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Abstract Background The health crisis during the pandemic and its aftermath have caused multidimensional shifts within the economic and societal structure for refugees and other marginalized communities. Many countries have implemented programs to cater for the additional needs of underserved populations, but refugees and other migrants are usually not covered by these programs. In this context, this study attempts to explore the impact of the crisis on Afghan refugee's vulnerability and the relationship between health services, relief packages, and risk communication. Methods The proposed model is tested with 427 Afghan refugees’ families from five major cities of Pakistan. The partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is used to test the vulnerability significance with the crisis and government response in facilities. Findings The research findings show that post pandemic economic crisis, the access to health services, relief packages and risk communication is directly associated with Afghan refugees’ vulnerability (β = 0.471, β = 0.501, β = 0.271 & β = 0.259). Notably the relationship between post pandemic economic crisis and Afghan refugees’ vulnerability is mediated by limited access to health services and unavailability of relief packages. Unavailability of relief packages and lack of risk communication mediates the effect of refugees’ crisis on vulnerability. Overall, the proposed model explains 63.3% of the variance in Afghan refugees’ vulnerability with government services. It indicates that Afghan refugees are unable to access relief packages, and there is insufficient communication of risk factors. The lack of government facilities is due to the harder closed-door policy of the Pakistani government which has worsened the vulnerability of Afghan refugees after the sudden victory of the Taliban in Afghanistan. Conclusions In spite of hosting Afghan refugees for the last forty years, the government of Pakistan has no clear systemized policy towards Afghans till now. The paper offers practical policy implications as there is a need for migration policy management combining flexibility and friendliness cooperation to provide government services to refugees. Government preparedness has to include refugee populations in responses to emergencies and look into the current state of new Afghan refugees’ flows, and take further extension in the continuation of migration management.

Climate change remains a critical issue worldwide, and balancing economic growth with sustainable development is of paramount importance. Our study explores the complex relationship between globalization, environmental sustainability, and urbanization in selected developing countries. By utilizing a simple panel regression technique and data from 40 developing countries from 1994 to 2018, the study examines how these factors influence environmental stability. We find that with a strong focus on environmental sustainability, economic growth can be enhanced. Additionally, we find that globalization, along with GDP per capita and access to electricity, significantly impacts environmental sustainability. Conversely, the effect of urbanization on environmental stability appears to be minimal.

Abstract Backgroud Pregnancy is a state of increased metabolic demand, and poor maternal nutrition can exacerbate these changes, potentially increasing the risk of cardiometabolic disorders.This study is significant as it investigates the effect of high energy nutritional supplements on cardio metabolic risk markers in underweight primigravidas. Methodology A single blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted from April 2018- August 2019 among the Pakistani tertiary care facilities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of thirty six participants were randomized into two groups receiving either high energy nutritional supplement ‘MAAMTA’ or Placebo. They were instructed to take Placebo/Supplement alongside to their regular prenatal care and food from their first antenatal visit till a week postnatally. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples for biochemical parameters insulinlevels, fasting blood glucose & lipid profile were taken at baseline visit, between 16 and 20 weeks gestation and a post natal visit. Results The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that there was a highly significant time effect on participant’s Insulin level (F (1.8, 53.6) = 10.64, P

In recent years, antibiotic pollution has become a major environmental concern. The extensive production and widespread use of prescribed antibiotics have significantly impacted ecosystems. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic norfloxacin (NFX) under visible light. In this work photocatalysis of NFX was demonstrated under the source of visible radiation by using carbon dopped-titania (C-TiO2) nanoparticles as catalyst prepared by a modified sol-gel method using n-hexane and benzene as carbon precursors. The synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The effect of various parameters like initial concentration, catalyst dosage, irradiation time, pH, and inorganic ions were investigated on the photocatalysis of NFX. The XRD and SEM analysis exhibits that the synthesized C-TiO2 nanoparticles were of anatase phase having spherical shape with a mean particle size of about 11–17 nm. The results shows that the best photocatalytic efficiency (74 % & 81 %) was achieved at pH = 8 in 150 min. The degradation of NFX follows pseudo-2nd -order kinetics, while favors Langmuir isotherm model. The inhibition effect of various inorganic ions on the photocatalysis of NFX was in the order of F⁻>SO42⁻>HCO3⁻>NO3⁻. The present study shows that C-TiO2 is an optimistic and efficient catalyst for the photocatalysis of NFX antibiotics.

Objectives To explore the impact of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis, management and patient journey for children and young people with a newly diagnosed brain tumour in the UK.Design Exploratory qualitative study focused on patient journeys from multiple perspectives, conducted as part of a wider mixed-methods study.Setting Three paediatric oncology tertiary centres in the UK.Participants 10 children and young people with brain tumours (n=6 females, n=4 males), 20 caregivers (n=16 females, n=4 males) and 16 stakeholders (specialist nurses, consultant neurosurgeons and oncologists, and representatives from brain tumour charities) were interviewed between January 2022 and June 2023.Results The paper incorporates multiple perspectives, including those of children and young people, parents/caregivers, clinical staff and charity representatives, to explore the patient journey. Five themes describe the journey for new patients with paediatric brain tumour during the pandemic, focusing on (1) challenges getting into the healthcare system, (2) managing as a family during restrictions imposed by the pandemic, (3) complexities of building a cohesive and supportive healthcare team, (4) difficulties caregivers experienced in accessing practical and emotional support in hospital and (5) ongoing difficulties experienced by families in the community.Conclusions Findings from this study offer practical insights from children, parents/caregivers and relevant stakeholders to improve the healthcare system during future disruptions. Overall, this study not only sheds light on the challenges faced by families during the pandemic but also provides suggestions for improving healthcare services to ensure a more comprehensive and effective response in times of crisis.

