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The proposed study was carried out on adult crossbred cattle showing classic clinical signs of Lumpy skin disease at private dairy farms as well as on animals of individual holdings in the Bikaner, Rajasthan. This was verified by clinical examinations and molecular diagnosis was preferred by PCR. The 16 cattle were selected for this experiment, which underwent clinical examinations and hematology and serum biochemistry parameters evaluation. Cattle were randomly divided into two groups, Group-II was treated with polyherbal preparation A and Group-III was treated with polyherbal preparation B. Eight healthy adult cattle were retained as the control group (Group-I). In LSD affected cattle, Major clinical manifestations were pyrexia, anorexia, emaciation, lymph node enlargement, skin nodules,lacrimation and oedema. Clinical vital parameters revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher values of rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate while significantly (p<0.05) decreased rumen motility. Haematological results showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC and platelet count when compared to healthy cattle(Group-I). Significant neutrophilia and lymphopenia showed in DLC values, in affected cattle. Pre-treatment hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased concentration of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) showed by LSD affected cattle. After therapeutic management of LSD affected cattle with polyherbal formulations for 15 days in both groups, improvement towards normalcy in haemato-biochemical parameters were observed with variation in efficacies of different treatment regimens at different time intervals. Therapeutic effect of polyherbal formulations was observed in the LSD affected cattle that showed significant improvement in various clinical signs, haemato-biochemical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of alcoholic extract of leavesand bark of Prosopis cineraria against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus which were isolated from subclinical mastitic cows. Antibacterial activity was determined in terms of zone of inhibition measured as the diameter of the clear zone around well in which there was no bacterial growth. On the basis of average zone of inhibition result showed that the in vitro antibacterial activity of alcoholic extract of leaves of Prosopis cineraria was highest against Staphylococcus aureus (20.11±0.032 mm) and least against Bacillus cereus (11.09±0.28 mm) at the concentration of 500 mg/ ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to access the alterations of clinico-haemato-biochemical parameters in Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) affected cattle. A total of 24 adult cattle irrespective of sex and breed were included in present study which were showing the clinical signs of LSD and subsequently positive in PCR. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate were significantly higher in LSD infected cattle in comparison to healthy control cattle while rumen motility was significant lower. Haemato-biochemical parameters revealed significant higher values of TEC, neutrophil, ALT, AST, ALP and direct bilirubin in LSD affected animals while significant lower values of Hb, PCV, TLC, platelets, lymphocyte, total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose were also observed in LSD affected cattle. The results of this study indicate that LSDV infection provokes changes in clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters. This study helps to comprehend the pathophysiology of LSD and in adopting a good management and treatment strategy in LSD affected animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to commonly used anthelmintics stipulate alternative control methods. The use of natural herbal products with anthelmintic properties can address the issue. In this regard, the present study was conducted to determine the in vitro antiparasitic activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos by using different in vitro assays at various concentrations of extracts. The evaluation was done by egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA) on Strongyle-type eggs and larval stages of Haemonchus contortus isolated from the goat fecal samples respectively. In EHA, 74.34% and 79.71% were the mean inhibition percent against Strongyle type eggs from hatching at the highest concentration of 50 mg/ml tested and the change was 7.2 and 8.24 fold higher than negative PBS control while 77.45% and 85.78% was mean inhibition percentage in terms of Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae development at the highest concentration 1 mg/ml tested and the change was 14.5 and 18.3 fold higher than negative control by aqueous and methanolic extract of A. marmelos, respectively. Both extracts showed dose-dependent inhibition at all the concentrations tested and were similar to positive control-like treatment with 0.125 mg/ml albendazole for EHA and LDA. The study concluded that the aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. marmelos