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Genetic divergence study is imperative in breeding programmes in order to select distant parents. Forty maize inbred lines were assessed using morphometric markers to identify the potential inbred lines for yield and its component traits. The inbred lines were raised in α-RBD design replicated twice during kharif 2019. The morphological diversity analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures using Mahalanobis D2-statistic. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the traits suggesting ample amount of genetic variability present among them. Moderate PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for grain yield per plant, plant and cob placement height. Grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with all the traits except days to 50 per cent pollen shed and silking. Path analysis revealed high direct effects of days to 50 per cent pollen shed, harvest index, grains per row and 100 grain-weight on grain yield per plant therefore these morphometric traits would be the best selection indices to select high yielding genotypes. D2-statistics grouped 40 maize genotypes into three clusters. Cluster III has the highest cluster mean values for all the traits.Seven genotypes viz., 4186-4-05-1-1, LM-14, BAJIM-08-27, BIOM 10, LQPM24×1114-5, 9180-2, LDH 5(Vivek-21-1) were superior over the best check on the basis of mean performance and disease resistance and were diverse therefore, could be used in maize improvement program.

Objectives This systematic review aims to evaluate and summarise the findings of all relevant studies which identified the effect of early vs delayed parenteral nutrition (PN), early PN vs early supplemental PN and early PN vs standard care for critically ill adults. Methods The literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Embase, Medline, Clinical Key, and Ovid discovery databases. The reference lists of studies published from 2000 till June 2020 were hand searched. Result On screening 2088 articles, a total of five RCTs with 6,277 patients were included in this review. Only one clinical trial compared early PN and late PN; the results reported significantly shorter periods in intensive care unit (ICU) stay (p=0.02) and less ICU related infections (p=0.008) in the late PN group compared to the Early PN group. Two trials compared total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and enteral nutrition (EN) +TPN groups. Both found a significantly longer hospital stay duration (p Conclusion The supplemental PN patients had shorter ICU stay and lower mortality rates than TPN. However, these findings should be interpreted carefully as included studies have different initiation timing of nutritional support, and the patients’ diagnosis varied.

Introduction: There is lack consensus on superiority of transparent vs. pressure dressing for prevention of post-cardiac catheterization pain, discomfort and hematoma. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of available RCTs on this subject. Methods: We performed a systematic search of RCTs published between in 2000-2019 in English language using databases including PubMed Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ERMED Journals, Clinical trials database, DELNET, Google Scholar and Discovery Search. Studies conducted on adult patients with femoral dressing after cardiac catheterization measuring pain, discomfort, hematoma as intended outcomes have been included. Data extraction, critical appraisal, assessment of risk bias was done and decisions on quality were made on mutual consensus. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) and odds ratio for dichotomous variables was calculated by Review Manager 5.3 software. Results: Out of all identified studies, only 5 studies comprising 664 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and met the quality assessment. Incidence of discomfort (25, 333) were significantly less in transparent dressing group as compared to pressure dressing group (149, 331); odds ratio 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.15; I2 = 0%, P= 0.00. Four studies reported significantly lower number of pain cases in transparent dressing (17, 203) as compared to pressure dressing (57, 201); odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03-0.59; I2 = 47%, P= 0.01). However, incidence of hematoma did not reveal any significant difference between two groups. Conclusion: Transparent dressing is a better option in patients with femoral/groin dressing after cardiac catheterization as it is more effective in prevention of pain and discomfort.

Genetic divergence study is imperative in breeding programmes in order to select distant parents. Forty maize inbred lines were assessed using morphometric markers to identify the potential inbred lines for yield and its component traits. The inbred lines were raised in α-RBD design replicated twice during kharif 2019. The morphological diversity analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures using Mahalanobis D2-statistic. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the traits suggesting ample amount of genetic variability present among them. Moderate PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance was observed for grain yield per plant, plant and cob placement height. Grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with all the traits except days to 50 per cent pollen shed and silking. Path analysis revealed high direct effects of days to 50 per cent pollen shed, harvest index, grains per row and 100 grain-weight on grain yield per plant therefore these morphometric traits would be the best selection indices to select high yielding genotypes. D2-statistics grouped 40 maize genotypes into three clusters. Cluster III has the highest cluster mean values for all the traits.Seven genotypes viz., 4186-4-05-1-1, LM-14, BAJIM-08-27, BIOM 10, LQPM24×1114-5, 9180-2, LDH 5(Vivek-21-1) were superior over the best check on the basis of mean performance and disease resistance and were diverse therefore, could be used in maize improvement program. &nbsp