This study involved the synthesis and catalytic activity testing of new nanocomposite beads (CuO-Fe2O3/CA-CMC-Cs) prepared by facile and environmentally friendly approach. CuO-Fe2O3 was prepared and applied for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The results showed that CuO-Fe2O3 demonstrate high catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). Further, CuO-Fe2O3 were well-dispersed in the polymeric matrix of CA-CMC-Cs to prepare CuO-Fe2O3/CA-CMC-Cs beads via crosslinker agent (AlCl3). CuO-Fe2O3/CA-CMC-Cs beads were also applied for the catalytic reduction of nitrophenol isomers (4-NP, 2-NP, and 2,6-DNP), organic dyes (methyl orange (MO), eosin yellow (EY)) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (K3[Fe(CN)6]). K3[Fe(CN)6] was found to be effectively reduced by the beads and was completed within 30 s. While the catalytic reduction of 4-NP, EY and MO were completed within 300, 240 and 180 s and the rate constants were discovered to be 1.16 × 10−2 s−1, 1.68 × 10−2 s−1 and 1.51 × 10−2 s−1, respectively. The CuO-Fe2O3/CA-CMC-Cs beads catalytic activity was enhanced utilizing 4-NP as a model molecule. The beads had good catalytic activity and may be reused up to three times before losing their effectiveness. Additionally, the ability of the CuO-Fe2O3/CA-CMC-Cs beads to reduce 4-NP and MO in real samples such as wastewater, orange juice and strawberry juice was investigated where the reduction percentage was 91.5 %–89.0 % in the real samples. The results demonstrated that the beads were more efficient for reduction of 4-NP and MO in milk, while, in juices required more time and had a lower reduction percentage.

In this study, an efficient nanocomposite based on calcium alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose/iron oxide-copper oxide (CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO) is developed in beads form and utilized as nanoadsorbent and nanocatalyst. Further, the beads were coated with chitosan, resulting in Cs@CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO beads. The prepared beads exhibited exceptional adsorption capabilities for selected heavy metal ions. Notably, the Cs@CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO beads displayed remarkable adsorption among the other beads toward the three selected metal ions. Ag(I) was highly adsorbed by Cs@CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO beads, and the adsorption capacity of beads was 4.91 mgg−1, while 4.5 mgg−1 and 3.0 mgg−1 for Co(II) and Ni(II), respectively. Beads’ ability to adsorb Ag(I) varied depending on several factors. It was observed that the adsorption capacity of Ag(I) ions increased as the interaction time and metal concentration rose. However, increasing the beads dose led to a decrease in the Ag(I) ion adsorption. Further, the waste beads after Ag(I) adsorption were treated with reducing agent to form beads supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/Cs@CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO) and used as effective catalyst for reducing 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4 as a reducing agent. Ag/Cs@CA-CMC/Fe2O3-CuO achieved reduction up to 93% for 4-NP within 30 min. The designed nanocomposite beads displayed several desirable attributes, including eco-friendliness and robust catalytic performance, making them highly promising for useful reduction of 4-NP.

Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (P-NETs) constitute a subset of pancreatic mass lesions characterized by diverse clinical presentations. Despite their inherent malignant potential, the timely identification and treatment of these tumors are critical for achieving favorable clinical outcomes. This study aims to shed light on the heterogeneous tumor biology of P-NETs and the management strategies employed at a tertiary care center in Pakistan.Method: A retrospective study encompassing all patients with a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of P-NETs at Shifa International Hospital between January 1st, 2016, and June 30th, 2021, was conducted. Meticulous data extraction from pathology records and thorough searches of medical records were performed to gather relevant demographic and clinical information.Results: A total of 24 patients were retrieved from our database, with 13 (54%) female patients. The mean age was 49.5 ± 16.3 years. Eight out of the 24 patients presented with abdominal pain. Most patients (14 out of 24) had lesions in the pancreatic head region. In three cases, lesions exhibited multicentricity. The mean lesion size measured 4.4 ± 2.3 cm. Three of the 24 patients displayed distant liver metastasis at the presentation time. 19 out of the 24 patients underwent surgical resections, while endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biopsy was performed in 4 out of 24 cases. EUS-guided tissue biopsy yielded accurate diagnoses in all four cases.Conclusion: Most P-NETs are non-functional, and there is an almost equal distribution between male and female patients. Solitary lesions predominate, and metastasis is uncommon at initial presentation. EUS-guided fine needle biopsy stands out as a dependable diagnostic modality for P-NETs.

Microorganisms synthesize diverse types of exopolysaccharides (EPSs). EPSs with varying structural and physical properties can demonstrate unique health benefits, which allow for their tailored applications as functional foods such as prebiotics. Levan, a fructose-based EPS, is gaining considerable attention as an effective prebiotic to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Consequently, this enhances digestive health, boosts the immune system, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. Unfortunately, limited studies are available on levan-type EPSs to demonstrate their role as prebiotics. Therefore, in this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments, concerning intestinal cell integrity and metabolic syndrome, to assess the therapeutic potential of levan derived from Lactobacillus reuteri FW2. The in vitro experimental results revealed that levan improved the survival of impaired HT-29 epithelial cells of the intestine and also exerted antioxidant effects. In the in vivo experiments, mice fed with levan-supplemented feed exhibited low body weight gain, blood glucose, and serum cholesterol levels compared to the control group. These findings highlight the biotherapeutic potential of L. reuteri FW2-derived levan for improving metabolic syndrome and its associated aspects. It also signifies the need for a further detailed investigation based on clinical trials to include levan in dietary supplements for improved health and well-being.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin as a first-line therapy and the combination of meropenem and azithromycin as the second-line therapy in treating pediatric patients with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pediatrics, Abbottabad International Medical Complex, Pakistan from May 2022 to January 2024. Children aged 1-15 years clinically diagnosed with typhoid fever were enrolled if subsequent blood cultures confirmed XDR Salmonella Typhi infection. Initial treatment comprised azithromycin. If there was no response to azithromycin, patients received a combination therapy of meropenem alongside continued azithromycin. Primary outcomes were clinical recovery, recurrence within 30 days post-treatment, and treatment-related adverse effects. Results: Of total 67 pediatric patients, the mean age of the patients was 10.02 ±2.76 years. The overall mean duration of defervescence was 6.01 ±2.98 days. Initially, all patients were treated with azithromycin alone. Most patients recovered clinically 57 (85.1%). For the 10 (14.9%) who did not respond, meropenem was added to azithromycin, resulting in recovery for all. The mean duration of defervescence found significantly low in patients who received azithromycin monotherapy as compared to patients who received combination therapy i.e., 4.80 ±0.58 days vs. 12.90 ±1.10 days (p-value