have antiparasitic potential and can be used to control parasitic infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate prevalence of subclinical mastitis on the basis of commonly used mastitis diagnostic tests. A total of 592 functional quarters of 150 apparently healthy lactating cows were screened by modified California mastitis test, somatic cell count, electrical conductivity and milk pH. The animal-wise highest prevalence of SCM was found in somatic cell count (47.33%) followed by electrical conductivity (46%), modified California mastitis test (44.66%) and milk pH (42.67%). The quarter wise highest prevalence of SCM was recorded in somatic cell count (23.98%) followed by electrical conductivity (23.47%), modified California mastitis test (22.80%) and milk pH (21.45%). Right side quarters were found more affected then the left side quarters. Hind quarters were more affected than the fore quarters. Parity wise highest prevalence of SCM in each mastitis detection tests was observed in Vth parity. Whereas, lactation stage wise highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis was found in early lactation stage followed by mid lactation and least in late lactation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two polyherbal formulations namely polyherbal formulation-A (PHF-A) and polyherbal formulation-B (PHF-B) which are prepared by centre for ethno-veterinary practice and alternative medicine (CEVPAM), RAJUVAS, Bikaner, were used to evaluate effect of these formulations on haematological parameters of tick infested cattle. Post-treatment parameters were also compared with parameters of deltamethrin treated tick infested cattle. Haematological estimation in tick infested cattle revealed significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC and neutrophils and significant increase in TLC, lymphocyte and eosinophil as compared to healthy control cattle. However, monocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration estimation revealed non-significant variation in tick infested cattle as compared to healthy control cattle. Post-treatment haematological parameters revealed that as similar to deltamethrin, PHF-A and PHF-B are also very effective to normalize the haematological parameters in tick infested cattle and these polyherbal can be used as best alternative of synthetic acaricides against tick infestation in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to determine the quarter-wise prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis in cattle on the basis of various indirect mastitis detection tests. For this purpose, nine hundred eighty (980) quarter milk samples from 247 cows were screened by various mastitis detection tests viz Milk pH test, modified California mastitis test (MCMT), somatic cell count (SCC) and electrical conductivity (EC). The overall quarter wise highest prevalence of SCM was found in somatic cell count (24.49%) followed by electrical conductivity (23.47%), modified California mastitis test (22.45%) and milk pH (21.94%). Right side hind quarters were more affected than the left side fore quarters in each mastitis detection tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanolic and aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation against infectious diarrhea caused by E. coli by assay for zone of inhibition diameters, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC). The results of this study showed clear zones of inhibition by agar well diffusion method (mean ± SD) (mm). The mean values of MIC (mg/ml) and MBC (mg/ml) of methanolic extract against E. coli were 26.67±0.02 and 28.00±0.06, respectively whereas for aqueous extract were 28.33±0.12 and 29.67±0.11, respectively. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation at dose 1/15 of LD50 was more effective, this anti-diarrheal activity of extract may be due to its constituents of secondary metabolites that are responsible for the antibacterial activity with different mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a polyherbal formulation named as Polyherbal Formulation-C (PHF-C), prepared by Centre for Ethno-Veterinary Practice and Alternative Medicine (CEVPAM), RAJUVAS, Bikaner, was used to evaluate effect of the formulation on haematological parameters of cattle infested with ticks. Haematological estimation in tick infested cattle revealed significant decrease in Hb, PCV, TEC and neutrophils and significant increase in TLC, lymphocyte and eosinophil as compared to healthy control cattle. However, monocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration estimation revealed non-significant variation in tick infested cattle as compared to healthy control cattle. Post-treatment haematological parameters revealed that PHF-C similar to amitraz, is very effective to normalize the haematological parameters in tick infested cattle and it can be used as an alternative of synthetic acaricides against tick infestation in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two polyherbal formulations namely polyherbal formulation-A (PHF-A) and polyherbal formulation-B (PHF-B) which are prepared by Center for