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Introduction: Despite being implicated in a wide spectrum of community- and healthcare-acquired infections, anaerobes have not yet been incorporated into systematic surveillance programs in Europe., Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study analysing all anaerobic strains isolated from blood cultures in 44 European Hospital Centres over a 4-year period (2020-2023). Diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility according to EUCAST v. 15.0 were investigated., Results: Our study included 14,527 anaerobes, most of which were Gram-positive (45%) or Gram-negative (40%) bacilli. MALDI-TOF coupled to mass spectrometry was the most widely used tool for species identification (98%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in the vast majority of centres, using mostly gradient diffusion strip (77%) and disk diffusion (45%) methods according to EUCAST guidelines (v. 15.0). The most prevalent species were Cutibacterium acnes (18.7%), Bacteroides fragilis (16.3%), Clostridium perfringens (5.3%), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (4.2%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (3.5%), and Parvimonas micra (3.4%). C. acnes showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin (18%), clindamycin (39%), and imipenem (19% and 13% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively). B. fragilis showed high resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (24%), piperacillin/tazobactam (22% and 14% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively), clindamycin (22% by both MIC methods and disk diffusion), meropenem (13%), and metronidazole (10%, only by disk diffusion). A similar resistance pattern was observed in B. thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Parabacteroides distasonis. C. perfringens showed high resistance to clindamycin (69% and 45% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively), while benzylpenicillin and metronidazole maintained over 90% activity. F. nucleatum showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin (11%), while Fusobacterium necrophorum showed alarming rates of resistance to clindamycin (12%), meropenem (16%) and metronidazole (11%)., Conclusions: This study presented an up-to-date analysis of the diagnostics and epidemiology of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, providing insights for future comparative analyses and the development of antimicrobial diagnostic and management strategies, as well as the optimization of current antibiotic treatments., Competing Interests: Competing Interests None., (Copyright © 2025. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The study aims at investigating teachers' burnout, motivational and affective profiles. Moreover, the study explores differences in stress, anxiety and depression levels among teachers' profiles. The sample comprised of 816 participants who completed the following scales: (a) "Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey", (b) Passion Scale", (c) "Positive and Negative Affect scale" and (d) DASS-21. A clustering approach through latent profile analysis revealed four teachers' profiles: 1. Workaholics (18.25%), 2. Moderate Burnout (28.67%), 3. Normal Workers (42.15%) and 4. Extreme Burnout (10.90%). The study also revealed differences between the profiles in terms of teachers' stress, anxiety and depression levels. The third profile (Normal Workers) showed the lowest levels in all three variables, followed by the first profile (Workaholics). The second profile (Moderate Burnout) showed relatively high levels and the fourth profile (Extreme Burnout) the highest stress, anxiety and depression levels. Through multinomial logistic regression, discriminant analysis and the decision tree, depression and stress emerged as predictive/differentiating factors for the inclusion of participants in the profiles, with an accuracy around 55%. The distinction between teachers profiles' will facilitate the recognition of teachers already experiencing burnout or at high risk (Extreme and Moderate Burnout profiles), so that they receive first-line therapeutic interventions while teachers belonging to the more adaptive profiles (Workaholics and Normal Workers) could benefit more from prevention-oriented programs. These programs can be utilized by school psychologists and policy makers in school contexts aiming at reducing dysphoric burnout emotions on a therapeutic level and raising awareness informing and psychoeducating on a preventive level., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

We report the case of a 68-year-old female patient who was referred to our hospital for a painless, immobile, hard and well-circumscribed nodule of the upper lip that had been present for a decade. Surgical excision under local anaesthesia was the treatment of choice. After histological examination, a diagnosis of a canalicular adenoma, an uncommon benign salivary gland tumour, was made. No late recurrences occurred during a two-year follow-up period. Despite the broad clinical differential diagnosis, this tumour has a characteristic appearance under the microscope. Histological examination is indispensable for diagnosis and for excluding malignancy., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2025, Papanikos et al.)

In this case, we present the case of a 74-year-old female patient who visited the University Hospital of Patras, Greece, because of a 10-day history of earache and discharge in the left ear. Concurrently, the patient exhibited ipsilateral peripheral facial nerve palsy. We also observed vesicular eruption at the auricle and the external auditory canal (EAC) of the left ear. Following a thorough examination, the diagnosis of Ramsey Hunt syndrome (RHS) was established. Initial MRI scan of the head and neck indicated enhancement of both the left facial nerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve, raising suspicion of RHS, which was subsequently confirmed through a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA. The patient experienced a gradual clinical decline, ultimately affecting seven cranial nerves (CNs), with the emergence of meningoencephalitis. A follow-up brain MRI unveiled additional enhancement in CNs (VII, VIII, IX, XII) alongside signs of meningitis and encephalitis. Treatment included acyclovir administration (500 mg three times daily for one month), concurrent administration of prednisolone (125 mg per day for 20 days), permanent tracheostomy, and dedicated six-month physical rehabilitation. Over the course of a six-month follow-up, the patient exhibited significant clinical improvement and regained her ability to ambulate independently., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Papanikos et al.)

This systematic review examines studies focusing on tooth bleaching and its effects on healthy enamel or incipient caries and bacterial adhesion. The aim is to explore the impact of different bleaching agents on incipient caries lesions and healthy enamel. Clinical studies, in vitro studies, and observational studies that compared at least two groups were included. A search strategy was used to select studies from the MEDLINE via Pubmed and Scopus databases. Two evaluators performed data extraction, screening, and quality assessment independently. Only studies written in English were included. From 968 initial records, 28 studies were selected for a full-text evaluation. Of these, 7 studies were classified as cluster 1 (bacterial adherence on teeth), 12 studies as cluster 2 (no bacteria involved), 4 studies as cluster 3 (no teeth deployment), and 5 clinical studies were cluster 4. Of the selected studies, 6 (21.4%) supported increased bacterial attachment capacity and cariogenic dynamics, 4 (14.3%) decreased adhesion and cariogenic activity, 7 (25%) showed no difference, and 11 (39.3%) followed a different methodological approach and could not be categorized. The risk of bias appeared to be high, mainly because of the different methodologies in the studies, so we cannot reach a confident conclusion. Nevertheless, as far as carbamide peroxide bleaching is concerned, there does not seem to be a clinically significant alteration, neither in microorganism counts nor in enamel microstructure.