Delay partial differential equations have significant applications in numerous fields, such as population dynamics, control systems, neuroscience, and epidemiology, where they are required to efficiently model the effects of past states on current system behavior. This work presents an RBF-based localized meshless method for the numerical solution of delay partial differential equations. In the suggested numerical scheme, the localized meshless method is combined with the Laplace transform. The main attractive features of the localized meshless method are its simplicity, adaptability, and ease of implementation for complex problems defined on complex shaped domains. In a localized meshless scheme, a linear system of equations is solved. The Laplace transform, which is one of the most powerful techniques for solving integer- and non-integer-order problems, is used to represent the desired solution as a contour integral in the complex plane, known as the Bromwich integral. However, the analytic inversion of contour integral becomes very laborious in many situations. Therefore, a contour integration method is utilized to numerically approximate the Bromwich integral. The aim of utilizing the Laplace transform is to handle the costly convolution integral associated with the Caputo derivative and to avoid the effects of time-stepping techniques on the stability and accuracy of the numerical solution. We also discuss the convergence and stability of the suggested scheme. Furthermore, the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the considered model are studied. The efficiency, efficacy, and accuracy of the proposed numerical scheme have been demonstrated through numerical experiments on various problems.

In this review, different extraction techniques of bioactive protein gluten from wheat and their association in the pathogenesis of celiac disease have been updated. Wheat gluten is an important constituent of whole-grain wheat. It comprises two subunits named as alpha-subunit and beta-subunit. Due to its importance in nutritional and pharmaceutical biochemistry, it gains much attention in molecular biology. This study compares different techniques used for isolation, purification, and identification of gluten protein from wheat. Different conventional approaches had been used to characterize gluten, but due to certain limitations and risk assessment, recent and advanced techniques have taken their place. Moreover, gluten seeks its intention as it may cause different allergic responses e.g., gluten intolerance and celiac disease in humans due to absence or low level of enzymes required for is proper digestion. Certain treatments based on different modification techniques cure these allergic reactions. These modifications include genetic modifications and generation of different immune responses in body to combat these diseases. Intestinal permeability and cytokine-based modifications in T-cells are essential to become resistant against gluten intolerance and celiac disease. However, vaccine development is on the way to treat patients suffering from these diseases. In conclusion, being a vital part of an important staple food, gluten characterization and disease treatment is a significant step. It will help in improving quality of wheat gluten and patients to fight against certain health disorders.

Abstract Background Acute hyperglycemia is considered an independent prognosticator of both in-hospital and long-term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed To analyze the incidence of acute hyperglycemia and its impact on the adverse in-hospital outcome in patients with STE-ACS undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods In this study, we enrolled patients presenting with STE-ACS and undergoing primary PCI at a tertiary care cardiac center. Acute hyperglycemia was defined as random plasma glucose (RBS) > 200 mg/dl at the time of presentation to the emergency room. Results Of the 4470 patients, 78.8% were males, and the mean age was 55.52 ± 11 years. In total, 39.4% (1759) were found to have acute hyperglycemia, and of these, 59% (1037) were already diagnosed with diabetes. Patients with acute hyperglycemia were observed to have a higher incidence of heart failure (8.2% vs. 5.5%; p

Objective: To determine the frequency of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 among frontline healthcare workers (doctors vs. rescuers) in Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional online questionnaire survey. Place and Duration of Study: Centre for Islamic Psychology, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus from 25 April 2020 to 20 June 2020. Materials and Methods: A total of 364 frontline healthcare workers (n=182 doctors and n=182 rescuers) were included in the final analysis. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to collect online data via Google form through convenience sampling. Statistical data analysis was done using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-23), and the frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Independent samples-ttest was employed to identify differences between doctors and rescuers on depression,anxiety, and stress scale. Results: The mean age of the participants was 28.79 + 5.46 years. The study identified highly significant difference in depression (t (363) = 11.10, p

BackgroundAccurate head circumference (HC) measurement is essential when assessing neonates and infants. Tape measure HC measurements are prone to errors, particularly when performed by parents/guardians, due to individual differences in head shape, hair style and texture, subject cooperation, and examiner techniques, including tape measure placement and tautness. There is, therefore, the need for a more reliable method. ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the validity, reliability, and consistency of HC app measurement compared to the current standard of practice, serving as a proof-of-concept for use by health care professionals. MethodsWe recruited infants attending the neurosurgery clinic, and parents/guardians were approached and consented to participate in the study. Along with the standard head circumference measurement, measurements were taken with the head circumference app (HC app) developed in-house, and we also collected baseline medical history and characteristics. For the statistical analysis, we used RStudio (version 4.1.1). In summary, we analyzed covariance and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to compare the measurement's within-rater and interrater reliability. The F test was used to analyze the variance between measurements and the Bland-Altman agreement, t test, and correlation coefficients were used to compare the tape measurement to the measures taken by the HC app. We also used nonvalidated questionnaires to explore parental or guardians’ experiences, assess their views on app utility, and collect feedback. ResultsThe total number of recruited patients was 37. Comparison between the app measurements and the measurements with a tape measure showed poor reliability (ICC=0.177) and wide within-app variations (ICC=0.341). The agreement between the measurements done by parents/guardians and the tape measurements done by the researcher was good (ICC=0.901). Parental/guardian feedback was overall very positive, with most of the parents/guardians reporting that the app was easy to use (n=31, 84%) and that they are happy to use the app in an unsupervised setting, provided that they are assured of the measurement quality. ConclusionsWe developed this project as a proof-of-concept study, and as such, the app has shown great potential to be used both in a clinical setting and by parents/guardians in their own homes.