Ethno-veterinary Practice and Alternative Medicine (CEVPAM), RAJUVAS, Bikaner, were used to evaluate effect of these formulations on biochemical and trace mineral parameters of tick infested cattle. Biochemical estimation in tick infested cattle revealed significant lower TP, albumin, globulin and glucose and significant higher ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, serum creatinine and LDH as compared to healthy control cattle. Trace minerals viz. iron, copper, cobalt and zinc were also found significantly lower in tick infested cattle as compare to healthy control. Post-treatment biochemical and trace mineral parameters were differed non-significantly as compare to healthy control. Results showed that PHF-A and PHF-B were found very effective to normalize the biochemical and trace mineral parameters in tick infested cattle and these polyherbal formulations can be used as best alternative of synthetic acaricides against tick infestation in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diarrhoea/enteritis caused by pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella infection in cattle calves below 1 month of age in and around Bikaner area of Rajasthan state. In the present study, 150 diarrhoeic calves, irrespective of sex and breed, were screened for pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella infection. Out of these, 32 calves (21.33%) were found positive for E. coli (K99), 16 calves (10.06%) for Salmonella (InvA), and 11 calves (7.33%) for mixed infection of E. coli (K99) and Salmonella (InvA) on the basis of presence of virulence factors detected by PCR assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes in serum biochemical parameters in colibacillosis affected diarrhoeic cattle calves below one month of age. Methods: The study was undertaken at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, during the period from September 2018 to March 2019. A total of 32 calves affected with colibacillosis confirmed on the basis of Multiplex PCR (for presence of K99, Stx1 and eaeA genes of E. coli) and eight clinically normal healthy calves (as control) were taken to investigate the serum biochemical profiles. Result: Analysis of serum samples of calves affected with colibacillosis revealed significant increase in the values of total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, blood urea nitogen, creatinine, potassium, total oxidant status andoxidative stress index while there is a significant decrease in the values of glucose, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, IgG, IgM and total antioxidant status. There were no significant changes observed in the values of ALP, AST and ALT in affected calves as compared to healthy control group of calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine the haemato-biochemical and electrolyte changes in 32 neonatal cattle calves affected with diarrhoea. Findings revealed significant increase in the mean values of Hb, PCV, TEC, MCV, TLC, neutrophils, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, BUN, creatinine and potassium, whereas significant decrease in mean values of MCHC, lymphocytes, sodium, chloride and bicarbonate of diarrhoeic calves as compared to healthy group of calves. No significant alterations were observed in the mean values of MCH, eosinophils, basophils, A:G ratio, ALP, ALT and AST of diarrhoeic calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, a total of 210 adult dogs irrespective of age, sex and breed were screened to evaluate prevalence and associated risk factors related with obesity in dogs. The overall prevalence of obesity among screened dogs was 18.10%. The occurrence of obesity was affected by several risk factors such as keeping of more than one pet, number of households, activity level of dogs, living environment, feeding person, exercise status and duration of exercise, owners less awareness to obesity and dog obesity treatment awareness. Obesity was higher in dogs being fed frequently, home made diet and offered controlled feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the significance of spot protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C) as an alternative measurement for 24 hour urinary proteins estimation in chronic renal failure dogs so that extent of damaged can be estimated and managed well timely and to monitor response of therapy. The present study was undertaken in 24 chronic renal failure (CRF) suffered dogs. These dogs were divided on basis of serum creatinine level into stage II, stage III and stage IV of CRF and subdivided on basis of severity of proteinuria in non proteinuric, borderline proteinuric and proteinuric. Management include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with the therapeutic goal of at least halving the urine protein/creatinine ratio or, ideally, bringing it into the normal range. Four dogs were found to be of stage II, ten dogs of stage III and stage IV of CRF on basis of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level and sub-staging of CRF dogs were done in which eight dogs were found non proteinuric, five borderline proteinuric and eleven dogs were found