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1. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Author

Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, Gm, Carnahan, E, Stevens, Ga, Cowan, Mj, Farzadfar, F, Lin, Jk, Finucane, Mm, Rao, M, Khang, Yh, Riley, Lm, Mozaffarian, D, Lim, Ss, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, Na, Rahim, Hf, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, Mm, Agabiti Rosei, E, Salinas, Ca, Agyemang, C, Ali, Mk, Ali, Mm, Al Nsour, M, Al Nuaim AR, Ambady, R, Di Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, Bv, Bahalim, An, Barbagallo, Cm, Barbieri, Ma, Barceló, A, Barreto, Sm, Barros, H, Bautista, Le, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, Enzo, Botana, Ma, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, Mm, Broda, G, Brown, Ij, Bursztyn, M, de León AC, Campos, H, Cappuccio, Fp, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, Cj, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, Cj, Chen, Z, Choi, Js, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, Lj, Cooper, Rs, Corsi, Am, Costanza, Mc, Craig, Cl, Dankner, Rs, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, Gh, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, Ch, Fan, Jg, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, Jo, Florez, Hj, Fornés, Ns, Fowkes, Fg, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, Fd, Fuller, El, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, Lf, Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen, S, Grant, Jf, Carvajal, Rg, Gulliford, Mc, Gupta, R, Gupta, Pc, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, Hr, Hansen, Tw, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, Wh, Herrera, Vm, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, Gh, Hopman, Wm, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, Mm, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, Bk, Jaddou, Hy, Jafar, Th, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, Mr, Jonas, Jb, Kadiki, Oa, Kalter Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, Rm, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, Mj, Katz, J, Keinan Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, Kw, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, Mp, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Ys, Lam, Th, Langhammer, A, Lawes, Cm, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, To, Lin, X, Lin, Cc, Lin, Hh, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, Dr, Maggi, S, Magliano, Dj, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques Vidal, P, Mbanya, Jc, McFarlane Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, Hv, Miquel, Jf, Miranda, Jj, Mohamed, Mk, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, Wf, Morales, Dd, Morgan, K, Muiesan, Lm, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, Ka, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, Sw, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, Oliviero, Önal, Ae, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, Wh, Panagiotakos, Db, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, Vm, Pednekar, Ms, Pelizzari, Pm, Peres, Ma, Pérez, C, Pérez Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, Hp, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, Ot, Ramos, Lr, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, Kk, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes García, V, Roaeid, Rb, Robinson, Ca, Rodriguez Artalejo, F, Rojas Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero Bixby, L, Roth, Ga, Sachdev, Hs, Sánchez, Jr, Sanisoglu, Sy, Sans, S, Sarraf Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, Bd, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, Ij, Schooling, Cm, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, Ms, Serra Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, As, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, Xo, Silva, Da, Silva, E, Simons, La, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, Ad, Stergiou, Gs, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, Ab, Tai, Es, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, Gn, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, Rs, Tobias, M, Torheim, Le, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, Jo, Tur, Ja, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, Ai, Ukoli, Fa, Unwin, N, Hoorn, Sv, Vanderpump, Mp, Varo, Jj, Veierød, Mb, Velásquez Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Yx, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Welin, Lx, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, Xavier, Aj, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, Lc, Yoon, Js, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, Zhou, M, Ward, M., Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration, Danaei, G., Lu, Y., Singh, G.M., Carnahan, E., Stevens, G.A., Cowan, M.J., Farzadfar, F., Lin, J.K., Finucane, M.M., Rao, M., Khang, Y.H., Riley, L.M., Mozaffarian, D., Lim, S.S., Ezzati, M., Aamodt, G., Abdeen, Z., Abdella, N.A., Rahim, H.F., Addo, J., Aekplakorn, W., Afifi, M.M., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Salinas, C.A., Agyemang, C., Ali, M.K., Ali, M.M., Al-Nsour, M., Al-Nuaim, A.R., Ambady, R., Di Angelantonio, E., Aro, P., Azizi, F., Babu, B.V., Bahalim, A.N., Barbagallo, C.M., Barbieri, M.A., Barceló, A., Barreto, S.M., Barros, H., Bautista, L.E., Benetos, A., Bjerregaard, P., Björkelund, C., Bo, S., Bobak, M., Bonora, E., Botana, M.A., Bovet, P., Breckenkamp, J., Breteler, M.M., Broda, G., Brown, I.J., Bursztyn, M., de León, A.C., Campos, H., Cappuccio, F.P., Capuano, V., Casiglia, E., Castellano, M., Castetbon, K., Cea, L., Chang, C.J., Chaouki, N., Chatterji, S., Chen, C.J., Chen, Z., Choi, J.S., Chua, L., Cífková, R., Cobiac, L.J., Cooper, R.S., Corsi, A.M., Costanza, M.C., Craig, C.L., Dankner, R.S., Dastgiri, S., Delgado, E., Dinc, G., Doi, Y., Dong, G.H., Dorsi, E., Dragano, N., Drewnowski, A., Eggertsen, R., Elliott, P., Engeland, A., Erem, C., Esteghamati, A., Fall, C.H., Fan, J.G., Ferreccio, C., Fezeu, L., Firmo, J.O., Florez, H.J., Fornés, N.S., Fowkes, F.G., Franceschini, G., Frisk, F., Fuchs, F.D., Fuller, E.L., Getz, L., Giampaoli, S., Gómez, L.F., Gomez-Zumaquero, J.M., Graff-Iversen, S., Grant, J.F., Carvajal, R.G., Gulliford, M.C., Gupta, R., Gupta, P.C., Gureje, O., Gutierrez, H.R., Hansen, T.W., Hata, J., He, J., Heim, N., Heinrich, J., Hemmingsson, T., Hennis, A., Herman, W.H., Herrera, V.M., Ho, S., Holdsworth, M., Frisman, G.H., Hopman, W.M., Hussain, A., Husseini, A., Ibrahim, M.M., Ikeda, N., Jacobsen, B.K., Jaddou, H.Y., Jafar, T.H., Janghorbani, M., Jasienska, G., Joffres, M.R., Jonas, J.B., Kadiki, O.A., Kalter-Leibovici, O., Kamadjeu, R.M., Kaptoge, S., Karalis, I., Kastarinen, M.J., Katz, J., Keinan-Boker, L., Kelly, P., Khalilzadeh, O., Kiechl, S., Kim, K.W., Kiyohara, Y., Kobayashi, J., Krause, M.P., Kubínová, R., Kurjata, P., Kusuma, Y.S., Lam, T.H., Langhammer, A., Lawes, C.M., Le, C., Lee, J., Lévy-Marchal, C., Lewington, S., Li, Y., Lim, T.O., Lin, X., Lin, C.C., Lin, H.H., Lind, L., Lissner, L., Liu, X., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Lorbeer, R., Ma, G., Ma, S., Macià, F., MacLean, D.R., Maggi, S., Magliano, D.J., Makdisse, M., Mancia, G., Mannami, T., Marques-Vidal, P., Mbanya, J.C., McFarlane-Anderson, N., Miccoli, R., Miettola, J., Minh, H.V., Miquel, J.F., Miranda, J.J., Mohamed, M.K., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Mokdad, A., Mollentze, W.F., Morales, D.D., Morgan, K., Muiesan, L.M., Muntoni, S., Nabipour, I., Nakagami, T., Nangia, V., Nemesure, B., Neovius, M., Nerhus, K.A., Nervi, F., Neuhauser, H., Nguyen, M., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Oh, S.W., Ohkubo, T., Olivieri, O., Önal, A.E., Onat, A., Oróstegui, M., Ouedraogo, H., Pan, W.H., Panagiotakos, D.B., Panza, F., Park, Y., Passos, V.M., Pednekar, M.S., Pelizzari, P.M., Peres, M.A., Pérez, C., Pérez-Fernández, R., Pichardo, R., Phua, H.P., Pistelli, F., Plans, P., Polakowska, M., Poulter, N., Prabhakaran, D., Qiao, Q., Rafiei, M., Raitakari, O.T., Ramos, L.R., Rampal, S., Rampal, L., Rasmussen, F., Reddy, K.K., Redon, J., Revilla, L., Reyes-García, V., Roaeid, R.B., Robinson, C.A., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rojas-Martinez, R., Ronkainen, K., Rosero-Bixby, L., Roth, G.A., Sachdev, H.S., Sánchez, J.R., Sanisoglu, S.Y., Sans, S., Sarraf-Zadegan, N., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B.D., Schapochnik, N., Schelleman, H., Schneider, I.J., Schooling, C.M., Schwarz, B., Sekuri, C., Sereday, M.S., Serra-Majem, L., Shaw, J., Shera, A.S., Shi, Z., Shiri, R., Shu, X.O., Silva, D.A., Silva, E., Simons, L.A., Smith, M., Söderberg, S., Soebardi, S., Solfrizzi, V., Sonestedt, E., Soysal, A., Stattin, P., Stein, A.D., Stergiou, G.S., Stessman, J., Sudo, A., Suka, M., Sundh, V., Sundquist, K., Sundström, J., Swai, A.B., Tai, E.S., Tambs, K., Tesfaye, F., Thomas, G.N., Thorogood, M., Tilvis, R.S., Tobias, M., Torheim, L.E., Trenkwalder, P., Tuomilehto, J.O., Tur, J.A., Tzourio, C., Uhernik, A.I., Ukoli, F.A., Unwin, N., Hoorn, S.V., Vanderpump, M.P., Varo, J.J., Veierød, M.B., Velásquez-Meléndez, G., Verschuren, M., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Vollenweider, P., Volpato, S., Wang, N., Wang, Y.X., Ward, M., Waspadji, S., Welin, L.X., Whitlock, G., Wilhelmsen, L., Willeit, J., Woodward, M., Wormser, D., Xavier, A.J., Xu, F., Xu, L., Yamamoto, A., Yang, G., Yang, X., Yeh, L.C., Yoon, J.S., You, Q., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, W., Zhou, M., ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, Public and occupational health, Danaei G, Lu Y, Singh GM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Lin JK, Finucane MM, Rao M, Khang Y-H, Riley LM, Mozaffarian D, Lim SS, Ezzati M, Aamodt G, Abdeen Z, Abdella NA, Abdul Rahim HF, Addo J, Aekplakorn W, Afi fi MM, Agabiti-Rosei E, Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ali MK, Ali MM, Al-Nsour M, Al-Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Di Angelantonio E, Aro P, Azizi F, Babu BV, Bahalim AN, Barbagallo CM, Barbieri MA, Barcelo A, Barreto SM, Barros H, Bautista LE, Benetos A, Bjerregaard P, Bjorkelund C, Bo S, Bobak M, Bonora E, Botana MA, Bovet P, Breckenkamp J, Breteler MM, Broda G, Brown IJ, Bursztyn M, Cabrera de Leon A, Campos H, Cappuccio FP, Capuano V, Casiglia E, Castellano M, Castetbon K, Cea L, Chang C-J, Chaouki N, Chatterji S, Chen C-J, Chen Z, Choi J-S, Chua L, Cifkova R, Cobiac LJ, Cooper RS, Corsi AM, Costanza MC, Craig CL, Dankner RS, Dastgiri S, Delgado E, Dinc G, Doi Y, Dong G-H, Dorsi E, Dragano N, Drewnowski A, Eggertsen R, Elliott P, Anders Engeland, Erem C, Esteghamati A, Fall CHD, Fan J-G, Ferreccio C, Fezeu L, Firmo JO, Florez HF, Fornes NF, Fowkes FGR, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Fuchs FD, Fuller EL, Getz L, Giampaoli S, Gomez LF, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Graff –Iversen S, Grant JF, Guerrero Carvajal R, Gulliford MC, Gupta R, Gupta PC, Gureje O, Gutierrez HR, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Heim N, Heinrich J, Hemmingsson T, Hennis A, Herman WH, Herrera VM, Ho S, Holdsworth M, Hollman Frisman G, Hopman WM, Hussain A, Husseini A, Ibrahim MM, Ikeda N, Jacobsen BK, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Jasienska G, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kamadjeu RM, Kaptoge S, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Keinan-Boker L, Kelly P, Khalilzadeh O, Kiechl S, Woong Kim KW, Kiyohara Y, Kobayashi J, Krause MP, Kubinova R, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Lam TH, Langhammer A, Lawes CMM, Le C, Lee J, Levy-Marchal C, Lewington S, Li Y, Lim TO, Lin X, Lin C-C, Lin H-H, Lind L, Lissner L, Liu X, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lorbeer R, Ma G, Ma S, Macia F, MacLean DR, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Makdisse M, Mancia G, Mannami T, Marques-Vidal P, Mbanya JCN, McFarlane-Anderson N, Miccoli R, Miettola J, Minh HV, Miquel JF, J Miranda JJ, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Morgan K, Muiesan LM, Muntoni S, Nabipour I, Nakagami T, Nangia V, Nemesure B, Neovius M, Nerhus KA, Nervi F, Neuhauser H, Nguyen M, Ninomiya T, Noale M, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Olivieri O, Onal AE, Onat A, Orostegui M, Ouedraogo H, Pan W-A, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Park Y, Passos VMA, Pednekar MS, Pelizzari PM, Peres MA, Perez C, Perez-Fernandez R, Pichardo R, Hwee Pin Phua, Francesco Pistelli, Plans P, Polakowska M, Poulter N, Prabhakaran D, Qiao Q, Rafiei M, Raitakari OT, Ramos LR, Rampal S, Rampal L, Rasmussen F, Reddy KKR, Josep Redon J, Revilla L, Reyes-GarciaV, Roaeid RB, Robinson CA, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Ronkainen K, Rosero-Bixby L, Roth GA, Sachdev HS, Sanchez JR, Sanisoglu SY, Sans S, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Scazufca M, Schaan BD, Schapochnik N, Schelleman H, Schneider IJC, Schooling CM, Schwarz B, Sekuri C, Sereday MS, Serra-Majem L, Shaw J, Shera AS, Shi Z, Shiri R, Shu XO, Santos Silva DA, Silva E, Simons LA, Smith M, Soderberg S, Soebardi S, Solfrizzi V, Sonestedt E, Soysal A, StattinP, Stein AD, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Sudo A, Suka M, Sundh V, Sundquist K, Sundstrom J, Swai AB, Tai ES, Tambs K, Tesfaye F, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tilvis RS, Tobias M, Torheim LE, Trenkwalder P, Tuomilehto JO, Tur JA, Tzourio C, Uhernik A, Ukoli FA, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Varo JJ, Veierod MB, Velasquez-Melendez G, Verschuren M, Viet L, Villalpando S, Vioque J, Vollenweider P, Volpato S, Wang N, Wang YX, Ward M, Waspadji S, Welin LX, Whitlock G, Wilhelmsen L, Willeit J, Woodward M, Wormser D, Xavier AJ, Xu F, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang G, Yang X, Yeh L-C, Yoon J-S, You Q, Yu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zheng W, Zhou M, Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, G, Carnahan, E, Stevens, G, Cowan, M, Farzadfar, F, Lin, J, Finucane, M, Rao, M, Khang, Y, Riley, L, Arian, D, Lim, S, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, N, Rahim, H, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, M, Agabiti-Rosei, E, Salinas, C, Agyemang, C, Ali, M, Al-Nsour, M, Al-Nuaim, A, Ambady, R, Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, B, Bahalim, A, Barbagallo, C, Barbieri, M, Barceló, A, Barreto, S, Barros, H, Bautista, L, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, E, Botana, M, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, M, Broda, G, Brown, I, Bursztyn, M, de León, A, Campos, H, Cappuccio, F, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, C, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, C, Chen, Z, Choi, J, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, L, Cooper, R, Corsi, A, Costanza, M, Craig, C, Dankner, R, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, G, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, C, Fan, J, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, J, Florez, H, Fornés, N, Fowkes, F, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, F, Fuller, E, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, L, Gomez-Zumaquero, J, Iversen, S, Grant, J, Carvajal, R, Gulliford, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, P, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, H, Hansen, T, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, W, Herrera, V, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, G, Hopman, W, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, M, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, B, Jaddou, H, Jafar, T, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, M, Jonas, J, Kadiki, O, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, R, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, M, Katz, J, Keinan-Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, K, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, M, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Y, Lam, T, Langhammer, A, Lawes, C, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy-Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, T, Lin, X, Lin, C, Lin, H, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, D, Maggi, S, Magliano, D, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques-Vidal, P, Mbanya, J, McFarlane-Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, H, Miquel, J, Miranda, J, Mohamed, M, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, W, Morales, D, Morgan, K, Lorenza M Muiesan, N, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, K, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, S, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, O, Önal, A, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, W, Panagiotakos, D, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, V, Pednekar, M, Pelizzari, P, Peres, M, Cynthia Pérez, N, Pérez-Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, H, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, O, Ramos, L, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, K, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes-García, V, Roaeid, R, Robinson, C, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rojas-Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero-Bixby, L, Roth, G, Sachdev, H, Sánchez, J, Sanisoglu, S, Sans, S, Sarraf-Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, B, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, I, Schooling, C, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, M, Serra-Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, A, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, X, Silva, D, Silva, E, Simons, L, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, A, Stergiou, G, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, A, Tai, E, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, G, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, R, Tobias, M, Torheim, L, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, J, Tur, J, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, A, Ukoli, F, Unwin, N, Hoorn, S, Vanderpump, M, Varo, J, Veierød, M, Velásquez-Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Lennart X Welin, N, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, André J Xavier, N, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, L, Yoon, J, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, and Zhou, M