The objective of this analysis is to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its predictors in the national cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Pakistan. This is a secondary data analysis of the National Stigma Index Study 2.0. We screened PLHIV in the Stigma Index study for depressive symptoms using the Urdu version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. We used stepwise multiple linear regression to identify predictors of depressive symptoms. We also explored the moderating effect of stigma faced by PLHIVs while accessing HIV health services on depressive symptoms. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 26 and PROCESS MACRO Version 4.2. A total of 1,497 PLHIV participated in the original study. Based on the PHQ-9 depressive symptom categories, 39.89% had no depressive symptoms, 24.42% had mild depressive symptoms, 16.89% had moderate depressive symptoms, 10.17% had moderately severe depressive symptoms, and 8.61% had severe depressive symptoms. Results of multiple linear regression show that being worried to meet basic life needs such as food and shelter in last 12 months (2.188, 95% Confidence interval 3.98-5.68, p < .01), female sex (3.599, 95% CI 2.703-4.49, p < .01), substance use (31.33, 95% CI 2.379-3.88, p < .01), being employed (-1.627, 95% CI -2.36 to -.88, p < .01), being recruited through limited chain referral as opposed to recruitment from HIV service delivery sites (-2.147, 95% CI -3.41 to -.88, p< .01), and doing sex work (1.143, 95% CI .225-2.061, p < .01) were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. There is a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among PLHIV in Pakistan. Inability to meet basic life needs, female sex, substance use, employment, and facing stigma in the healthcare setting were predictors of depression. There is a need of socioeconomic empowerment, stigma reduction in healthcare settings, and a robust screening program for depressive symptoms for PLHIV community in the country.

Abiotic stresses lead to excessive crop yield losses and are a major threat to agriculture. It is essential to equip crops with multi-stress tolerance to mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stressors and meet the demands of the increasing global population. The association between plants and symbiotic microorganisms is involved in key functions at the ecosystem and plant levels, and the application of microbial plant biostimulants (MPBs) is a sustainable strategy to augment plant growth and productivity, even under abiotic stress conditions. Several different microorganisms can be used as MPBs to enhance plant growth and produce progressive and reproducible effects on crops. In the present review, we assessed the current knowledge on the use of MPBs, discuss the diversity and characteristics of MPBs, and provide a meticulous assessment of the possible applications of MPBs in abiotic stress relief in crops.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detection of molar pregnancy taking histopathological findings as a gold standard. METHODS: This study was conducted in Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. All pregnant females of 15-45 years’ age; with clinical, biochemical suspicion and definite diagnosis of molar pregnancy were included in our study. Patients already diagnosed on histopathology as hydatidiform mole, missed miscarriage and invasive mole were excluded from the study. Informed consent, brief history, baseline Investigations, serum beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin levels were obtained. Suspected cases of hydatidiform mole (n=212) on Transabdominal Ultrasound scans were referred to gynecologist for histopathological diagnosis and management. Histopathology of samples were compared to ultrasound report. Data was collected was analyzed by SPSS v.23.0. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 29.04±8.23 years. Molar pregnancies were reported in 119 (56.13%) and 124 (58.49%) cases through ultrasound and histopathology respectively. Ultrasound findings suggestive of complete molar pregnancy in 79 (37.2%) cases, as compared to 85 (40.09%) cases by histopathology. Majority (n=35; 58.3%) of the molar pregnancy were found in patients having 31-40 years of age. Ultrasound and histopathology showed agreement in diagnosis of molar pregnancy in 103/156 (66%) cases and non-molar pregnancy in 40/56 (71.4%) cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasound in diagnosis of molar pregnancy were 66.03%, 71.43%, 86.55% 43.01% and 67.45% respectively. CONCLUSION: Overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of molar pregnancy is 67.45% and may be used in early detection of molar pregnancy.

Objectives: Smoking is a potent risk factor for coronary artery disease, but there is controversy about its protective nature in terms of prognosis in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. So, the main objective of this study is to unfold this controversy in a South Asian population in terms of clinical angiographic parameters and its in-hospital outcomes. Methods: In this study, we included 1756 consecutive patients diagnosed with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were classified into smokers and non-smokers, and the in-hospital mortality rate was compared. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the paradoxical role of smoking. Results: Smokers were younger (53.78 ± 11.16 years vs 56.43 ± 11.17 years; p

A new type of nickel doped titanium oxide (Ni-TiO2) coated natural cotton fibers (CF) and Ni-TiO2 wrapped sodium alginate (Alg) hydrogel was developed for the efficient reduction of different contaminants. Ni-TiO2 was prepared by low-temperature method and coated on CF using Alg as a binder and entrapped inside Alg hydrogel. Ni-TiO2 coated CF (Ni-TiO2/CF) and Ni-TiO2 wrapped Alg (Ni-TiO2/Alg) were utilized for catalytic elimination of wastewater pollutants. Ni-TiO2/CF and Ni-TiO2/Alg were initially tested as nanocatalysts for reduction of potassium ferricyanide, 4-nitrophenol, congo red, and methylene blue (MB), and exhibited superior catalytic performance toward MB reduction. Different parameters such as catalyst amount, MB concentration, reducing agent amount, and recyclability were optimized. Comparatively, Ni-TiO2/CF revealed the best catalytic performance for MB reduction having the highest reaction rate constant (2.1564 min−1). Ultimately, the catalyst preserved superior activity in recyclability evaluation, confirming that Ni-TiO2/CF is a good catalyst for the efficient removal of MB up to four cycles. Ni-TiO2/CF can more easily be recovered compared to Ni-TiO2/Alg by easily pulling out the fibers from reaction medium, which is the main advantage of Ni-TiO2/CF. Moreover, Ni-TiO2/CF and Ni-TiO2/Alg were examined in real samples, providing the effective reduction of MB. The developed nanocatalyst offers a cost- and time-effective material for environmental safety purpose.

In this study, we establish some new Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for s-convex functions in the second sense using the post-quantum calculus. Moreover, we prove a new (p,q)\left(p,q)-integral identity to prove some new Ostrowski type inequalities for (p,q)\left(p,q)-differentiable functions. We also show that the newly discovered results are generalizations of comparable results in the literature. Finally, we give application to special means of real numbers using the newly proved inequalities.

This study examines the asymmetric cointegration and efficiency between Pakistan and BRICS equity markets using monthly data from October 1997 to September 2018. The results reveal that the Brazilian stock market is the most efficient during the global financial crisis. Threshold and momentum threshold autoregressive models (TAR and M.TAR) confirm the presence of a long-run relationship between BRICS and Pakistan stock markets, where the speed of negative shocks is higher and significant for Pakistan Russian, Pakistan South Africa stock market pair. This infers quick adjustment of stock prices to negative shocks (bad news) as compared to positive shocks (good news). The speed of adjustment of positive shocks for Pakistan China is higher. The results of asymmetric error correction model (AECM) show results of unidirectional causality between Pakistan China and Pakistan Brazil stock market pairs, while bidirectional causality runs from Pakistan Russia, Pakistan India, and Pakistan South Africa stock market pairs. Thus the Pakistan stock market has short-run and long-run relationships with most other stock markets. Multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis supports long run efficiency of Brazilian markets during the global financial crisis. It suggests that investors pay keen attention to the Pakistan stock market when investing in BRICS stock market.