proteinuric according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) recommendations. Urinary protein was managed with enalapril at their standard dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours. Significant decrease in UP/C of CRF dogs was observed 2 weeks onward. Spot protein to creatinine ratio is a good alternative for 24 hour urinary proteins estimation and has both diagnostic and prognostic value in detection and confirmation of renal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes comparative features of urine analysis of 10 apparently healthy and 24 chronic renal failure (CRF) suffered dogs irrespective of age, breed and sex. Colour of urine vary from yellow brown to colourless and appearance from hazy to cloudy. Chemical examination of urine of CRF dogs showed a significant decrease in pH and highly significant decrease in specific gravity as compare to control group. Additionally, CRF dogs showed moderate to severe proteinuria, traces of bilirubin and urobilinogen, blood cells, glucose and leucocytes in some cases. On microscopic examination of urine significant increase was observed in pus cell, red blood cells and epithelial cell count. In addition to this few to moderate oxalate and triple phosphate crystals were also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the occurrence of camel diseases, a retrospective epidemiological study was undertaken at the Medicine Clinic of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner, from January 2013 to December 2017. The data of five years were collected from the outpatient register. These cases were diagnosed after laboratory investigations related to clinical manifestations. A total of 984 sick camels were reported in the clinic. Out of these 740 (75%) were male and 244 (25%) were female camels. System and season wise, data were classified and studied. About 69 (7%) cases were related to respiratory diseases and of these a maximum of 34 (3.5%) cases of respiratory diseases were recorded in the winter season, the rest were in summer 20 (2%) and 15 cases (1.5%) were during the rainy season. Similarly 413 (42%) of clinical cases of gastrointestinal diseases were recorded. Out of which 166 (16.9%) were recorded in winter, 130 (13.2%) of cases in rainy season and 117 (11.9%) cases in summer. Urinary system related diseases were recorded in 21 (2.1%) cases in which 8 (0.8%) were reported in winter, 7 (0.7%) in summer and 6 (0.6%) in the rainy season. A total of 136 (14%) cases were diagnosed as trypanosomosis of which 66 (7%) cases occurred in summer, 38 (4%) in rainy and 32 (3%) of cases detected in winter. Skin related diseases were found in 121 (12.3%) camels in which 49 (5%) were in winter, 45 (4.6%) in the rainy season and 27 (2.7%) in summer. As per the records 224 (22.7%) other nonsystemic diseases were also recorded. Out of these 42 (4.3%) cases were of pyrexia of unknown origin, 34 (3.5%) camel pox, 6 (0.6%) arthritis, 5 (0.5%) tetanus, 22 (2.2%) general debility, 28 (2.8%) ticks infestation and 87 (8.8%) cases remaining undiagnosed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Piper nigrum in subclinical mastitis in cattle. In present study, 12 subclinical mastitis affected cows were grouped in 2 groups of six cows each viz., group I cows were administered with aqueous extract of Piper nigrum @ 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days and group II cows were administered orally daily with alcoholic extract of Piper nigrum @ 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days. Pre- treatment and posttreatment milk samples were analyzed for various tests. In group I, there was significant decrease in somatic cell count, pH and electrical conductivity between the pre-treatment and post-treatment samples. There was no significant change in fat per cent and protein per cent but the lactose per cent and SNF per cent were significantly increased. In group II, there was significant decrease in somatic cell count, pH and electrical conductivity between the pre-treatment and post-treatment samples. There was no significant change in fat per cent but the protein per cent, lactose per cent and SNF per cent were significantly increased. The bacteriological cure rate for group I and group II were 50 % and 60 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted during the year 2017-2018 in the villages adjacent to Bikaner, Rajasthan. A total of 24 dermal mycoses infected camels of either sex and age groups were included in the present study. Out of 24 infected cases, 14 found infected with dermatophytes which were Trichophyton concentricum, T. interdigitaie,T. verrucosum, T. schoenleinii, Microsporam audninii, M. gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. Dermal mycoses occur in majority of the camels during post rainy season. The major clinical manifestations were itching, alopecia, hard crusty circular lesions specially concentrated over neck, chest, axillaries, legs and abdomen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and pathology of various pathological conditions of small intestine in cattle from the different geographical regions of Rajasthan. A