Subjects
Male, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, kidney disease, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, humanos, coste de las enfermedades, Disease, Global Health, Cohort Studies, Endocrinology, Cost of Illness, cardiovascular disease, Health Transition, Risk Factors, transición sanitaria, estudios prospectivos, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, evaluación de riesgos, Renal Insufficiency, Prospective Studies, Chronic, estudios de cohortes, Metabolic Syndrome, education.field_of_study, diabetes, Mortality rate, Age Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Complications, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Metabolic Syndrome X, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Cardiovascular disease,Diabetes Mellitus, chronic kidney disease, Diabetes Complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Diabetes and Metabolism, encuestas de salud, análisis temporoespacial, Risk assessment, complicaciones de la diabetes, insuficiencia renal, medicine.medical_specialty, Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mortality, Population, enfermedades cardiovasculares, Metabolic Syndrome X -- complications -- epidemiology -- mortality, Article, chronic kidney disease, mortality, Internal medicine, Environmental health, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, factores de riesgo, Risk factor, education, business.industry, medicine.disease, Relative risk, Cardiovascular Diseases/complications, Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality, Diabetes Complications/epidemiology, Diabetes Complications/mortality, Metabolic Syndrome X/complications, Metabolic Syndrome X/epidemiology, Metabolic Syndrome X/mortality, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/mortality, business, Kidney disease
Abstract

High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010., 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2014

2. National, regional, and global trends in serum total cholesterol since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 321 country-years and 3·0 million participants

Author

Farzadfar F, Finucane MM, Danaei G, Pelizzari PM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Lin JK, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Ezzati M, Salinas CA, Al Nsour M, Ali MM, Al Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Antonio M, Azizi F, Barbieri M, Barros H, Bautista LE, Bjerregaard P, Björkelund C, Bovet P, Brekenkamp J, Bursztyn M, de León AC, Campos H, Capuano V, Castetbon K, Chang CJ, Chen CJ, Choi JS, Chua L, Cífková R, Costanza MC, Eggertsen RW, Esteghamati A, Fan JG, Ferreccio C, Florez HJ, Fornés NS, Fowkes FG, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Giampaoli S, Gómez LF, Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen S, Carvajal RG, Gupta R, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Herrera VM, Ho SC, Frisman GH, Ikeda N, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Khalilzadeh O, Khang YH, Kiechl S, Kobayashi J, Kubínová R, Lam TH, Lawes CM, Lee J, Lim S, Lin HH, Lin X, Lin CC, Ma S, MacLean DR, Magliano DJ, Mannami T, Marques Vidal P, Miettola J, Miquel JF, Miranda JJ, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Muiesan LM, Nabipour I, Nangia V, Nerhus KA, Neuhauser H, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Onat A, Oróstegui M, Pan WH, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Passos VM, Pérez C, Pichardo R, Phua HP, Polakowska M, Rafiei M, Ramos LR, Reddy KK, Redon J, Revilla L, Roaeid RB, Ronkainen K, Roth GA, Sanisoglu SY, Sarraf Zadegan N, Schooling CM, Schwarz B, Silva E, Simons LA, Solfrizzi V, Stein AD, Stessman J, Suka M, Swai AB, Tai ES, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tuomilehto JO, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Volpato S, Welin LX, Willeit J, Woodward M, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang X, Yeh LC, Yoon JS, You Q, Zhang J., BARBAGALLO, Carlo Maria, and Farzadfar F, Finucane MM, Danaei G, Pelizzari PM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, Singh GM, Lin JK, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Ezzati M, Salinas CA, Al Nsour M, Ali MM, Al-Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Antonio M, Azizi F, Barbagallo CM, Barbieri M, Barros H, Bautista LE, Bjerregaard P, Björkelund C, Bovet P, Brekenkamp J, Bursztyn M, de León AC, Campos H, Capuano V, Castetbon K, Chang CJ, Chen CJ, Choi JS, Chua L, Cífková R, Costanza MC, Eggertsen RW, Esteghamati A, Fan JG, Ferreccio C, Florez HJ, Fornés NS, Fowkes FG, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Giampaoli S, Gómez LF, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Graff -Iversen S, Carvajal RG, Gupta R, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Herrera VM, Ho SC, Frisman GH, Ikeda N, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Khalilzadeh O, Khang YH, Kiechl S, Kobayashi J, Kubínová R, Lam TH, Lawes CM, Lee J, Lim S, Lin HH, Lin X, Lin CC, Ma S, MacLean DR, Magliano DJ, Mannami T, Marques-Vidal P, Miettola J, Miquel JF, Miranda JJ, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Muiesan LM, Nabipour I, Nangia V, Nerhus KA, Neuhauser H, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Onat A, Oróstegui M, Pan WH, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Passos VM, Pérez C, Pichardo R, Phua HP, Polakowska M, Rafiei M, Ramos LR, Reddy KK, Redon J, Revilla L, Roaeid RB, Ronkainen K, Roth GA, Sanisoglu SY, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Schooling CM, Schwarz B, Silva E, Simons LA, Solfrizzi V, Stein AD, Stessman J, Suka M, Swai AB, Tai ES, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tuomilehto JO, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Volpato S, Welin LX, Willeit J, Woodward M, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang X, Yeh LC, Yoon JS, You Q, Zhang J.