Multi-level inverters are widely employed to generate new energy because of their huge capacity and benefits in sound control performance. One of the critical areas of study for multi-level inverters is control strategy research. In this study, the control strategy for a multi-level inverter—which is frequently employed in HVDC and FACTS systems—is designed. An asymmetrical D.C. voltage source is supplied to create the appropriate output voltage waveform with fewer total harmonic distortions (THDs) at the output voltage and current waveforms. In this work, the pulse width modulation techniques of POD (phase opposition disposition) and APOD (alternative phase opposition disposition) MC PWM are applied to a multi-level inverter to generate the seven-level output voltage waveform. This study presents an enhanced variable carrier frequency APOD control approach that can successfully lower the overall harmonic distortion rate. The design and completion of the phase-shifting POD and APOD control strategies are followed by an analysis and comparison of the THD situation under various switching frequencies and a simulation and verification of the control strategy using MATLAB simulation. The TI DSP-based control approach has been programmed. The APOD technique increases the output voltage’s THD to 18.27%, while the output current waveform’s THD is reduced to 15.67% by utilizing the APOD PWM technique. Using the POD PWM approach increases the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the voltage waveform by 18.06% and the output current waveform’s THD by 15.45%.

Every day, the risk of water pollution grows. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately half of the population of poor countries suffers from health problems linked to chemically or microbially contaminating drinkable water. Here in the present study, powder of taro-rhizome was used for preparation of supported bimetallic catalyst (Ag-Cu/TP). Characterization techniques used for analysis were XRD, TEM, SEM, FTIR and EDS. The prepared catalyst was then used in the catalytic reduction of chemical pollutants, including 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), methyl orange (MO), Acid Red 27 or amaranth (AM), Congo red (CR), Rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl red (MR). Turnover frequency was calculated for nitrophenol reductions, which were 0.98 min−1 for 2-NP and 3.45 min−1 for 4-NP. The Ag-Cu/TP catalyst shows outstanding performance and 99.4% of 4-NP was reduced just in 5 min with pseudo-first order constant of 5.24 × 10−3s−1, while 97% reduction of 2-NP took 17 min with the pseudo-first order constant of 1.01 × 10−3s−1. The prepared Ag-Cu/TP catalyst was packed into a glass column and organic dyes containing water were filtered through it to test the cleaning effectiveness of water from dyes. Excellent dye reduction was achieved. The prepared column reactor works excellent in the remediation of dyes and reduces about 68.7% CR. In addition, stability and reusability study showed exceptional reusability up to 5 times with very small loss of activity and was stable for up to 10 days.

Marxist-humanism is a significant and pertinent theory that critiques the exploitation of lower classes by bourgeois classes and lays emphasis on the value of individuals in present-day class-conscious societies. In the Marxist-humanist vision of human society, the freedom of a human being is the most important aspect of social existence which should not be usurped by elite classes. This research paper scrutinizes the Marxist-Humanist strains delineated in the thematic dimensions of the three selected short stories The Doll’s House, The Garden Party, and Life of Ma Parker by Katherine Mansfield. The nature of this paper is qualitative, and the researcher has attempted to unravel the process of dehumanization of the bourgeois sections of society which results in the alienation of the lower classes. Mansfield’s short stories have not been previously explored from a Marxist-humanist perspective and the present research contributes to the available research studies on Katherine Mansfield’s short stories.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a widespread metabolic disorder with a yearly 6.7 million deaths worldwide. Several treatment options are available but with common side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular diseases, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, ethnomedicine is gaining the interest of researchers in the treatment of DM. Ethnomedicine works by preventing intestinal absorption and hepatic production of glucose as well as enhancing glucose uptake in muscles and fatty tissues and increasing insulin secretion. A variety of plants have entered clinical trials but very few have gained approval for use. This current study provides an evaluation of such clinical trials. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was performed from a database using keywords like “ethnomedicine diabetes clinical trial”, “clinical trials”, “clinical trial in diabetes”, “diabetes”, “natural products in diabetes”, “ethno-pharmacological relevance of natural products in diabetes”, etc. Clinical trials of 20 plants and natural products were evaluated based on eligibility criteria. Major limitations associated with these clinical trials were a lack of patient compliance, dose-response relationship, and an evaluation of biomarkers with a small sample size and treatment duration. Measures in terms of strict regulations can be considered to achieve quality clinical trials. A specific goal of this systematic review is to discuss DM treatment through ethnomedicine based on recent clinical trials of the past 7 years.

In this paper, the examination of soliton solutions of the biofilm model with the help of a new extended direct algebraic method is expressed. Besides the exact solutions, the existence of these solutions is also discussed with the help of the Schauder fixed point theorem. The nonlinear dynamical biofilm model which we consider in this paper is basically the bistable Allen–Cahn equation with quartic potential. For more physical understanding, the 3D plots of the solutions are presented. The different types of hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational soliton solutions are gained. In the biofilm model, different parameters belong to certain spaces and give the exact solutions by applying the technique of new extended direct algebraic method. Exact solutions of the biofilm model are highlighted along with their restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the effect of Lipid based nutritional supplement (LNS) on body composition, hematological findings, maternal, birth and infant outcomes in underweight primi-gravidas. METHODS: This single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was executed in the tertiary care hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan from April 2018 to August 2019. Forty primi-gravidas recruited in the study were randomized into LNS and placebo groups. LNS group received 75 gms of high energy nutritional supplement, named “MAAMTA”, on daily basis from their first antenatal visit till delivery in addition to their conventional antenatal treatment. Fasting blood samples were taken and body composition was measured at baseline visit, 16th week of gestation and post-natally. For the measurement of hematological parameters neonates cord blood was obtained. Data of 36 participants (LNS group n=19; placebo group n=17) were available for final analysis. RESULTS: Majority (n=33/36; 91.7%) had normal vaginal deliveries (n=18/19 in LNS group & n=15/17 in placebo group). Frequency of Cesarean section was 1/19 (5.3%) in LNS group and 2/17 (11.8%) in placebo group. No case of abortion was reported. Mean crown heel length (CHL) was 47.11±2.747 cm in LNS group and 44.24±2.359 cm in placebo group (p=0.002). Mean fronto-occipital circumference was 35.11±1.663 cm and 32.41±7.859 cm in the LNS and placebo groups respectively (p=0.153). No difference was observed between the groups in maternal gestational weight gain per visit, prevalence of maternal anemia, maternal mortality & neonatal birth weight. CONCLUSION: The prenatal use of LNS increases the CHL of the neonates of underweight primi-gravidas.

