could be well described using statistical models and could also be explained by the Qgg-systematic.

In the modern world, as the population rises and fossil fuel supplies decline, energy demands continue to rise. Moreover, the use of fossil fuels harms the ecology, contributing to pollution and global warming. In order to overcome these difficulties, several approaches are revealed, such as the utilization of biomass as a renewable source of energy. Studies revealed that biomass can be converted into bioenergy via several thermal conversion processes, like pyrolysis, gasification, and torrefaction. Pyrolysis is the most convenient process to obtain three different types of biofuels (biochar as a solid, bio-oil as a liquid, and syngas as a gas). The biofuels produced in this process are normally lower in quality and cannot be used directly as fuel because they contain many undesirable components. Catalytic pyrolysis is one of the best processes to upgrade the quality of biofuels. Several varieties of catalysts are used in the catalytic pyrolysis process (ex situ and in situ). Due to stable operating conditions, both catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis procedures produce biochar that has a consistent output. Meanwhile, the effects of catalysts in the catalytic pyrolysis process considerably enhance the quality and quantity of bio-oils and syngas. By removing the unwanted oxygenated and nitrogenous components, the bio-oils produced through the catalytic pyrolysis method have a higher calorific value, reduced viscosity, and improved stability. Many researchers have looked at ways to increase the rate of pyrolysis, whereas a few have focused on maximizing the effects of the factors in order to improve the efficiency of catalytic pyrolysis. This review addresses the impact of catalysts on the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass to enhance the quality of the bio-oils in great detail. Machine learning and techno-economic analysis were investigated, as well as the future potential of the catalytic pyrolysis method for the generation of bio-oil.

The global population has increased over time, therefore the need for sufficient energy has risen. However, many countries depend on nonrenewable resources for daily usage. Nonrenewable resources take years to produce and sources are limited for generations to come. Apart from that, storing and energy distribution from nonrenewable energy production has caused environmental degradation over the years. Hence, many researchers have been actively participating in the development of energy storage devices for renewable resources using batteries. For this purpose, the lithium-ion battery is one of the best known storage devices due to its properties such as high power and high energy density in comparison with other conventional batteries. In addition, for the fabrication of Li-ion batteries, there are different types of cell designs including cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The development of Li-ion battery technology, the different widely used cathode and anode materials, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in relation to the most appropriate application were all thoroughly studied in this work. The electrochemical processes that underlie battery technologies were presented in detail and substantiated by current safety concerns regarding batteries. Furthermore, this review collected the most recent and current LIB recycling technologies and covered the three main LIB recycling technologies. The three recycling techniques—pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling—have been the subject of intense research and development. The recovery of valuable metals is the primary goal of most recycling processes. The growth in the number of used LIBs creates a business opportunity to recover and recycle different battery parts as daily LIB consumption rises dramatically.

Radioactive waste near the industrial zones of the mining administrations of the Stepnogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine, which occupy vast areas of the territory, remains an urgent problem for Northern Kazakhstan. For example, waste rock processing referred to as “tailings”, is contained in huge industrial basin-lakes, called tailings. Each liter of jelly-like “pulp”, in addition to carbonates of arsenic, molybdenum, phosphorus and other chemical elements, contains up to 1 g of active uranium, as well as radium and thorium. As a result of the pedestrian gamma survey, the authors identified a locally contaminated area in the northwest direction from the sanitary protection zone of the tailing dump of the Stepnogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine. It has been established that, according to the indices of radioactive contamination of water bodies, the stagnant water bodies of the Manybaiskiy and Sulukamysskiy thalweg located behind the sanitary protection zone of the tailing dump of the Stepnogorsk Mining and Chemical Combine are classified as contaminated.

The electrical and thermal properties of composite cathode materials Pr1−xSrxFe1−yCoyO3 (x= 0.3,0.4; y = 0.2): GDC and La2Ni1-xCoxO4+δ (x= 0.2): GDC for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) were investigated. As the second component of the composites, GDC electrolyte was chosen. The reason for this choice is that GDC has greater chemical inertness in relation to cathode materials compared to YSZ. Additionally, GDC is characterized by higher ionic conductivity, which makes it preferable for use in composites. The sintering kinetics of composite materials differs significantly from that of pure cathode materials, with the sintering temperature being several degrees lower for composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are promising, environmentally friendly energy sources. Many works are devoted to the study of materials, individual aspects of SOFC operation, and the development of devices based on them. However, there is no work covering the entire spectrum of SOFC concepts and designs. In the present review, an attempt is made to collect and structure all types of SOFC that exist today. Structural features of each type of SOFC have been described, and their advantages and disadvantages have been identified. A comparison of the designs showed that among the well-studied dual-chamber SOFC with oxygen-ion conducting electrolyte, the anode-supported design is the most suitable for operation at temperatures below 800 °C. Other SOFC types that are promising for low-temperature operation are SOFC with proton-conducting electrolyte and electrolyte-free fuel cells. However, these recently developed technologies are still far from commercialization and require further research and development.

This review presents thermoelectric phenomena in copper chalcogenides substituted with sodium and lithium alkali metals. The results for other modern thermoelectric materials are presented for comparison. The results of the study of the crystal structure and phase transitions in the ternary systems Na-Cu-S and Li-Cu-S are presented. The main synthesis methods of nanocrystalline copper chalcogenides and its alloys are presented, as well as electrical, thermodynamic, thermal, and thermoelectric properties and practical application. The features of mixed electron–ionic conductors are discussed. In particular, in semiconductor superionic copper chalcogenides, the presence of a “liquid-like phase” inside a “solid” lattice interferes with the normal propagation of phonons; therefore, superionic copper chalcogenides have low lattice thermal conductivity, and this is a favorable factor for the formation of high thermoelectric efficiency in them.

The global imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and phase out fossil fuels has prompted hydrogen to emerge as a critical player in the transition to sustainable energy systems and eco-friendly transport solutions. This study endeavors to examine innovative technologies for hydrogen production and storage, with the objective of overcoming the obstacles that impede their widespread adoption. The integration of hydrogen with renewable energy sources is one of the methods that have been investigated. Specifically, the effectiveness of coupling hydrogen fuel cells with wind or solar power systems has been examined in order to ensure a reliable energy supply and improve grid stability. The results of this study present innovative methods for mass hydrogen production, including electrolysis of water and advanced techniques for extracting hydrogen from fossil fuels while minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, this study evaluates strategies for underground hydrogen storage, considering local geological conditions to optimize storage efficiency and safety. The findings indicate that salt caverns offer a secure and stable hydrogen containment system and have a high storage efficiency of up to 90%. The evaluation of depleted gas fields demonstrated promising results in terms of sealing integrity and storage efficiency (88%). The outcomes provide insights into the feasibility of large-scale hydrogen generation and storage, offering valuable guidance for future energy solutions dependent on hydrogen in diverse geographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]