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Uncertainty interval, Population, Hypercholesterolemia, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Southeast asia, Nutrition Policy, Health examination, blood, Total cholesterol, Epidemiology, Global health, Medicine, Humans, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population mean, Bayes Theorem, General Medicine, Health Survey, Health Surveys, Adult, Bayes Theorem, Cholesterol, blood, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, drug therapy, Income, Male, Nutrition Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, World Health, drug therapy, Cholesterol, Socioeconomic Factors, World Health, Income, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Female, business, Demography, Human
Abstract

Summary Background Data for trends in serum cholesterol are needed to understand the effects of its dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacological determinants; set intervention priorities; and evaluate national programmes. Previous analyses of trends in serum cholesterol were limited to a few countries, with no consistent and comparable global analysis. We estimated worldwide trends in population mean serum total cholesterol. Methods We estimated trends and their uncertainties in mean serum total cholesterol for adults 25 years and older in 199 countries and territories. We obtained data from published and unpublished health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (321 country-years and 3·0 million participants). For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean total cholesterol by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally representative. Findings In 2008, age-standardised mean total cholesterol worldwide was 4·64 mmol/L (95% uncertainty interval 4·51–4·76) for men and 4·76 mmol/L (4·62–4·91) for women. Globally, mean total cholesterol changed little between 1980 and 2008, falling by less than 0·1 mmol/L per decade in men and women. Total cholesterol fell in the high-income region consisting of Australasia, North America, and western Europe, and in central and eastern Europe; the regional declines were about 0·2 mmol/L per decade for both sexes, with posterior probabilities of these being true declines 0·99 or greater. Mean total cholesterol increased in east and southeast Asia and Pacific by 0·08 mmol/L per decade (−0·06 to 0·22, posterior probability=0·86) in men and 0·09 mmol/L per decade (−0·07 to 0·26, posterior probability=0·86) in women. Despite converging trends, serum total cholesterol in 2008 was highest in the high-income region consisting of Australasia, North America, and western Europe; the regional mean was 5·24 mmol/L (5·08–5·39) for men and 5·23 mmol/L (5·03–5·43) for women. It was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa at 4·08 mmol/L (3·82–4·34) for men and 4·27 mmol/L (3·99–4·56) for women. Interpretation Nutritional policies and pharmacological interventions should be used to accelerate improvements in total cholesterol in regions with decline and to curb or prevent the rise in Asian populations and elsewhere. Population-based surveillance of cholesterol needs to be improved in low-income and middle-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.

Published
2011

3. Epidemiological and clinical patterns of diabetes mellitus in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Author

Roaed Rb and Kadiki Oa

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Prevalence, General Medicine, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Nephropathy, Surgery, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Cause of death
Abstract

The clinical characteristics and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]diagnosed in Benghazi are reported. Data were based on the analysis of records for the period 1981 to 1990. A total of 8922 NIDDM cases [4081 males, 4841 females]were registered during the study period. The overall prevalence rate of NIDDM was 0.19%; it was significantly higher in females [0.21%]than males [0.17%][P or = 20 years was 3.8% and was significantly higher in females [4.7%]than in males [2.9%][P < 0.01]. Prevalence rates increased with each higher age group and peaked in the 50-54 years age group. Prevalence of hypertension was 22.5% and prevalence of overweight was 59.4%. The most common complications of diabetes were neuropathy [45.7%], retinopathy [30.5%]and nephropathy [25.2%]

Published
1999

4. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants

Author

Danaei, G, Finucane, Mm, Lu, Y, Singh, Gm, Cowan, Mj, Paciorek, Cj, Lin, Jk, Farzadfar, F, Khang, Yh, Stevens, Ga, Rao, M, Ali, Mk, Riley, Lm, Robinson, Ca, Ezzati, M, Abdeen, Z, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, Mm, AGABITI ROSEI, Enrico, Salinas, Ca, Alnsour, M, Ambady, R, Barbagallo, Cm, Barceló, A, Barros, H, Bautista, Le, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Bo, S, Bovet, P, Bursztyn, M, Cabrera de León, A, Castellano, Maurizio, Castetbon, K, Chaouki, N, Chen, Cj, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Corsi, Am, Delgado, E, Doi, Y, Esteghamati, A, Fall, Ch, Fan, Jg, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Fuller, El, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, Lf, Carvajal, Rg, Herman, Wh, Herrera, Vm, Ho, S, Hussain, A, Ikeda, N, Jafar, Th, Jonas, Jb, Kadiki, Oa, Karalis, I, Katz, J, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kurjata, P, Lee, J, Lim, S, Lim, To, Lin, Cc, Lin, X, Lin, Hh, Liu, X, Lorbeer, R, Ma, S, Maggi, S, Magliano, Dj, McFarlane Anderson, N, Miettola, J, Miranda, Jj, Mohamed, Mk, Mohan, V, Mokdad, A, Morales, Dd, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Neuhauser, H, Noale, M, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Panagiotakos, Db, Passos, Vm, Pérez, C, Pichardo, R, Pin Phua, H, Plans, P, Qiao, Q, Ramos, Lr, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Rosero Bixby, L, Sanisoglu, Sy, Scazufca, M, Schaan, Bd, Sekuri, C, Shera, As, Shi, Z, Silva, E, Simons, La, Söderberg, S, Solfrizzi, V, Soysal, A, Stein, Ad, Stessman, J, Vanderpump, Mp, Viet, L, Vollenweider, P, Wang, N, Wang, Yx, Waspadji, S, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Xu, L, Yang, X, Yoon, Js, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L., Barbagallo, CM, Danaei, G, Finucane, M, Lu, Y, Singh, G, Cowan, M, Paciorek, C, Lin, J, Farzadfar, F, Khang, Y, Stevens, G, Rao, M, Ali, M, Riley, L, Robinson, C, and Ezzati, M

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Latin Americans, Psychological intervention, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Settore MED/43 - Medicina Legale, Diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology, medicine, Global health, Diabetes Mellitus, Prevalence, Population growth, Humans, Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated, Glycated Hemoglobin, business.industry, Public health, Diabetes Mellitu, General Medicine, Fasting, Health Survey, medicine.disease, Health Surveys, World Health, Female, business, Body mass index, Demography, Human
Abstract