IntroductionThis study aims to elucidate the employers' perspectives on the key generic employability skills which would enable them to seek graduate jobs and will ensure their professional wellbeing once they enter the job market after acquiring a University degree.MethodsIn order to pursue this objective, an exploratory qualitative inquiry was deployed which involved two panel-based discussions. The respondents of each panel discussion were invited through the platforms of the Bahawalpur Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BCCI), and the Chamber of Commerce Rahim Yar Khan. These respondents represented Pharmaceuticals, Agrichemical manufacturers (fertilizers, pesticides), Livestock, Cotton, textiles, and apparel industry which are the main industries in Southern Punjab, Pakistan.Results and discussionFor the purpose of analysis, a thematic analysis was done in the context of grounded theory. Resultantly, the findings of the study reveal an employers' perspective on 10 key generic employability skills as must-have for a Pakistani Millennial graduate including various soft and hard skills, such as-Emotional Intelligence, Flexibility and Adaptability, Multitasking, Computer Literacy and Digital Skills, Information Literacy and Data Analytics, Oral and Written Communication in English and Urdu, Critical Thinking, Positive Politics, Work Ethics and Professionalism, and Commercial awareness. Hence, the study produces implications for the employability stakeholders, including government and academia for a much needed shift from a mere subject-based curriculum to a skill-oriented curriculum and training in the Universities, particularly in the region of Southern Punjab, and all across Pakistan as well.

Pollution problem increases with the same face as the industrial development. One of the toxic ingredients of these industrial effluents is the organic dyes. Zinc oxide/Graphene oxide nanocomposite (ZnO-GNc) was synthesized in aqueous solution by mixing ultrasonically various compositions. The prepared ZnO-GNc nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX and TEM. XRD of Graphene oxide (GO) showed their crystalline nature and the average size was 3.54, 18.98 and 15.47 nm for GO, ZnO, and ZnO-GNc respectively. An active toxic and stable dye, Methyl red (MR) was employed as the target pollutant to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of ZnO-GNc. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO-GNc nanocomposite was compared with that of zinc oxide (ZnO) and GO. The effect of some parameters, dye concentration, pH and temperature of dye solution were studied. The kinetic studies show that the process of MR photocatalytic discoloration by ZnO-GNc followed first-order reaction kinetics under different conditions with the rate constant of 2.2 × 10−2 s−1. The possible reasons for the high values of photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO-GNc may be due to the improved charge passage and separation.

In this study, we first obtain a new identity for generalized fractional integrals which contains some parameters. Then by this equality, we establish some new parameterized inequalities for co-ordinated convex functions involving generalized fractional integrals. Moreover, we show that the results proved in the main section reduce to several Simpson-, trapezoid- and midpoint-type inequalities for various values of parameters.

Here, we have designed an efficient multipurpose photocatalytic system based on iron-doped tin oxide (Fe-SnO2) which exhibited excellent catalytic activity toward dyes degradation and hydrogen production. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. Fe-SnO2 was tested in degradation of different dyes i.e., congo red (CR), acridine orange (ArO) and methyl orange (MO) and among these dyes, Fe-SnO2 was more efficient and selective toward CR which was degraded more than 95% in 30 min. Further, the catalytic efficiency of Fe-SnO2 was also evaluated toward photocatalytic hydrogen generation from aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, propanol, potassium hydroxide and Na2S + Na2SO3, where Fe-SnO2 displayed high catalytic activity toward hydrogen generation from methanol solution under sunlight. Moreover, the catalytic activity of Fe-SnO2 toward CR degradation and hydrogen production was optimized by using different combinations of operating conditions and no major loss in activity was observed upon running the same photocatalyst sample in different batches.

The present study is based in a departure from the currently abounding academic researches into contemporary Pakistani English novel exploring the cultural and religious identity crises of the local and diasporic Pakistani characters in the wake of 9/11 which constitute a single, superstructure-related segment of the aggregate social reality. The present research aims to bring to the fore a holistic and progressive strain within this corpus. Formulating a theoretical paradigm out of Marxist literary criticism as expounded in the seminal works of Leon Trotsky and K. Damodaran, the study thematically scrutinizes the narrative of Night of the Golden Butterfly (2010) by Tariq Ali for a realistic depiction of the socio-economic and political conditions of present-day Pakistan, and the delineation of the multiple spheres of life such as the economic, political, institutional, moral and intellectual as interconnected components of the composite unit of society. The study also appraises the novel for the representation of a vision for better collective future and suggestiveness in relation to the means and modes for a radical transformation of the social order.

Chromate-resistant bacterium UT8 was isolated from tannery effluent. The cultural conditions for strain UT8 were optimized for maximum chromate removal and exopolymer production. SEM-EDS analysis of strain UT8 revealed variations under Cr(vi) stress related to nonstress. The FTIR analysis of exopolymer under chromate stress indicated vibrational shifts for metal ion chelation.

Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most abundant type of epithelial lung cancer being diagnosed after 40% of invasions of excrescence in pulmonary tissues. According to WHO, 30% of NSCLC patients can be cured if diagnosed and treated early. Mutations play an important role in advanced stage NSCLC treatment, which includes critical proteins necessary for cellular growth and replication. Restricting such mutations may improve survival in lung cancer patients. Newer technologies include endoscopic bronchial ultrasonography and esophageal ultrasonography. Currently, policymaking or decision-making for treatment regimens merely depends on the genomic alterations and mutations. DNA sequencing, methylation, protein, and fragmented DNA analysis do NSCLC screening. Achievement of these goals requires consideration of available therapeutics in current anticancer approaches for improving quality of life and treatment outcomes for NSCLC patient. The specific goals of this review are to discuss first-line and second-line therapies for advanced-stage NSCLC and molecularly targeted therapy including thoughtful discussion on precise role of treatment strategies in specific tumors. Also, concerned diagnostics, new clinical trial designs, and pursuing appropriate combinations of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with biological therapy for exceptional cases considering resistance mechanisms and palliative care will be discussed.