Introduction: The objective was to compare the clinical efficacy of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in arresting active caries in primary teeth and first permanent molars in children. Materials and Methods: The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020205675). A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and gray literature for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English language with a minimum follow-up of 6 months, comparing the caries arrest potential of SDF with ART in primary teeth and first permanent molars in children. The risk of bias and quality assessment of the studies was done using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool. Data analysis was performed using RevMan software; the outcomes were summarized in meta-analysis (MA) using the random-effects model, and the odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed. Results: A total of 1059 studies were identified, out of which 562 remained after removal of duplicates. Eight studies were considered for full-text eligibility, and four studies were included in the qualitative review. Three out of four studies were conducted on primary dentition, whereas one study was done on erupting first permanent molars in children. MA of the two studies compared 30% SDF with ART in primary molars at 12 months and revealed the OR to be 2.02 (95% CI: 0.86–4.71; I2 = 62%; P = 0.10). Conclusion: The current review points to the lack of solid evidence comparing SDF with ART for arresting active caries in primary teeth, especially in the first permanent molars. No statistically significant difference between 30% SDF and ART in primary molars at 12 months was found in the present review. Well-designed RCTs are required to determine a minimum concentration of SDF which is effective and safe for caries arrest in children.

Studies have suggested that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is effective in the healing of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU); however, there is a lack of consensus. Therefore, to assess the efficacy of HBOT on diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic patients, controlled clinical trials were searched through PubMed, EMBASE, Clinical key, Ovid Discovery, ERMED, Clinical Trials.gov databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other sources until 15 September 2020. Studies that evaluated the effect of HBOT on diabetic foot ulcer, complete healing, amputation, adverse events, ulcer reduction area, and mortality rate were included. Of 1984 study records screened, 14 studies (768 participants) including twelve RCTs, and two CCTs were included as per inclusion criteria. The results with pooled analysis have shown that HBOT was significantly effective in complete healing of diabetic foot ulcer (OR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.14–0.61; I2 = 62%) and reduction of major amputation (RR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.39–0.92; I2 = 24%). Although, it was not effective for minor amputations (RR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.34–1.97; I2 = 79%); however, less adverse events were reported in standard treatment group (RR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.07–2.65; I2 = 0%). Nevertheless, reduction in mean percentage of ulcer area and mortality rate did not differ in HBOT and control groups. This review provides an evidence that hyperbaric oxygen therapy is effective as an adjunct treatment measure for the diabetes foot ulcers. These findings could be generalized cautiously by considering methodological flaws within all studies.

Smiling is a highly significant component of nurses' caring behavior. Nurses have to deal with too many people at workplace and interpersonal relation building is the key secret for quality work and also enhances job satisfaction. A genuine smile given by a nurse can do wonders as it conveys acceptance, builds trust and establishes inter-personal relationship. It also helps nurses to feel better and avoid anxiety or stress burnout in clinical situation. This paper of ours highlights the importance of nurses' smile in patients' recovery and important research literature to support smiling culture among health-care professionals.

Buerger-Allen exercise includes set of activities like elevation, movement and rest of the lower extremities. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of BAE on foot perfusion among patient with diabetes mellitus.Five databases were searched for literatures published from inception to October 2020. Cochrane Collaboration Tool for RCTs and ROBINS-I tool for quasi-experimental studies were used for quality assessment.Four RCTs and six quasi-experimental studies were included, and pooled analysis have shown that the BAE was significantly effective in the improvement of ABI scores (MD = 0.14; 95% CI 0.08-0.19; IStudies showed that BAE effectively improves foot perfusion among patients with diabetes mellitus.

Background: During this pandemic everyone is facing the wrath of this novel coronavirus but nurses who are meticulously working in closed contact with diseased are at more risk for developing anxiety, depression and compromised quality of life. This study was conducted with an intent to identify anxiety, depression and quality of life and its predictors among nurses who are actively involved in caring of COVID-19 patients. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out among nurses who were actively involved in COVID-19 duties at government tertiary health care institutes of India and data was collection through convenience sampling. Standardized tools (HADS, WHOQOL-BREF) were preferred for the assessment of participants' anxiety, depression and quality of life. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors for anxiety and depression. Results: Of 354 nurses, 12.1% were suffering from anxiety while 14.7% had depression. Mean score for physical, psychological, social and environmental domains were 14.75 ± 1.86, 14.92 ± 2.46, 15.21 ± 3.01, and 14.48 ± 2.38 respectively. Nurses' education was a significant predictor for anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = -0.262, 95% CI: -0.510- -0.014, and P value = 0.038). Similarly for depression, designation of nurses acts as a contributing factor (odds ratio [OR] = 0.287, 95% CI: 0.016- 0.557, and P value = 0.038). Conclusion: Nurses are providing their services beyond boundaries so that we can overcome with hard time of COVID-19 pandemic. Although less but still nurses are suffering from anxiety and depression which need to be addressed to protect and enhance their mental well-being.

