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Copyright of Psychiatrie Pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ceská a Slovenská Psychiatrie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychiatrie Pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective forms of therapy of severe psychiatric conditions. ECT is often perceived negatively by the general public, however the negative perspective of ECT is in contrast with a real perspective of ECT by patients themselves and their relatives. In this study we have observed patients (N=67) and their relatives - mostly family members (N=50), who have been treated with ECT at the Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague. Both groups have filled a questionnaire after finishing the treatment (series of ECT), which evaluated the effectivity, awareness, and possible pressure to undergo the treatment. Part of the questionnaire was also to evaluate side effects and willingness to repeat ECT again in the future, if indicated. Most of the patients (over 80%) were content with the treatment, they considered it effective, and they were not afraid to undergo ECT again, despite approximately one third of the group reporting to experience some form of mild adverse effects. Patients' relatives had also similarly positive attitude towards ECT, which was used to treat their close ones. Positive feedback from patients themselves and their relatives can help to reduce the stigmatization of ECT, which can help future patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the evolution of the stigmatizing public view on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). ECT is a highly effective method of treatment of serious mental illnesses. It has been in use for over 80 years and in some indications, its efficacy has yet to be surpassed by alternative methods. Modernization of the method led to significant minimalization of adverse effects. Despite this, ECT is still perceived negatively by the public. In the article, the authors describe the sources of this stigmatization. ECT has been influenced negatively especially by its portrayal in the movie industry, but also in the new media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Despite the progress over recent decades in developing community mental health services internationally, many people still receive treatment and care in institutional settings. Those most likely to reside longest in these facilities have the most complex mental health problems and are at most risk of potential abuses of care and exploitation. This study aimed to develop an international, standardised toolkit to assess the quality of care in longer term hospital and community based mental health units, including the degree to which human rights, social inclusion and autonomy are promoted. Method The domains of care included in the toolkit were identified from a systematic literature review, international expert Delphi exercise, and review of care standards in ten European countries. The draft toolkit comprised 154 questions for unit managers. Inter-rater reliability was tested in 202 units across ten countries at different stages of deinstitutionalisation and development of community mental health services. Exploratory factor analysis was used to corroborate the allocation of items to domains. Feedback from those using the toolkit was collected about its usefulness and ease of completion. Results The toolkit had excellent inter-rater reliability and few items with narrow spread of response. Unit managers found the content highly relevant and were able to complete it in around 90 minutes. Minimal refinement was required and the final version comprised 145 questions assessing seven domains of care. Conclusions Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative evidence directed the development of a robust and comprehensive international quality assessment toolkit for units in highly variable socioeconomic and political contexts.

Abstract Background A proportion of people with mental health problems require longer term care in a psychiatric or social care institution. However, there are no internationally agreed quality standards for institutional care and no method to assess common care standards across countries. We aimed to identify the key components of institutional care for people with longer term mental health problems and the effectiveness of these components. Methods We undertook a systematic review of the literature using comprehensive search terms in 11 electronic databases and identified 12,182 titles. We viewed 550 abstracts, reviewed 223 papers and included 110 of these. A "critical interpretative synthesis" of the evidence was used to identify domains of institutional care that are key to service users' recovery. Results We identified eight domains of institutional care that were key to service users' recovery: living conditions; interventions for schizophrenia; physical health; restraint and seclusion; staff training and support; therapeutic relationship; autonomy and service user involvement; and clinical governance. Evidence was strongest for specific interventions for the treatment of schizophrenia (family psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and vocational rehabilitation). Conclusion Institutions should, ideally, be community based, operate a flexible regime, maintain a low density of residents and maximise residents' privacy. For service users with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, specific interventions (CBT, family interventions involving psychoeducation, and supported employment) should be provided through integrated programmes. Restraint and seclusion should be avoided wherever possible and staff should have adequate training in de-escalation techniques. Regular staff supervision should be provided and this should support service user involvement in decision making and positive therapeutic relationships between staff and service users. There should be clear lines of clinical governance that ensure adherence to evidence-based guidelines and attention should be paid to service users' physical health through regular screening.