Contemporary Islamic thought is differentiated by a style of thinking that tries to address the philosophical conflict through an approach of reformation. The following study is focused to understand the intellectual history of Islam in the modern era, with a cross-cultural context; based on the framework of critical analysis. Presently, the study of the connection between Islam and advanced scientific development is thought to be a part of Islamic modernity. Therefore, this study focuses on the approaches related to the cultural context of Islamic thought such as: traditionalism, modernism, fundamentalism, secularism, and Sufism. In addition, various strands came into being as an effect of different approaches to Islamic thought; theories related to the cultural context of Islamic thought emerged. Further, the study reflects upon the cultural dimensions of Islamic thought and the influence of different cultures on it. Keywords: Cross-Cultural Context, Islamic Thought, Traditionalism, Modernism, and Fundamentalism.

Abstract This article presents evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the provision of healthcare services to address sexuality for people living with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Currently, a lack of EB-specific research limits these services to sexual health assessment and intervention strategies designed for the general population. Due to the unique challenges of EB, a rare skin-fragility condition causing blistering responses to minor skin trauma and other systemic and secondary complications, condition-specific strategies are needed to support people with EB in achieving valued sexual lifestyles. This CPG represents the work of an international panel comprised of thirteen members including a medical doctor, nurses, psychologists, a social worker, an occupational therapist, and patient population involvement members living with EB. It describes the development of EB-specific recommendations for two primary domains of assessment and intervention related to sexuality: psychosocial and mechanical. Following a rigorous evidence-based guideline development process, this CPG establishes the first internationally actionable clinical practice recommendations for sexuality-related assessment and intervention for this population. Future research priorities are identified. Supplemental materials included provide additional support to clinicians in developing the necessary understanding and skills to promote equity and efficacy in this care domain.

In the article, we present a new (p,q)(p,q)-integral identity for the first-order (p,q)(p,q)-differentiable functions and establish several new (p,q)(p,q)-quantum error estimations for various integral inequalities via (α,m)(\alpha ,m)-convexity. We also compare our results with the previously known results and provide two examples to show the superiority of our obtained results.

Introduction: The most important product of fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates is short chain fatty acids. Formation of these metabolites are mainly dependent on diet and gut microbial colonization. Literature has been supportive of the fact that short chain fatty acids play significant role in chronic inflammation (allergic diseases) and host physiology and metabolic processes including obesity and diabetes. Little is known about the differences in the metabolism between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in our country. This study was designed to determine the differences in the metabolism between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants in Pakistani cohort. Material & Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 50 healthy infants. Enrollment of these children was done from different centers and localities in Peshawar. Stool samples were collected from the included infants and short chain fatty acids were studied by using Gas Chromatography. Results: A total of 50 healthy infants (25 breast-fed and 25 bottle-fed) with mean age (mean ± sd) 78.40 35.88 days (range: 1-4 months) were included in this survey. Breast feeding was associated with lesser absolute concentrations of total short chain fatty acids. Among short chain fatty acids, acetates were more in breast feeding infants (median 651, p= 0.001) compared to formula feeding infants while propionates (median 81.06, p=0.02), butyrates (median 31.86, p=0.007) and iso-butyrates (median 3.76, p=0.003) were dominant in FFI which indicated an important role of short chain fatty acids in human health. Conclusion: It may be concluded that feeding practices strongly influence the gut microbial metabolism and metabolites (short chain fatty acids).

Industrial wastewater contains a variety of contaminants like salts, organic carbon, and heavy metals. Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are considered highly toxic even at low concentration. These metals could enter the food chain through a process of phytoassimilation, hence, lethal for living beings. The present study aimed to investigate Cd and Pb phytoextraction in four grass species viz. Dhab (Desmostachya bipinnata), Sporobolus (Sporobolus arabicus), Kallar (Leptochloa fusca) and Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) from industrial wastewater. The grasses were grown hydroponically in plastic pots in industrial wastewater as growth medium under greenhouse conditions. The experiment trial was arranged following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Results showed that B. mutica had maximum shoot metal content (Pb = 21, Cd = 0.66 mg kg-1 dry matter), shoot metal uptake (Pb = 201.8, Cd = 6.39 µg plant-1), translocation factor (Pb = 0.73, Cd = 0.55), shoot dry matter (28.8 g pot-1), and root dry matter (4.2 g pot-1). Root Pb concentration was highest in B. mutica followed by D. bipinnata and L. fusca. Whereas S. arabicus showed depressed growth, minimum shoot metal accumulation and uptake potential. Thereby among the tested grass species B. mutica could be suitable option to remediate industrial wastewater contaminated with moderate levels of Pb and Cd.

Background: Inclusive education is a global agenda, generally inclusion in education means full inclusion of children with various abilities in all aspects of schooling that other children have. Teachers have been seen as key persons to implement inclusive education and considered to play a substantial role in the implementation of such educational change. Objective: To see the factors that influence the attitude and concerns of teachers regarding the inclusive education of special needs children. Methodology: It was a cross sectional survey. Sample of 100 (50 mainstream school and 50 special education) teachers were taken by using a convenient sampling technique. The study was conducted from October 2017 to December 2017 in two special education center school of government and two private mainstream schools of Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire containing two sections was used to collect data. A sheet containing demographic details of study participants and associated factors and Sentiments, Attitude, and Concerns (SACIE-R), data was gathered and analyzed using SPSS-version 21. Results: 89% were females and 11% were males. The teacher type (mainstream and special) had a statically significant effect on attitude towards inclusive education by showing p value=0.02. Variables like gender, age, and contact with person having disability, experience, education, and confidence levels all had a significant impact on the teacher’s attitude. \ Conclusion: It was concluded that all children can learn when teaching is effective and meets individual strengths and needs. There must be an emphasis on changing schools' culture for providing resources and to build enough capacity in special as well as regular schools to offer new opportunities to pupils who experience difficulties in learning. Keywords: Child, Special, Education, Teachers, Concerns, Attitude, Inclusive