Loneliness has long been identified as problem associated with old age and denotes a lack of quantity and quality of social contacts. It is a state in which one experiences a powerful feeling of emptiness and isolation. A comparative study to assess the loneliness was conducted on the elderly men and women of selected residential areas of Delhi. The objectives of the study were to (1) To assess loneliness among elderly men and women. (2) To compare loneliness between elderly men and women. (3) To assess the factors responsible for loneliness among elderly men and women. (4) To find out the relationship between loneliness and working status. (5) To develop and disseminate an information booklet on coping with loneliness among elderly. The conceptual framework of the present study is based on Discrepancy Model of Loneliness, a quantitative research approach was used for the study. A structured interview schedule and a recording sheet were prepared. The Reliability of tool was worked out by using Cronbach?s alpha and was found to be 0.86. The study was conducted on 100 elderly subjects (50 men and 50 women) aged 60 years purposely selected from residential areas of Delhi. Purposive non probability sampling technique was adopted to select the elderly men and women from selected residential areas of Uttam Nagar, New Delhi from 7th October to 17th October 2014. The patients who met the study inclusion criteria were selected using convenient sampling techniques. Data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study Results revealed that elderly men and women experienced loneliness in equal measure and most of them suffered from moderate loneliness. The most common factor responsible for loneliness among elderly men and women was children too busy in their jobs and loss of power and status in the family respectively. Also, the least common factor for loneliness among elderly men and women was personal choice to stay away / independently from children and grandchildren. Further, working status had a significant relationship with loneliness experienced by elderly men and women.

Background Tobacco usage-related diseases pose serious threat for not only public health but also for country's economy and warning labels are considered as an effective strategy to spread more awareness on tobacco hazards. Aim The aim of this hospital-based questionnaire survey was to assess the effect of magnified pictorial warning over tobacco products on asceticism of tobacco use and to measure the association of selected tobacco habits variables and asceticism of tobacco use. Materials and methods Present exploratory survey based on triangulation method of data collection was conducted among conveniently selected 1,008 tobacco users or smokers attending OPD services at tertiary care center during the year 2018-2019. Quantitative survey data was collected through structured questionnaire and two FGDs were conducted for qualitative information. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Magnification of health warnings over tobacco packets had impact on tobacco or cigarette consumption to some extent (415; 41.25%); but insisted only one third (383; 38.0%) participants to quit tobacco use. A significant association was observed between awareness about bad effect of tobacco use and attempt of quit tobacco uses (OR 0.29; CI 95%, 0.223-0.390; P = 0.001). Furthermore, significant effect of magnified warning over tobacco products was seen on reduction in tobacco use (OR 0.39; CI 95%, 0.300-0.531; P = 0.001) and quitting the tobacco (OR 0.38; CI 95%, 0.28620.513; P = 0.001). Conclusion Study results concluded that magnification of pictorial warning is associated with the asceticism of tobacco use to some extent but alone it is not sufficient. Therefore, adjunct intervention of mass public education about bad effect of tobacco use is more essential to augment asceticism of tobacco use.

Background: Awareness about disease among tuberculosis (TB) patients plays a crucial role toward successfully achieving targets for control, prevention, and their relatives treatment adherence and is not well studied or documented. This study sought to explore the awareness and perceptions of TB patients in a tertiary care centre in northern India. Methods: This was an exploratory study conducted between January and December 2016 among 1,000 pulmonary TB patients and their relatives. Structured and validated interview schedule was used to assess participants knowledge and perception regarding TB, which comprised of 41 questions. Ethical clearance was taken and written informed consent was obtained from each study participants. Data analysis was done using SPSS 22.0 version. Results: A total of 1,000 study participants (mean age 40.2 ± 9.6 years, females 51%) were enrolled. More than two-third of the study participants were from Uttarakhand. Study participants had highest knowledge score (61.85%) regarding sign and symptoms, followed by scores in the aspect of prevention and treatment of TB (52.7%). However, a lower proportion (51.5%) knew about its causation. Overall knowledge score was 54.8%. Around half of the subjects (49.7%) disagreed that TB is a major health problem. Conclusions: Regardless of non-satisfactory knowledge of participants, their perception regarding TB was better. As to the associated factors, we found that participants' knowledge had significant association with religion, educational status, occupation, family income per month, type of family, and source of health information. Although there was insignificant difference between family monthly incomes, source of health information and perception regarding TB.

The present research was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Eucalyptus globules against certified pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and also acne inducing bacteria, using agar well diffusion method. Highest antimicrobial activity (20 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus was recorded with methanolic extract of Eucalyptus globules leaves in comparison to other extracts. Phytochemical analysis of crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, soluble starch, terpenoids and tannins. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from the methanolic extract using silver nitrate showed peak at 375 nm. The characterization of nanoparticles for size, shape and nature using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that the particle size ranged between 15-71 nm. The efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles was checked against four acne inducing isolates and also other certified pathogenic strains. It was found that the overall effectiveness of AgNp’s was much higher than crude extract and also exceptionally high in some cases (i.e. higher than positive control). The AgNp’s were quite effective against the pathogenic strains even at very low concentration (0.0097 μg/100 ml). The results indicated a marked improvement in effectiveness of plant extracts at nanoscale. Further Eucalyptus leaf extract has potential to be used as alternate to synthetic medicines as they are relatively cheaper and safer to use with less or no side effects but only after intensive R&D and clinical trials.