Summary Background Data for trends in glycaemia and diabetes prevalence are needed to understand the effects of diet and lifestyle within populations, assess the performance of interventions, and plan health services. No consistent and comparable global analysis of trends has been done. We estimated trends and their uncertainties in mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and diabetes prevalence for adults aged 25 years and older in 199 countries and territories. Methods We obtained data from health examination surveys and epidemiological studies (370 country-years and 2·7 million participants). We converted systematically between different glycaemic metrics. For each sex, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate mean FPG and its uncertainty by age, country, and year, accounting for whether a study was nationally, subnationally, or community representative. Findings In 2008, global age-standardised mean FPG was 5·50 mmol/L (95% uncertainty interval 5·37–5·63) for men and 5·42 mmol/L (5·29–5·54) for women, having risen by 0·07 mmol/L and 0·09 mmol/L per decade, respectively. Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence was 9·8% (8·6–11·2) in men and 9·2% (8·0–10·5) in women in 2008, up from 8·3% (6·5–10·4) and 7·5% (5·8–9·6) in 1980. The number of people with diabetes increased from 153 (127–182) million in 1980, to 347 (314–382) million in 2008. We recorded almost no change in mean FPG in east and southeast Asia and central and eastern Europe. Oceania had the largest rise, and the highest mean FPG (6·09 mmol/L, 5·73–6·49 for men; 6·08 mmol/L, 5·72–6·46 for women) and diabetes prevalence (15·5%, 11·6–20·1 for men; and 15·9%, 12·1–20·5 for women) in 2008. Mean FPG and diabetes prevalence in 2008 were also high in south Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and central Asia, north Africa, and the Middle East. Mean FPG in 2008 was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, east and southeast Asia, and high-income Asia-Pacific. In high-income subregions, western Europe had the smallest rise, 0·07 mmol/L per decade for men and 0·03 mmol/L per decade for women; North America had the largest rise, 0·18 mmol/L per decade for men and 0·14 mmol/L per decade for women. Interpretation Glycaemia and diabetes are rising globally, driven both by population growth and ageing and by increasing age-specific prevalences. Effective preventive interventions are needed, and health systems should prepare to detect and manage diabetes and its sequelae. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.

Published
2011

5. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Cholesterol). National, regional, and global trends in serum total cholesterol since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 321country-years and 3·0 million participants

Author

Farzadfar, F, Finucane, Mm, Danaei, G, Pelizzari, Pm, Cowan, Mj, Paciorek, Cj, Singh, Gm, Lin, Jk, Stevens, Ga, Riley, Lm, collaborators Farzadfar F, Ezzati M., Ezzati, M, Salinas, Ca, Al Nsour, M, Ali, Mm, Al Nuaim AR, Ambady, R, Antonio, M, Azizi, F, Barbagallo, Cm, Barbieri, M, Barros, H, Bautista, Le, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bovet, P, Brekenkamp, J, Bursztyn, M, de León AC, Campos, H, Capuano, V, Castetbon, K, Chang, Cj, Chen, Cj, Choi, Js, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Costanza, Mc, Eggertsen, Rw, Esteghamati, A, Fan, Jg, Ferreccio, C, Florez, Hj, Fornés, Ns, Fowkes, Fg, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, Lf, Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen, S, Carvajal, Rg, Gupta, R, Hansen, Tw, Hata, J, He, J, Herrera, Vm, Ho, Sc, Frisman, Gh, Ikeda, N, Jaddou, Hy, Jafar, Th, Janghorbani, M, Joffres, Mr, Jonas, Jb, Kadiki, Oa, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, Mj, Katz, J, Khalilzadeh, O, Khang, Yh, Kiechl, S, Kobayashi, J, Kubínová, R, Lam, Th, Lawes, Cm, Lee, J, Lim, S, Lin, Hh, Lin, X, Lin, Cc, Ma, S, Maclean, Dr, Magliano, Dj, Mannami, T, Marques Vidal, P, Miettola, J, Miquel, Jf, Miranda, Jj, Mohamed, Mk, Mohan, V, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, Wf, Morales, Dd, Muiesan, Maria Lorenza, Nabipour, I, Nangia, V, Nerhus, Ka, Neuhauser, H, Oh, Sw, Ohkubo, T, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Pan, Wh, Panagiotakos, Db, Panza, F, Passos, Vm, Pérez, C, Pichardo, R, Phua, Hp, Polakowska, M, Rafiei, M, Ramos, Lr, Reddy, Kk, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Roaeid, Rb, Ronkainen, K, Roth, Ga, Sanisoglu, Sy, Sarraf Zadegan, N, Schooling, Cm, Schwarz, B, Silva, E, Simons, La, Solfrizzi, V, Stein, Ad, Stessman, J, Suka, M, Swai, Ab, Tai, Es, Thomas, Gn, Thorogood, M, Tuomilehto, Jo, Unwin, N, Vander Hoorn, S, Vanderpump, Mp, Volpato, S, Welin, Lx, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, X, Yeh, Lc, Yoon, Js, You, Q, and Zhang, J.

Published
2011

6. The global cardiovascular risk transition: associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and Western diet in 1980 and 2008

