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Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX), Moringa oleifera (MO), and Andrographis paniculata (AP) have been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic rats. This study aims to investigate the single and combination effects of MTX, MO, and AP on random blood glucose levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and trabecular density in diabetic rats. Methods: A total of 49 male rats were divided into seven groups, namely one control group and six diabetes mellitus (DM) groups. All rats in the DM groups were injected with streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) intraperitoneally. In addition, the DM groups were administered with a placebo daily (DG), a single dose of 500 mg/kg BW MO daily (DG+MO), a single dose of 500mg/kg BW AP daily (DG+AP), a single dose of 7 mg/kg BW MTX once a week (DG+MTX), a combination of MTX+MO, and a combination MTX+AP, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. On day 29, the right and left femur of the rats were collected for IL-6 examination (ELISA) and histopathological analysis. Results: IL-6 expression levels were significantly lower in diabetic rats treated with single and combination of MTX, MO, and AP compared to untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). However, the random blood glucose levels and trabecular density between treated and untreated diabetic rats were not significantly different (p < 0.001, p = 0.152). In addition, IL-6 levels were not correlated with trabecular density in all groups (r = -0.057, p = 0.722). Conclusion: Single doses of MTX, MO leaf extract, and AP leaf extract could suppress IL-6 expression in the femur tissue in diabetic rats. However, the IL-6 expression was not correlated with trabecular density although it significantly affected blood glucose levels in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that MTX can lower blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), while MO and AP can lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemia. This study investigates the effects of administering MTX, MO leaf extract, AP leaf extract, and their combinations on the testicular tissue of diabetic rats. A total of 49 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, namely control (K1), STZ-NA (K2), STZ-NA+MO (K3), STZ-NA+AP (K4), STZ-NA+MTX (K5), STZ-NA+MTX+MO (K6), and STZ-NA+MTX+AP (K7). Out of 49 Wistar rats, 42 Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin and nicotinamide with a dose of 50 mg/kg and 110 mg/kg respectively. MTX was administered once a week (7 mg/kg), while MO and AP leaf extracts were given every day (500 mg/kg) for 28 days. Blood glucose levels were tested using a glucometer and body weight was measured using an Ohaus Triple Beam balance. Meanwhile, IL-6 levels in the testes were measured using ELISA. Testicular tissue was collected and analysed for histology using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The results revealed a significant decrease in body weight in all STZ-NA-induced groups. In addition, the results revealed a significant increase in blood glucose levels in all STZ-NA-induced group. On the other hand, the administration of MO, AP, MTX, and their combinations significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 in the testicular tissue of diabetic rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that the administration of MO and AP can mitigate the adverse effects of hyperglycemia on the testicular tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial working memory (SWM) in humans and animal models with impaired cognitive functions has been analyzed through a number of methods. However, this is still understudied in animal models treated with a high-calorie diet (HCD) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE). The Y-maze was utilized as the assessment method in this study. A 40 x 9 x 9 cm3 Y-maze was employed to observe the animal models' spontaneous alternation (SA) as the representation of their SWM. This was done by calculating the total alternation percentage divided by total entry minus two. A total of 17 female Mus musculus mice aged 8 weeks were tested in the Y-maze to investigate their SWM using SA calculations. Each mouse was analyzed for eight minutes and recorded in a dark and quiet room to minimize bias due to environmental noise and lighting. Comparing the treatment group's (HCD+MIE) SA to the control group's SA revealed no statistically significant difference (p=0.451). Seven mice in the treatment group performed similarly to the mice in the control group in the Y-maze test, with no significant difference in their ability to complete the task. The mice in the treatment group exhibited no motor impairment, as indicated by complete movements of all their extremities while exploring the Y-maze within the allotted time. In conclusion, the Y-maze can be used as a reliable method to analyze SWM in overweight/obese Mus musculus animal models treated with moderate-intensity physical exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HbA1c showed the average level of blood sugar in the recent 2-3 months. This parameter can be used to help physicians to diagnose T2DM and to plan appropriate treatment. Meanwhile, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is established from the erythrocytes levels as one of the blood corpuscles, to which hemoglobin is bound. We hypothesized that MCV was correlated to the HbA1c levels and could be an indicator of blood sugar levels in adult T2DM patients. A retrospective cross-sectional study based on the medical record of patients admitted to the Outpatient Section of Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Indonesia from January to December 2019 was done. Patients under 18-years old and incomplete medical record data were excluded. Adult patients diagnosed with T2DM and received initial treatment in this section were included (n=1.688). Data were analyzed using a correlation test in SPSS 17.0 (USA), a p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. We found a significant negative correlation between HbA1c