Copyright of Fórum pro Konzervátory-Restaurátory is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ceská a Slovenská Psychiatrie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ceská a Slovenská Psychiatrie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work follows the already published part 1 (Electroconvulsive Therapy in Pregnancy: Safety and Effectiveness) and deals with the ECT side effects and safety recommendations. The most common side effect in the fetus is transient fetal bradyarrhythmia and maternal vaginal bleeding, premature uterine contraction and induction of premature labor in the mother, but nevertheless the ECT is considered to be relatively safe and effective during all three trimesters of pregnancy. This is a sure therapeutic alternative for a certain group of pregnant women who can not be further treated with psychopharmacs or to prevent side effects of psychopharmacs in the mother and teratogenicity and toxicity in the fetus. Respecting of the safety recommendations to minimize potential side effects and optimizing treatment is necessary when treating pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents analysis of reviews dealing with the safety and effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the treatment of serious mental illnesses in the population of pregnant women. The effectiveness and safety of the ECT is good and comparable with pharmacotherapy in all three trimesters of pregnancy, with the rapid onset of action and low risks of adverse events. The most common indication for ECT in pregnant women is insufficient treatment response, intolerance of psychopharmacs or prevention of teratogenicity and toxicity in the fetus due to pharmacotherapy. Effectiveness of electroconvulsive treatment in pregnant women are comparable to the non-pregnant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroconvulsive therapy is a proven, safe, effective, and in many cases irreplaceable, treatment for a wide range of neuropsychiatric illnesses over time, but the mechanism of action remains unexplained. A large number of papers have been published that describe partial changes after convulsions in various diagnoses, more than a hundred hypotheses. This article attempts to map current knowledge and outline further developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ceská a Slovenská Psychiatrie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides information about the national project SUPR (System of complex psychiatric rehabilitation). This project, funded by Norway grants, took place from 2014 till 2016. Selected wards from all major psychiatric hospitals taking care of patients with longer-term severe mental illness participated in the project. Monitoring of contemporary state of provided psychiatric rehabilitation at these wards is summarised and objectives of the project together with suggestions of possible changes of care at current conditions in the Czech Republic are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical substance 1,4 butanediol belongs among industrial solvents. It is also used as a base in production of plastic and elastomer substances and films. The substance was used for its prosexual and calming effect as a "recreational drug" and also as an anabolic agent and a substance to enhance physical performance. The case-report describes longterm and regular use of this substance and its impact to a human organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report two cases of hoarding disorder (HD) to demonstrate course and treatment of the disease supported by literature review. HD features traits of personality and anxiety disorders (obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders according to DSM- -V). Patients with HD amass a quantity of objects of low economic value or even animals in a haphazard disorderly fashion. Fueled by the subjectively perceived value of their possessions their perceived need in the future or emotional attachment patients with HD fail to dispose of them. Hoarding results in overcrowding of premises designated for living, social isolation, poses health risks and causes inconvenience to the entire neighborhood, which attempts to protect itself. HD shows limited response to the treatment in a form of pharmacotherapy with SSRI or SNRI, or cognitive-behavioral therapy. In some cases, therapeutic response can be achieved by atypical antipsychotic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a world-wide used method of treatment of selected severe or treatment-resistant psychiatric states. In spite of its effectiveness and irreplaceability in some situation in psychiatry and despite the fact that ECT is nowadays associated with low level of side effects, the method is stigmatized by general public. The article summarizes possible side effects of this treatment method related to cognitive functions. Particular cognitive domains, which could be disturbed due to this treatment, are mentioned in detail. The authors list so far known neurobiological bases of cognitive side effects of ECT. The attention is also paid to the factors, which can influence the occurrence of these side effects and possible ways of optimalization of this method, which could lead to minimalization of cognitive side effects are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective biological method of treatment in psychiatry, which has been applied for almost 80 years. In spite of its provable efficiency, this method raises stigmatization by general public. This attitude comes from historic experiences with this treatment and it is not based on real justification today. This article brings detailed overview of development of electroconvulsive therapy with focus on experimental and clinical experiences with this treatment in its beginnings. The authors summarize development of treatment indications and contra-indications, changes of technical and other treatment parameters and the occurrence of sideefects. Attention is also paid to historic aspects of this treatment in czech psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ceská a Slovenská Psychiatrie is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In schizophrenia suicide has been consistently the most common cause of premature death. Approximately 60-80% of psychotic patients manifest suicidal ideation, 20-40% actively attempt suicide and 10-15% complete the act. According to studies involving individuals with schizophrenia the risk of suicide is influenced by the stage of the disease with the higher risk during the early phase of the disease. Many risk factors are associated with the suicidal behavior have been identified such as: male sex, unemployment, and drug and alcohol abuse. Among the illness related factors depression and awareness of the illness are considered to be the strongest predisposing factors for suicidal behavior in this population of patients and can occur in any time during the course of the disease. Despite the studies and indications on how to reduce suicidal behavior in schizophrenia on a primary, secondary and tertiary level of prevention, suicidal behavior remains a major health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]