Author

Danaei, G., Singh, G., Paciorek, C., Lin, J., Cowan, M., Finucane, M., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G., Riley, L., Lu, Y., Rao, M., Ezzati, M., Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group, Aamodt, G., Abdeen, Z., Abdella, N., Rahim, H., Addo, J., Aekplakorn, W., Afifi, M., Agabiti Rosei, E., Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang, C., Ali, M., Al Nsour, M., Al Nuaim AR, Ambady, R., Aro, P., Azizi, F., Barbagallo, C., Barbieri, M., Barceló, A., Barreto, S., Barros, H., Bautista, L., Benetos, A., Bjerregaard, P., Björkelund, C., Bo, S., Bobak, M., Bonora, E., Bontha, B., Botana, M., Bovet, P., Breckenkamp, J., Breteler, M., Broda, G., Brown, I., Bursztyn, M., Cabrera de León, A., Campos, H., Cappuccio, F., Capuano, V., Casiglia, E., Castellano, M., Castetbon, K., Cea, L., Chang, C., Chaouki, N., Chatterji, S., Chen, Z., Chen, C., Choi, J., Chua, L., Cífková, R., Cobiac, L., Cooper, R., Corsi, A., Costanza, M., Craig, C., Dankner, R., Dastgiri, S., Delgado, E., Dinc, G., Doi, Y., Dong, G., Dorsi, E., Dragano, N., Drewnowski, A., Eggertsen, W., Elliott, P., Engeland, A., Erem, C., Esteghamati, A., Fall, C., Fan, J., Ferreccio, C., Fezeu, L., Firmo, J., Florez, H., Fornés, N., Fowkes, F., Franceschini, G., Frisk, F., Fuchs, F., Fuller, E., Getz, L., Giampaoli, S., Gómez, L., Gomez Zumaquero JM, Graff Iversen, S., Grant, J., Guerrero Carvajal, R., Gulliford, M., Gupta, R., Gupta, P., Gureje, O., Hansen, T., Hata, J., He, J., Heim, N., Heinrich, J., Hemmingsson, T., Hennis, A., Herman, W., Herrera, V., Ho, S., Holdsworth, M., Hollman Frisman, G., Hopman, W., Hussain, A., Husseini, A., Ibrahim, M., Ikeda, N., Jacobsen, B., Jaddou, H., Jafar, T., Janghorbani, M., Jasienska, G., Joffres, M., Jonas, J., Kadiki, O., Kalter Leibovici, O., Kamadjeu, R., Karalis, I., Kastarinen, M., Katz, J., Keinan Boker, L., Kelly, P., Khalilzadeh, O., Khang, Y., Kiechl, S., Kim, K., Kiyohara, Y., Kobayashi, J., Krause, M., Kubínová, R., Kurjata, P., Kusuma, Y., Lam, T., Langhammer, A., Lawes, C., Le, C., Lee, J., Lévy Marchal, C., Li, Y., Lim, S., Lim, T., Lin, X., Lin, C., Lin, H., Lind, L., Lissner, L., Liu, X., Lopez Jaramillo, P., Lorbeer, R., Ma, G., Ma, S., Macià, F., Maclean, D., Maggi, S., Magliano, D., Makdisse, M., Mancia, G., Mannami, T., Marques Vidal, P., Mbanya, J., McFarlane Anderson, N., Miccoli, R., Miettola, J., Minh, H., Miquel, J., Miranda, J., Mohamed, M., Mohan, V., Mohanna, S., Mokdad, A., Mollentze, W., Morales, D., Morgan, K., Muiesan, L., Muntoni, S., Nabipour, I., Nakagami, T., Nangia, V., Nemesure, B., Neovius, M., Nerhus, K., Nervi, F., Neuhauser, H., Nguyen, M., Ninomiya, T., Noale, M., Oh, S., Ohkubo, T., Olivieri, O., Önal, A., Onat, A., Oróstegui, M., Ouedraogo, H., Pan, W., Panagiotakos, D., Panza, F., Park, Y., Passos, V., Pednekar, M., Peres, M., Pérez, C., Pérez Fernández, R., Pichardo, R., Phua, H., Pistelli, F., Plans, P., Polakowska, M., Poulter, N., Prabhakaran, D., Qiao, Q., Rafiei, M., Raitakari, O., Ramos, L., Rampal, S., Rampal, L., Rasmussen, F., Reddy, K., Redon, J., Revilla, L., Reyes García, V., Roaeid, R., Rodriguez Artalejo, F., Rojas Martinez, R., Ronkainen, K., Rosero Bixby, L., Roth, G., Sachdev, H., Sánchez, J., Sanisoglu, S., Sans, S., Sarraf Zadegan, N., Scazufca, M., Schaan, B., Schapochnik, N., Schelleman, H., Schneider, I., Schooling, C., Schwarz, B., Sekuri, C., Sereday, M., Serra Majem, L., Shaw, J., Shera, A., Shi, Z., Shiri, R., Shu, X., Silva, D., Silva, E., Simons, L., Smith, M., Söderberg, S., Soebardi, S., Solfrizzi, V., Sonestedt, E., Soysal, A., Stattin, P., Stein, A., Stergiou, G., Stessman, J., Sudo, A., Suka, M., Sundh, V., Sundquist, K., Sundström, J., Swai, A., Tai, E., Tambs, K., Tesfaye, F., Thomas, G., Thorogood, M., Tilvis, R., Tobias, M., Torheim, L., Trenkwalder, P., Tuomilehto, J., Tur, J., Tzourio, C., Uhernik, A., Ukoli, F., Unwin, N., Vander Hoorn, S., Vanderpump, M., Varo, J., Veierød, B., Velásquez Meléndez, G., Verschuren, M., Viet, L., Villalpando, S., Vioque, J., Vollenweider, P., Volpato, S., Wang, N., Wang, Y., Ward, M., Waspadji, S., Welin, L., Wilhelmsen, L., Willeit, J., Woodward, M., Xavier, A., Xu, F., Xu, L., Yamamoto, A., Yang, G., Yang, X., Yeh, L., Yoon, J., You, Q., Yu, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, W., Zhou, M., Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Lu Y, Rao M, Ezzati M and Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group, Aamodt G, Abdeen Z, Abdella NA, Rahim HF, Addo J, Aekplakorn W, Afifi MM, Agabiti-Rosei E, Aguilar Salinas CA, Agyemang C, Ali MM, Al-Nsour M, Al-Nuaim AR, Ambady R, Aro P, Azizi F, Barbagallo CM, Barbieri MA, Barceló A, Barreto SM, Barros H, Bautista LE, Benetos A, Bjerregaard P, Björkelund C, Bo S, Bobak M, Bonora E, Bontha BV, Botana MA, Bovet P, Breckenkamp J, Breteler MM, Broda G, Brown IJ, Bursztyn M, Cabrera de León A, Campos H, Cappuccio FP, Capuano V, Casiglia E, Castellano M, Castetbon K, Cea L, Chang CJ, Chaouki N, Chatterji S, Chen Z, Chen CJ, Choi JS, Chua L, Cífková R, Cobiac LJ, Cooper RS, Corsi AM, Costanza MC, Craig CL, Dankner RS, Dastgiri S, Delgado E, Dinc G, Doi Y, Dong GH, Dorsi E, Dragano N, Drewnowski A, Eggertsen W, Elliott P, Engeland A, Erem C, Esteghamati A, Fall CH, Fan JG, Ferreccio C, Fezeu L, Firmo JO, Florez HJ, Fornés NS, Fowkes FG, Franceschini G, Frisk F, Fuchs FD, Fuller EL, Getz L, Giampaoli S, Gómez LF, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Graff-Iversen S, Grant JF, Guerrero Carvajal R, Gulliford MC, Gupta R, Gupta PC, Gureje O, Hansen TW, Hata J, He J, Heim N, Heinrich J, Hemmingsson T, Hennis A, Herman WH, Herrera VM, Ho S, Holdsworth M, Hollman Frisman G, Hopman WM, Hussain A, Husseini A, Ibrahim M, Ikeda N, Jacobsen BK, Jaddou HY, Jafar TH, Janghorbani M, Jasienska G, Joffres MR, Jonas JB, Kadiki OA, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kamadjeu RM, Karalis I, Kastarinen MJ, Katz J, Keinan-Boker L, Kelly P, Khalilzadeh O, Khang YH, Kiechl S, Kim KW, Kiyohara Y, Kobayashi J, Krause MP, Kubínová R, Kurjata P, Kusuma YS, Lam TH, Langhammer A, Lawes CM, Le C, Lee J, Lévy-Marchal C, Li Y, Lim S, Lim TO, Lin X, Lin CC, Lin HH, Lind L, Lissner L, Liu X, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Lorbeer R, Ma G, Ma S, Macià F, MacLean DR, Maggi S, Magliano DJ, Makdisse M, Mancia G, Mannami T, Marques-Vidal P, Mbanya JC, McFarlane-Anderson N, Miccoli R, Miettola J, Minh HV, Miquel JF, Miranda J, Mohamed MK, Mohan V, Mohanna S, Mokdad A, Mollentze WF, Morales DD, Morgan K, Muiesan LM, Muntoni S, Nabipour I, Nakagami T, Nangia V, Nemesure B, Neovius M, Nerhus KA, Nervi F, Neuhauser H, Nguyen M, Ninomiya T, Noale M, Oh SW, Ohkubo T, Olivieri O, Önal AE, Onat A, Oróstegui M, Ouedraogo H, Pan WH, Panagiotakos DB, Panza F, Park Y, Passos VM, Pednekar MS, Peres MA, Pérez C, Pérez-Fernández R, Pichardo R, Phua HP, Pistelli F, Plans P, Polakowska M, Poulter N, Prabhakaran D, Qiao Q, Rafiei M, Raitakari OT, Ramos LR, Rampal S, Rampal L, Rasmussen F, Reddy KK, Redon J, Revilla L, Reyes-García V, Roaeid RB, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Ronkainen K, Rosero-Bixby L, Roth GA, Sachdev HS, Sánchez JR, Sanisoglu SY, Sans S, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Scazufca M, Schaan BD, Schapochnik N, Schelleman H, Schneider IJ, Schooling C, Schwarz B, Sekuri C, Sereday MS, Serra-Majem L, Shaw J, Shera AS, Shi Z, Shiri R, Shu XO, Silva DA, Silva E, Simons LA, Smith M, Söderberg S, Soebardi S, Solfrizzi V, Sonestedt E, Soysal A, Stattin P, Stein AD, Stergiou GS, Stessman J, Sudo A, Suka M, Sundh V, Sundquist K, Sundström J, Swai AB, Tai E, Tambs K, Tesfaye F, Thomas GN, Thorogood M, Tilvis RS, Tobias M, Torheim LE, Trenkwalder P, Tuomilehto JO, Tur JA, Tzourio C, Uhernik AI, Ukoli FA, Unwin N, Vander Hoorn S, Vanderpump MP, Varo JJ, Veierød B, Velásquez-Meléndez G, Verschuren M, Viet L, Villalpando S, Vioque J, Vollenweider P, Volpato S, Wang N, Wang YX, Ward M, Waspadji S, Welin LX, Wilhelmsen L, Willeit J, Woodward M, Xavier AJ, Xu F, Xu L, Yamamoto A, Yang G, Yang X, Yeh LC, Yoon JS, You Q, Yu Z, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zheng W, Zhou M, ACS - Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, APH - Amsterdam Public Health, and Public and occupational health