Sample size estimation for a research study is the most crucial part of the research process because it helps to produce reliable results which improve generalizability of study results. A researcher must have understanding about significance level, effect size, study’s power, and effect size; margin of error and ratio in event among population and design effect to use sample size calculation formulas efficiently. There are different formulas of sample size calculation for different types of variables measured in distinct study designs, namely descriptive, epidemiological, comparative, and interventional research studies which are covered in this article. Review authors searched online and grey literature related to sample size and read extensively. There were two authors who extracted and complied information related to topic.

Twenty-seven accessions, collected from different ecologicalregions and altitudes in the northwestern Himalayan regionof India ranging from 400 to 1300 m above mean sea level(table 1), were grown for morphophysiological characteriza-tion. Thirty-seven accessions (including 10 more accessionsof unknown origin) were subjected to molecular diversityanalysis using RAPD and ISSR markers.The field experiment was laid out in a completely ran-domized block design (CRBD) with three replications. Eachreplication comprised of 50 plants per accession. The dataon 15 randomly selected plants were recorded on variousmorphophysiological parameters viz. plant length (cm), stemdiameter (mm), stomatal density (mm

Changing climatic conditions have challenged lentil breeding program to enhance its productivity to meet the dietary requirements of growing human population. Worldwide, narrow genetic base of cultivated lentils limit the efforts to increase its productivity by genetic manipulations. Superior inter and intra- specific derivatives have potential to create favourable gene combinations to widen the genetic base of cultivated lentils. 76 inter sub- specific and 20 intra-specific advanced derivatives along with 4 checks were evaluated using 17 morpho-physiological traits and 50 PCR based markers to determine the nature and magnitude of their genetic divergence. Mahalanobis D2 analysis based upon morpho-physiological traits grouped 100 genotypes into two clusters. They exhibited 21 per cent genetic similarity. Cluster I was the largest with 94 genotypes (74 inter sub-specific, 18 intra-specific and two checks). Cluster II mostly had orange cotyledon coloured bold seeded genotypes. The inter-cluster distance between two clusters was 14.91. Highest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster II. The biological yield/plant followed by seeds/pod and pods/plant contributed maximum towards the genetic diversity. Of 50 PCR based markers (25 RAPDs and 25 EST-SSR/SSRs), 7 RAPDs and one EST-SSR/SSR primer generated 51 bands, of which 30 were polymorphic. Two RAPD primers (S-221 and S-223) exhibited maximum polymorphism. Jacquard's similarity coefficient was used to understanding the genetic relationships among the genotypes and UPGMA clustering algorithm grouped genotypes into two main clusters. Cluster A had maximum of 99 genotypes. D2-statistic and molecular analysis suggested cluster I being the largest and 78 genotypes were found to be common. Both methods revealed sufficient genetic diversity in lentil. Six genotypes, HPLL-32, L-354, L-541 HPLL-2, L-437-1 L-437-2 were identified as superior for seed yield and other related traits. Based upon morph-physiological traits and PCR based marker analysis, these genotypes have potential for their inclusion for future lentil breeding program.

The present article attempts to study the relationship between moral judgment and family environment of elementary school students. The study is descriptive in nature and was conducted on 200 elementary students from four schools (two government and two private) of Chandigarh. The major findings were: (i) students of private schools exhibited high moral judgment ability than students of government schools, (ii) male and female students exhibited comparable moral judgment ability and (iii) the correlation between moral judgment and family environment of elementary students was found to be positive but not significant.

AIM: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of diabetes in the rural population and to identify the major risk factors that may be the cause for increase incidence in rural population. METHODOLOGY: A study population comprising of 1022 individuals in the Malwan area of Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra, age >20 years were selected for investigation. These individuals were analyzed for their biochemical parameters by Standard Randox kits. Both fasting blood glucose and post 2-hour glucose after 75 gm of powdered glucose intake were analyzed. Baseline clinical data like height, weight and blood pressure as well as family history were recorded by the standard methods. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes (i.e., fasting blood glucose) as per the WHO criteria was 9.3% while it was 8.9% per ADA criteria. The prevalence according to 2-hr post-glucose blood glucose was 9.3%. The prevalence of IGT was 2.25% in subjects 50 years. IGT values also increase with increasing age and BMI. The accepted normal fasting and 2-hr post glucose blood glucose values are