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The protein-coding genes and pseudogenes of Cuscuta australis had the diverse contribution to the formation and evolution of parasitism. The codon usage pattern analysis of these two type genes could be used to understand the gene transcription and translation. In this study, we systematically analyzed the codon usage patterns of protein-coding sequences and pseudogenes sequences in C. australis. The results showed that the high frequency codons of protein coding sequences and pseudogenes had the same A/U bias in the third position. However, these two sequences had converse bias at the third base in optimal codons: the protein coding sequences preferred G/C-ending codons while pseudogene sequences preferred A/U-ending codons. Neutrality plot and effective number of codons plot revealed that natural selection played a more important role than mutation pressure in two sequences codon usage bias. Furthermore, the gene expression level had a significant positive correlation with codon usage bias in C. australis. Highly-expressed protein coding genes exhibited a higher codon bias than lowly-expressed genes. Meanwhile, the high-expression genes tended to use G/C-ending synonymous codons. This result further verified the optimal codons usage bias and its correlation with the gene expression in C. australis.

DNA 6mA modification, an important newly discovered epigenetic mark, plays a crucial role in organisms and has been attracting more and more attention in recent years. The soybean is economically the most important bean in the world, providing vegetable protein for millions of people. However, the distribution pattern and function of 6mA in soybean are still unknown. In this study, we decoded 6mA modification to single-nucleotide resolution in wild and cultivated soybeans, and compared the 6mA differences between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes and between wild and cultivated soybeans. The motif of 6mA in the nuclear genome was conserved across the two kinds of soybeans, and ANHGA was the most dominant motif in wild and cultivated soybeans. Genes with 6mA modification in the nucleus had higher expression than those without modification. Interestingly, 6mA distribution patterns in cytoplasm for each soybean were significantly different from those in nucleus, which was reported for the first time in soybean. Our research provides a new insight in the deep analysis of cytoplasmic genomic DNA modification in plants.

DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) modifications expand the information capacity of DNA and have long been known to exist in bacterial genomes. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzicola (Xoc) is the causative agent of bacterial leaf streak, an emerging and destructive disease in rice worldwide. However, the genome-wide distribution patterns and potential functions of 6mA in Xoc are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the levels and global distribution patterns of 6mA modification in genomic DNA of seven Xoc strains (BLS256, BLS279, CFBP2286, CFBP7331, CFBP7341, L8 and RS105). The 6mA modification was found to be widely distributed across the seven Xoc genomes, accounting for percent of 3.80, 3.10, 3.70, 4.20, 3.40, 2.10, and 3.10 of the total adenines in BLS256, BLS279, CFBP2286, CFBP7331, CFBP7341, L8, and RS105, respectively. Notably, more than 82% of 6mA sites were located within gene bodies in all seven strains. Two specific motifs for 6 mA modification, ARGT and AVCG, were prevalent in all seven strains. Comparison of putative DNA methylation motifs from the seven strains reveals that Xoc have a specific DNA methylation system. Furthermore, the 6 mA modification of rpfC dramatically decreased during Xoc infection indicates the important role for Xoc adaption to environment.

The accurate landscape of transcript isoforms plays an important role in the understanding of gene function and gene regulation. However, building complete transcripts is very challenging for short reads generated using next-generation sequencing. Fortunately, isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) using single-molecule sequencing technologies, such as PacBio SMRT, provides long reads spanning entire transcript isoforms which do not require assembly. Therefore, we have developed ISOdb, a comprehensive resource database for hosting and carrying out an in-depth analysis of Iso-Seq datasets and visualising the full-length transcript isoforms. The current version of ISOdb has collected 93 publicly available Iso-Seq samples from eight species and presents the samples in two levels: (1) sample level, including metainformation, long read distribution, isoform numbers, and alternative splicing (AS) events of each sample; (2) gene level, including the total isoforms, novel isoform number, novel AS number, and isoform visualisation of each gene. In addition, ISOdb provides a user interface in the website for uploading sample information to facilitate the collection and analysis of researchers’ datasets. Currently, ISOdb is the first repository that offers comprehensive resources and convenient public access for hosting, analysing, and visualising Iso-Seq data, which is freely available.