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, Male, Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Measures of national income and output, Population, Hypercholesterolemia, OBESIDADE, Blood Pressure, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Age Distribution, Risk Factors, cardiovascular disease, Physiology (medical), Diabetes mellitus, risk factors, Epidemiology, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Obesity, Risk factor, Sex Distribution, education, Developing Countries, Cholesterolo, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Urbanization, Feeding Behavior, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Blood pressure, Cholesterol, Socioeconomic Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, Western World, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract

Background— It is commonly assumed that cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with affluence and Westernization. We investigated the associations of body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol with national income, Western diet, and, for BMI, urbanization in 1980 and 2008. Methods and Results— Country-level risk factor estimates for 199 countries between 1980 and 2008 were from a previous systematic analysis of population-based data. We analyzed the associations between risk factors and per capita national income, a measure of Western diet, and, for BMI, the percentage of the population living in urban areas. In 1980, there was a positive association between national income and population mean BMI, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol. By 2008, the slope of the association between national income and systolic blood pressure became negative for women and zero for men. Total cholesterol was associated with national income and Western diet in both 1980 and 2008. In 1980, BMI rose with national income and then flattened at ≈Int$7000; by 2008, the relationship resembled an inverted U for women, peaking at middle-income levels. BMI had a positive relationship with the percentage of urban population in both 1980 and 2008. Fasting plasma glucose had weaker associations with these country macro characteristics, but it was positively associated with BMI. Conclusions— The changing associations of metabolic risk factors with macroeconomic variables indicate that there will be a global pandemic of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, together with high blood pressure in low-income countries, unless effective lifestyle and pharmacological interventions are implemented.

Published
2013

7. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in children (0-14 years) in Benghazi Libya (1991-2000).

Author

Kadiki OA and Roaeid RB

Subjects
Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Libya epidemiology, Male, Population Density, Registries, Sex Characteristics, Time Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0-14 year olds in Benghazi (Libya) during the period 1981-1990 was 7.0/10 5. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0-14 year olds in Benghazi Libya during the period 1991-2000., Methods: Incidence data are based on prospective registration of Type 1 diabetes new cases for the period 1991-2000 in Type 1 register., Results: A total of 276 (males 117, females 159) Type 1 diabetes new cases 0-14 years of age were identified during the period 1.01.1991-31.12.2000. Completeness of ascertainment was 100%. The average annual incidence per year was 7.8/100,000 population (95% CI 6.91-8.78). The standardized incidence rate (World standard) was 8.3/100,000 (95% CI 7.36-9.35). There was excess risk for females (9.1 95% CI 7.77-10.65) versus males (6.6 95% CI 5.45-7.89) (p<0.001). No significant temporal trend was observed, yet there was an increase in incidence rate over that reported for the period 1981-1990 (7.8 vs 7.0). Seasonal variation in incidence was significant., Conclusion: It was concluded that the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Benghazi is in the middle of the worldwide range close to the incidence in Mediterranean countries.

Published
2002

8. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Benghazi Libya.

Author

Kadiki OA and Roaeid RB

Subjects
Adult, Aging, Body Constitution, Body Mass Index, Cholesterol blood, Diabetes Complications, Diabetes Mellitus genetics, Female, Humans, Hypertension complications, Libya epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Urban Population, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology, Glucose Intolerance epidemiology
Abstract

Objectives: To assess, by a house to house study, the prevalence of diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and their associated risk factors in Benghazi, Libya using 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and ADA 1997 and WHO 1998 diagnostic criteria., Material and Methods: A multistage cluster sampling was used to select the study population. A total of 314 men and 554 women underwent a standard 75 grams OGTT. The response rate was 77.7% for males and 89.2% for females., Results: The overall prevalence of IGT was 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.8 - 11.3) (men 8.6% 95% CI 7.7-9.6, women 8.5% 95% CI 5.0 -11.9), and that of diabetes was 14.1% (95% CI 10.9-17.1) (men 16.3% 95% CI 14.5-18.3 women 13.0% 95% CI 10.0 - 16.1). Diabetes was present in 19.4% (95% CI 15.4-20.5) (men 22.7% 95% CI 20.2-25.4, women 17.6% 95% CI 14.1-19.1) in 30-64 years age range. Prevalence of diabetes was slightly higher in urban than in rural areas (14.5% vs 13.5%). The prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes in urban and rural areas were 3.6% and 7.3% respectively and that of known diabetes were 10.9% and 6.3% respectively. Associated risk factors with diabetes and IGT were age, family history of diabetes, hypertension, BMI, WHR and serum cholesterol., Conclusion: Diabetes is emerging as an important public health problem in Libya and should rank very high in the priority list of health planners.

Published
2001

9. Epidemiological and clinical patterns of diabetes mellitus in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.

Author

Kadiki OA and Roaed RB

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Cause of Death, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Female, Health Priorities, Humans, Hypertension complications, Hypertension epidemiology, Incidence, Libya, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity complications, Obesity epidemiology, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Arabs statistics & numerical data, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology
Abstract

The clinical characteristics and prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) diagnosed in Benghazi are reported. Data were based on the analysis of records for the period 1981 to 1990. A total of 8922 NIDDM cases (4081 males, 4841 females) were registered during the study period. The overall prevalence rate of NIDDM was 0.19%; it was significantly higher in females (0.21%) than males (0.17%) (P < 0.01). The prevalence rate in patients aged > or = 20 years was 3.8% and was significantly higher in females (4.7%) than in males (2.9%) (P < 0.01). Prevalence rates increased with each higher age group and peaked in the 50-54 years age group. Prevalence of hypertension was 22.5% and prevalence of overweight was 59.4%. The most common complications of diabetes were neuropathy (45.7%), retinopathy (30.5%) and nephropathy (25.2%).

Published
1999

10. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Benghazi, Libya (1991-1995).

Author

Kadiki OA, Roaeid RB, Bhairi AM, and Elamari IM

Subjects
Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Libya epidemiology, Male, Seasons, Sex Factors, World Health Organization, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology
Abstract

This report concerns the incidence rate of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the 0-14 year age group in Benghazi, Libya. Incidence data are based on prospective registration of patients as part of the WHO Diamond Project from 1991 to 1995. A total of 126 IDDM incident cases (73 girls, 53 boys) were identified during this 5-year period. All patients were Libyan Arab Benghazi residents. Case ascertainment was 100%. The overall yearly incidence was 8.1 cases/100,000 population (95%, CI 6.8-9.7). Incidence was slightly higher in girls (9.5, CI 7.5-12.0) than in boys (6.7, CI 5.1-8.8). Incidence rates increased steadily with age in both sexes and were slightly higher than those reported for Benghazi during the period 1981 to 1990 (girls 7.8, boys 6.3, both sexes 7.0). Annual variation of incidence was not significant, whereas seasonality of onset was significant (P < 0.05). The study shows that IDDM is as frequent in Libya as in other Mediterranean countries.