and MCV levels in these patients (r= -0.312; p<0.001). MCV levels showed a paradoxical pattern against the blood glucose levels in T2DM and could serve as the health indicator in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hand grip strength (HGs) is an anthropometric measure of musculoskeletal performance, which might predict any functional limitation and disability. Increased body height (Ht) is arguably correlated to the increase in number and length of the muscle fibers may modify the HGs. We determine correlation between the HGs and the Ht among seemingly healthy Indonesian young adults. Methods: The HGs of both hands (using CAMRY EH101 digital hand dynamometer) and the Ht (using GEA stature meter for height) of 16 males and 16 females aged 20 to 26 years old were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 (variables differences between genders were tested using Mann-Whitney U test; correlation between variables with Pearson or Spearman correlation tests). Level of significant was p< 0,05. Results: The correlation between Ht and HGs was moderate (r = 0.545, p < 0.05) for dominant hand and (r = 0.597, p < 0.05) non-dominant hand. There is no significant correlation between dominant HGs with Ht in males (r = -0,292, p 0,273) and females (r = -0.266, p 0,319), and also happens in non-dominant HGs with Ht in males (r = -0,396, p 0,129) and females (r = -0,005, p 0,985). Conclusion: HGs had significant correlation with Ht; hence in determining and assessing results of HGs in the young adults, body height should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wider pulse pressure (PP) can be an indicator of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and affected among others by lower bone marrow density (BMD) of the long bones and the circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level. We aim to determine the correlation between the knee height (KH) and the PP in the seemingly healthy young adults in Indonesia. Methods: The PP and KH of 32 seemingly healthy males and females aged 20-26 years were examined using standardised anthropometry for the KH and digital sphygmomanometer to get the systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation test with level of significance of p<0.05. Results: We found strong positive correlation between the KH and the PP (r= 0.621, p<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, greater pulse pressure correlates significantly to the higher KH, and vice versa; arguably could modulate the risk for having CVDs in the later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Photometry gonial angle is a simpler and economic method useful to determine sex dimorphism and in orthodontic and prosthetic treatment plans, compared to the more common technique e.g. radiomorphometry of panoramic images. We aimed to compare the right and the left gonial angles of the young healthy males and females based on their frontal facial photographs. Methods: Twenty Indonesian males and twenty females aged 19-25 years were photographed facing forward at the 1.5 m of distance from the 12 mp DSLR camera held by a tripod in the relax sitting position. Photometry was conducted using tpsDig2 ver 2.3 software. Data were analyzed with independent t-test using SPSS 24.0. Level of significant was p< 0.05. Results: The mean ± SD value of the right gonial angle in males was 133.7° ± 4.68; the left side was 133.6° ± 5.49. Whilst was 134.2° ± 5.52 and 134.40 ± 4.98 in the right and the left side on the females, respectively. No significant differences of the right or the left gonial angle were found between males and females (p=0.784 and p=0.651, respectively). Conclusion: Photometry of the gonial angle was not significantly different between sexes in the current study; although future study with larger sample numbers and other methods should be done to confirm this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity have been correlated to the higher risk for developing metabolic diseases in later life, such as DM type 2. This study reseached the body mass index (BMI), the waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in the seemingly healthy university students to comprehend these variables amongst the youth in Indonesia in 2019. The BMI and WHR of 150 male and female students aged 18-22 years old of the IIKBW, Kediri were measured by standardised anthropometry. The FBG was measured after 8 hours-minimum of fasting from the capillary blood drop using glucometer. Data was then analysed using SPSS 17 with level of significance of P <0.05. According to Asia-Pacific BMI classification, students were 30.7% obese with males significantly higher than females (P = 0.016), 18% overweight (significantly higher in females, P = 0.04), 36% normal and 15.3% underweight. When compared between genders, the WHR was significantly higher in males (P <0.001); while there were no significant differences in FBG (P = 0.6). 4 males and 5 females with FBG >=100 mg/dl, whereas others were within normal limits. There were positive significant correlations between BMI and WHR in males and females (r = 0.777, P <0.001; r = 0.54, P <0.001, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between the BMI and FBG with r = 0.217, P = 0.008; and between the WHR and FBG with r = 0.21, P = 0.01 amongst all students. In this study, male students have significantly higher BMI and WHR than females. Higher FBG was well observed in students with either higher BMI or WHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Down syndrome is a pathology related to trisomy 21 chromosome. The incidence of Down syndrome is approximately 1/1000 births in some countries. The syndrome is commonly associated with the risks of developmental delays, difficulties in speech and hearing loss. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of children with Down syndrome suffered from delayed speech and hearing loss in Audiology Clinic, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya from January 2013- December 2017.Method: This study is an observational analysis with cross-sectional retrospective design on the patient’s medical record. Results: Thirty patients were diagnosed with delayed speech amongst the Down syndrome children; 19 (63.3%) were males; 11(36.7%) were females. The most frequent was in the age group of >1-2 years[8 patients (26.7%)]; the least was in the age group of 4-6 months [1 patient (3.3%)]. Hearing loss was found in 21 patients (70%) and the rest had normal hearing [9 patients, (30%)]. Amongst the first group, 1 patient (3.3%) had profound hearing loss, 8 patients (26.7%) had severe hearing loss, 11 patients (36.7%) had moderate hearing loss and 1 patient (3.3%) had mild hearing loss. Two patients (6.7%) had prenatal problem, 2 patients (6.7%) had natal problem, 7 patients (23.3%) had post-natal problem. Amongst these, 1 patient (3,3%) had prenatal and natal problems, 5 patients (16,7%) had natal and post-natal problems, 1 patient (3,3%) had prenatal and post-natal problems, 3 patients (10%) had prenatal, natal and post-natal problems, and the rests had no recorded problems. Conclusion: Hearing loss was prevalent in Down Syndrome children with delayed speech. This might be correlated to the prenatal, natal, post-natal health risk problems. The hearing loss should be considered during treatment of speech delay in Down Syndrome children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epilepsy is a recurrent attack or seizure disorder more than twice for no reason derived from cerebral cortical cerebral neurons, and sometimes accompanied by a decrease in consciousness, both motor and sensory and behavioral or emotional intermittent and stereotyped behavioral or emotional. Until now the etiology of epilepsy is still not known with certainty and multifactorial nature of this matter that raises many wrong assumptions and views of some Indonesian people about epilepsy disease. The study was conducted to find out the correlation between social factors background (domicile, age and occupation as well as education) and stigma towards people with epilepsy in the community. Method: This study was an observational analytic study by observing domicile, age, occupation, last education, and knowledge of epilepsy in society and analyzing the relationship between age, domicile, occupation and education of respondents with stigma against epilepsy patients. The method used is cross sectional data collection through a modified questionnaire from Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice towards Epilepsy Survey (KAPE) which has passed the validation stage of previous research. The data taken were analyzed descriptively and tested by chi-square test using SPSS. Result: With a total of 127 respondents based on domicile got significant correlation, based on last education level also got significant relation with p value is 0,028 < 0,05 whereas no correlation on age variable with stigma where p value is 0.834 > 0.05 and there is no significant correlation between occupation with stigma where p value is 0.730 > 0.05. Conclusion: There is correlation between domicile and education level with stigma to epilepsy patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The GABAA receptor provides the majority of inhibitory neurotransmission in the adult central nervous system but in immature brain is responsible for much of the excitatory drive, a requirement for normal brain development. It is well established that GABAA receptor subunit expression changes across the course of brain development. In the present study, we have identified a splice variant of the GABAA receptor α3 subunit which appears unique to the developing brain, referred to here as the GABAA receptor α3 subunit neonatal variant (GABAA receptor α3N). RT-PCR and sequence analysis revealed splicing of exon 8 of the α3 subunit. Western blot analysis showed expression of GABAA receptor α3N in the cortex of several neonatal species and significantly reduced expression of this splice variant in the corresponding adult brains. Expression was evident in multiple brain regions and decreased across development in the pig. Fractionation revealed differential cellular localisation in the parietal cortex, hippocampus and thalamus of the full-length GABAA receptor α3 and GABAA receptor α3N. Immunoprecipitation showed direct interaction with the GABAA receptor subunits α1 and γ2 but not with gephyrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GABA is a major neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. In the mature brain GABA exerts inhibitory actions via the GABAA receptor (GABAAR); however, in the immature brain GABA provides much of the excitatory drive. We examined the expression of 3 predominant GABAA α-subunit proteins in the pig brain at various pre- and postnatal ages. Brain tissue was collected from piglets born via caesarean section at preterm ages 91, 97, 100, and 104 days' gestational age (GA), at term equivalent (114 days' GA, caesarean section) and at term, postnatal day 0 (P0) (spontaneous delivery, term = 115 days). Tissue was obtained from piglets at P4 and P7. Adult tissue from sows was collected postmortem after caesarean section. In all cortical regions and basal ganglia (1) α3 exhibited a significant increase in protein expression at 100 days' GA, (2) α3 expression decreased with age after 100 days' GA, (3) α1 increased with age, with peak expression at P7 in cortices, hippocampus, and thalamus, and (4) α2 protein expression remained relatively constant across the ages examined. The subunit expression of α3 was most abundant at preterm ages, with α1 the predominant subunit expressed postnatally. Immunofluorescent labelling revealed α1 expression on the somatic membranes of pyramidal cells in the cortex and hippocampus, and in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. Positive α3 labelling was apparent on interneurones in the cortex and hippocampus. The switch between dominant α-subunits may coincide with the functional change in GABAergic neurotransmission from excitation to inhibition. Brain growth in the pig closely reflects that in the term human, making the pig a valuable non-primate model for studying development and the effects of insults on the perinatal brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]