total number of 518 samples of small intestine were examined from carcasses of cattle, irrespective of age, sex and breeds. Out of these 151 samples showing gross lesions were collected and tissue sections from these were subjected to histopathological examination. This paper describes two cases of indigestible foreign bodies obstruction observed in small intestine of cattle during this study. The gross changes were dark bluish-red discolouration of intestinal wall and lodgment of intraluminal foreign bodies while microscopically, revealed congestion, pressure necrosis, venous stasis of mucosa and submucosa of intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in apparently healthy HF crossbred cows for subclinical mastitis (SCM) from private dairy farms as well as animals of individual holdings in Bikaner city of Rajasthan. A total of 936 HF crossbred cows were screened for prevalence study by California mastitis test (CMT). Out of 936 cows, 466 cows were found to be positive. The cow-wise 49.78% prevalence and 27.31% quarter-wise prevalence was recorded. The prevalence of SCM affected hindquarters was 34.01% which was higher than the forequarters 20.64%. Right side quarters were more affected (32.50%) then the left side quarters 22.15%. The highest prevalence (57.27%) on cow basis was recorded in 4th parity and remains almost steady in subsequent parity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Piper nigrum alone and along with cow’s ghee (cow’s clarified butter) in subclinical mastitis in cattle. In present study, 12 subclinical mastitis affected cows were grouped in 2 groups of six cows each viz., group I cows were administered 120 gm crude Piper nigrum powder orally daily for 7 days as electuary and group II cows were administered 120 gm crude Piper nigrum powder along with 250 gram of cow’s ghee orally daily for 7 days. Pre-treatment and post-treatment milk samples were analyzed for various tests. In group II, there was non-significant decrease in somatic cell count, pH and electrical conductivity and non-significant increase in fat per cent, protein per cent, lactose per cent and SNF per cent between the pre-treatment and post-treatment samples. The bacteriological cure rate for group I and group II were 36.36 % and 40 % respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at local veterinary hospitals and LRS, Rathi of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner where milk samples of 48 quarters from 12 apparently healthy Rathi cows were subjected to various tests viz. modified California mastitis test (MCMT), total somatic cell count (TSCC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and cultural examination for the diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis. The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi). The 12 Rathi cows were divided into two groups with 6 animals in each group viz. Group I powdered O. sanctum @ 600 mg/kg b.wt., Group II aqueous extract of O. sanctum @ 150 mg/kg b.wt. On 8th day post-treatment, there was nonsignificant decrease (p>0.05) in electrical conductivity (EC) in both the groups. There was significant change (p>0.05) in pH in Group I and Group II post-treatment. Similarly, there were significant changes (p<0.05) recorded in Group I and Group II in TSCC values post-treatment. Thus, the results indicated that the aqueous extract of O. sanctum have shown therapeutic potential in treating subclinical mastitis in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports, epidemiological pattern and therapeutic efficacy of sodium acid phosphate in postparturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes in and around of Bikaner. Analysis of risk factors such as lactation, season, time of occurrence, parity of animals and time of appearance of clinical signs was done to investigate the epidemiological pattern of disease. Major clinical signs were red urine, straining/constipation, pale mucous membrane, suppressed rumen motility, frequent urination, anorexia, drop in milk production and recumbency. Haematology and vital parameters were also found altered from normal range for the species. PPH affected animals underwent therapy with sodium acid phosphate, inj. ascorbic acid and inj. Botropase with a success rate of 60% out of 32 buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted on twelve (12) dogs affected with chronic otitis aimed at recording clinical signs, detecting etiological agents and therapeutic management. Specific clinical signs observed were dropping of ears, pruritus, pain, foul otic odour, head tilt, erythema and swelling of ear skin and canal with increased amount of cerumen. Otoscopic examination revealec erythema of ear canal, purulent aural discharge with foul odour, congestion of vertical ear canal and thickening of ear pinna. The results of cultural examination of otic discharges revealed growth of Staphylococcus sp. and cytological examination revealed presence of Malassezia pachydermatis yeast. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest sensitivity towards Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid followed by Ceftriaxone. The therapeutic response with Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid orally, Ketoconazole orally and Ofloxacin topically was found effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of A. marmelos unripe fruit against E. coli isolated from colibacillosis affected diarrhoeic calves. Antibacterial activity was determined in terms of zone of inhibition measured as the diameter of the clear zone around well in which there was no bacterial growth. Results showed that both aqueous and methanolic extract of A. marmelos unripe fruit has significant antibacterial activity against E. coli. Based on average zone of inhibition, in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of A. marmelos unripe fruit against E. coli was found to be more as compared to aqueous extract at varying concentrations ranging from 62.5 mg/ml to 1000 mg/ml. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed >23 mm of diameter by using methanolic extract at concentration of 1000 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of herbal immunomodulator in therapy for canine demodicosis. Eight dogs suffering from demodicosis were randomly divided in two groups, dogs of group I were treated with Benzoyl peroxide shampoo, Amitraz application weekly and tablet Ivermectin at the dose rate 400mcg/ kg b.wt. for ten weeks while dogs of group II were treated similarly but additionally given polyherbal immodulory syrup. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that immunomodulation enhances the recovery in dogs affected by demodicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five rabbits were presented with complaint of itching on legs, eyes, tail and ears. The history revealed overcrowding, poor housing and malnourished. The microscopic examination of skin scrapping revealed high density of adult Sarcoptes scabiei along with eggs. The injection ivermectin was given to affected rabbits subcutaneous @ 400 (jg/kg body weight every 7th day on three occasions. All the rabbits recovered completely after four weeks confirming efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year-old male Marwari horse presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner with history of infrequent loose faeces, inappetence, lameness, mild abdominal pain and less water intake, clinical examination revealed weakness, pale mucous membrane, elevated heart rate and respiration rate. Haemato-biochemical evaluation, showed mild neutropoenia, decreased level of total protein and albumin and the level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were in higher side. The case was diagnosed as enteric salmonellosis by history, clinical signs, cultural examination of faecal sample and PCR technique for faecal shedding of Salmonella spp. On the basis of Antibiotic sensitivity test positive case was successfully treated with ceftriaxone (antibiotic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes clinical signs, clinical pathology and treatment of eimeriosis in rathi calves. The calves were successfully treated and completely recovered after 3rd days of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a seven-year-old male Labrador dog suffering from intestinal obstruction due to a foreign body in the small intestine. Topics discussed include the causes of intestinal obstruction other than the presence of a foreign body, the factors that determine whether a foreign body can be naturally passed or will be retained in the intestine and the steps involved in the surgical treatment of the dog to remove the foreign object.

Cutaneous papillomatosis is a benign neoplasm in animals caused by papilloma virus. Two mares were presented to outdoor of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner with the history of several small, warts on the nose, lips, eyelids. The mares were treated with Thuja-200 a homeopathic drug for two months. After two months the skin of the mares becomes normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in horses in and around Bikaner of Rajasthan, India. Methods and materials used in the study which involves a total of 125 horses to examines clinical manifestations of eggs of helminths are offered. Discussion of results of the epidemiological studies revealed that female horses showed overall higher prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths.

Juvenile Impetigo was diagnosed and treated in a two month old, male, German Shepherd pup showing multiple whitish to yellow pustules and crust on the abdomen. Culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests showed presence of Staphylococcus intermedius as causative pathogen. Treatment was done with oral antibiotics and topical therapy till clinical recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a three-year-old buffalo heifer with history of external trauma caused by a fot of adult buffalo and was diagnosed with mandibular fracture. The heifer was subjected to several procedures including sternal recumbency under xylazine sedation, irrigation of the oral cavity using potassium permanganate, and implantation of interdental wiring. Other cases of mandible fracture in other breeds are mentioned.