Published
1998

11. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) (0-34 years at onset) in Benghazi, Libya.

Author

Kadiki OA, Reddy MR, and Marzouk AA

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Libya epidemiology, Male, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology
Abstract

The incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) in Benghazi, Libya in the < 35-year age group during the period 1981-1990 are reported. Incidence data for IDDM were based on prospective registration of patients while incidence data for NIDDM were based on analysis of files. Case ascertainment of IDDM cases was estimated to be > 95%. Incidence of total diabetes (IDDM and NIDDM) (per 100000 population) was significantly higher in females (43.8; 95% confidence Interval (CI) 40.6-47.2) than in males (28.9, 26.6-31.3) (P < 0.001). The overall incidence rates of IDDM and NIDDM were 9.0 (CI, 8.1-10.0) and 27.3 (CI, 25.4-28.2), respectively. Rates of IDDM were 9.4 (CI, 8.1-10.9) among males and 8.5 (CI, 7.3-10.0) among females. Rates of NIDDM were 19.6 (CI, 18.1-22.2) among males and 35.3 (CI, 32.4-37.8) among females. IDDM patients showed a female predominance in the 0- to 14-year age range (P > 0.05) and a male predominance in the 15- to 34-year age range (P > 0.05). NIDDM showed equal incidence in males and females in the 0- to 14-year age range and twofold higher incidence in females than in males in the 15- to 34-year age group (P < 0.001). Yearly variation and seasonality of onset were not significant in IDDM cases (P > 0.05). Fifty-six percent of NIDDM cases were obese compared to only 6% of IDDM cases. The study revealed that diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease in children and young Libyan Arabs. It has shown that NIDDM in Benghazi is twofold higher in females than in males in the 15- to 34-year age group. It has also shown that age per se is not a reliable criterion for the classification of diabetes into IDDM and NIDDM.

Published
1996
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12. Ten-year incidence (1981-90) of insulin-dependent diabetes in the 0-29-year-old age group in Benghazi, Libya.

Author

Kadiki OA and Moawad SE

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 diagnosis, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Libya epidemiology, Male, Seasons, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Urban Population, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology
Abstract

The incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Benghazi, Libya in the < 30-years age group was prospectively studied during the period 1981-1990. A total of 161 male and 150 female new cases were diagnosed during the study period. Case ascertainment was estimated to be 100%. The overall incidence rate (per 100,000) was 8.8 (95% C.I., 7.8-9.9). Rates were 8.9 (95% C.I., 7.6-10.4 among males and 8.6 (95% C.I., 7.3-10.1) among females). A female predominance in the 0-14-years age range and a male predominance in the 15-29-years age range were observed (P > 0.05). The age-specific incidence rate increased steadily from 2.2 (95% C.I., 1.4-3.4) in the 0-4-years age group to 16.9 (95% C.I., 13.6-21.0) in the 15-19-years age group and declined afterwards. Age adjusted incidence rates in the 0-14- and 15-29-years age ranges were 7.0 (95% C.I., 6.0-8.2) and 11.9 (95% C.I., 10.0-14.0), respectively. Yearly variation and seasonality of onset were not significant. The study revealed a relatively high incidence rate of Type 1 diabetes among Libyan Arabs aged less than 30 years.

Published
1994
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13. Incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in Benghazi, Libya.

Author

Kadiki OA and Moawad SE

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Libya epidemiology, Male, Prevalence, Seasons, Sex Factors, Urban Population, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology
Abstract

The mean annual incidence rates of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Arab children and adolescents in Benghazi, Libya were assessed as based on prospective registration of patients during the period 1981-1990. Results showed an annual incidence (per 100,000) of 7.0 (6.0-8.2) (males 6.3(5.0-7.9) females 7.8(6.3-9.7)) in 0-14 year olds and 8.8(7.8-10.0) (males 8.3(6.9-10.0), females 9.2(7.7-11.0)) in 0-19 year olds. There were no significant differences between males and females or between season of onset. The commonest age of onset was 15-19 years. Annual variations were significant in the 0-14 years age group (p < 0.001) and non-significant in the 0-19 years age group. In 1981 the age adjusted prevalence rates of Type 1 patients (per 100,000) were 23.5 (17.1-31.5) (males 21.2(13.1-32.3), females 25.9(16.8-38.3)) in 0-14 year olds and 36.2(29.1-45.1) (males 31.4(22.2-43.2), females 41.0(30.2-54.5)) in 0-19 year olds. In 1990 the prevalence rates had increased to 37.3(30.5-45.5) (males 40.7(30.8-53.3), females 33.8 (24.6-45.3)) in 0-14 year olds and 59.5(51.6-58.5) (males 60.3(49.3-73.6), females 58.6 (47.7-72.1)) in 0-19 year olds. Increase in prevalence rates was significant in both sexes and in both age groups (p < 0.001). Increase in prevalence rates in girls in 1981 and in boys in 1990 were not significant. It is concluded that Type 1 diabetes is a common chronic disease of children and adolescents in Benghazi, Libya.

Published
1993
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14. Outcome of pregnant diabetic patients in Benghazi (Libya) from 1984 to 1991.

Author

Kadiki OA, Reddy MR, Sahli MA, Shawar H, and Rao S

Subjects
Abortion, Spontaneous epidemiology, Adult, Birth Weight physiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 physiopathology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 physiopathology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fetal Death epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Insulin therapeutic use, Libya epidemiology, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Diabetics physiopathology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 epidemiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 epidemiology, Pregnancy Outcome epidemiology, Pregnancy in Diabetics epidemiology
Abstract

During the period from 1 June 1984 to 1 June 1991, 988 pregnant diabetic patients were treated by a team of physicians and obstetricians in Benghazi Diabetic Clinic. Twelve patients were insulin-dependent (type 1) and 976 patients were non-insulin-dependent (type 2). Ninety patients were diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy. Thirty-nine patients defaulted. Eight hundred and seventy-six patients were treated with insulin and 112 patients were controlled by diet. The average daily insulin dose was 40.12 units. The majority, 64.5%, delivered vaginally and 35.5% by caesarean section. Rates of abortion, intra-uterine death and still birth were 7.99%, 3.28% and 2.6%, respectively. The mean birth weight was 3.78 +/- 0.89 kg. Congenital anomalies of infants were 3.4%. Perinatal morality was 11.44%. Poor metabolic control has been associated with increased rates of abortion, intra-uterine death and congenital anomalies. It was concluded that team approach and multiple insulin injections could improve the outcome of pregnancy in developing countries to near current western standards.

Published
1993
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16. Diabetes mellitus in Benghazi.

Author

Kadiki OA, Gerryo SE, and Khan MM

Subjects
Age Factors, Diabetes Mellitus genetics, Diabetes Mellitus therapy, Female, Humans, Libya, Male, Obesity, Sex Factors, Diabetes Mellitus epidemiology
Abstract

The records of 10,772 diabetic patients registered in Benghazi diabetic clinic during the period 1969-1985 were analysed. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or type II) accounted for 97.8% of patients. Of the whole clinic population 77.2% were below 40 years of age. The disease started below the age of 20 years in 1.9%. Male to female sex ratio was 1:1.2. Family history of diabetes was positive in 23.77%. Sixty-nine per cent of patients were obese. Patients presented with symptoms suggestive of diabetes mellitus in 79.7% of cases.

Published
1988

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