Abstract Background As diabetes prevalence rises world-wide, the arrangement of clinics and care packages is increasingly debated by health care professionals (HCPs), health service researchers, patient groups and policy makers. ‘Integrated care’, while representing a range of approaches, has been positioned as a promising solution with potential to benefit patients and health systems. This is particularly the case in rural populations which are often removed from centres of specialist care. The social arrangements within diabetes integrated care initiatives are understudied but are of particular importance to those implementing such initiatives. In this paper we explore the ‘work’ of integration through an analysis of the role played by Health Care Assistants (HCAs) who were specially trained in aspects of diabetes care and given the title ‘Diabetes Care Technician’ (DCT). Methods Using thematic analysis of interview (n = 55) and observation data (n = 40), we look at: how the role of DCTs was understood by patients and other HCPs, as well as the DCTs; and explore what DCTs did within the integrated care initiative. Results Our findings suggested that the DCTs saw their role as part of a hierarchy, providing links between members of the integrated team, and explaining and validating clinical decisions. Patients characterised DCTs as friends and advisors who provided continuity. Other HCPs perceived the DCTs as supportive, providing long-term monitoring and doing a different job to conventional HCAs. We found that DCTs had to navigate local terrain (social, ethical and physical), engage in significant conversation and negotiate treatment plans created through integrated care. The analysis suggests that relationships between patients and the DCTs were strong, had the quality of friendship and mitigated loneliness. Conclusions DCTs played multidimensional roles in the integrated care initiative that required great social and emotional skill. Building friendships with patients was central to their work, which mitigated loneliness and facilitated the care they provided.

A polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-degrading bacterium identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia PRS8 was isolated from the soil of a landfill. The degradation of the PET bottle flakes and the PET prepared as a powder were assessed using live cells, an extracellular medium, or a purified cutinase-like enzyme. These treated polymers were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The depolymerization products, identified using HPLC and LC-MS, were terephthalic acid (TPA), mono(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA (MHET), and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA (BHET). Several physicochemical factors were optimized for a better cutinase-like enzyme production by using unique single-factor and multi-factor statistical models (the Plackett–Burman design and the central composite design software). The enzyme was purified for homogeneity through column chromatography using Sephadex G-100 resin. The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 58 kDa. The specific activity on para nitrophenyl butyrate was estimated at 450.58 U/mg, with a purification of 6.39 times and a yield of 48.64%. The enzyme was stable at various temperatures (30–40 °C) and pH levels (8.0–10.0). The enzyme activity was significantly improved by the surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween-40), organic solvent (formaldehyde), and metals (NiCl2 and Na2SO4). The extracellular medium containing the cutinase-type enzyme showed a depolymerization yield of the PET powder comparable to that of Idonella skaiensis IsPETase and significantly higher than that of Humicola insolens thermostable HiCut (HiC) cutinase. This study suggests that S. maltophilia PRS8 is able to degrade PET at a mesophilic temperature and could be further explored for the sustainable management of plastic waste.

This study assesses hydration, rheology, and sorptivity of cementitious pastes using relatively low-cost Arduino-based platforms with integrated sensors. The prime objective is to develop a correlation between conventional apparatus-based and Arduino-integrated sensor-based assessment. A total of six samples of cementitious paste were prepared at a room temperature of 26°C, with a w/b ratio of 0.3, containing cement, fly ash, and silica fume. First, the conventional apparatus was employed to assess hydration, rheology, and sorptivity of cementitious mixes. Afterward, a platform arranged for data acquisition, comprising Arduino Mega 2560, a temperature sensor, a soil moisture sensor, and a voltage supply, was used to assess the same properties. The recorded temperature and moisture content data were transmitted using the Android application and the Wi-Fi modem router. A 5-minute moisture analysis test was conducted to monitor the rheological behavior of cementitious mixes. The heat of the hydration mechanism was evaluated for 32 hours using a temperature sensor, enabling continuous and real-time monitoring. Moreover, a sorptivity test on cube samples was performed using shielded self-based apparatus in an adiabatic condition, resulting in relatively long-term monitoring. The microscopic details are analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with EDX analysis. Thus, the potential application of the inexpensive sensor-based method is verified.

Background Urinary catheter is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) which has been associated with three fold increase risk in mortality. A high level of resistance was noted among the admitted patients for cephalosporin. The primary aim of the study is to known the strain of pathogens; its drugs sensitivity and resistance in intensive care unit (ICU) patients which help the physician in proper management and reduces the mortality and morbidity in urinary catheter related complication. Methods This study was conducted in Intensive care unit patients of Hayatabad medical complex Peshawar Pakistan over a period of 1 year from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Medical charts were reviewed and 100 patients were selected based on inclusion criteria and their urine culture and sensitivity reports were noted to know about the most common pathogens, its drugs sensitivity and resistance in these patients. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) used for uropathogen by culture and Disc diffusion method to determined antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The data were shifted from excel sheet to SPPS 21 IBMS version. Results The mean age (standard deviation) of patients was 51.60+26.59 years (Median age 58.50 years). Of the total, 64 were female and the remaining were male patients. It was found that most common pathogens in urine sample was E. coli. Maximum pathogens were sensitive to intra venous meropenem (65%), and fosfomycin (55%). Conclusion It is concluded that resistance patterns of uropathogens changes which results in treatment failure. Further, based on clinical practice, meropenem, fosfomycin, and cefepime had high sensitivity profile against catheter related infection in ICU.

OBJECTIVES: In numerous cultures, unwanted hair is considered a common aesthetic problem. For hair removal, the use of lasers is a common medical procedure that is comparatively safe and has few side effects. Paradoxical hypertrichosis has been reported rarely in previous studies. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of paradoxical hypertrichosis after laser treatment. METHODOLOGY: This cross sectional study was done for a period of one year from January 2020 to January 2021. This study was conducted at Al-Shifa Clinic and Skin Aesthetic, Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. All those patients who go-through the laser hair removal were included in the study. Diode laser with 808nm wavelength was used. All the patients were observed for paradoxical hypertrichosis after laser treatment. RESULTS: Total 140 patients underwent laser hair removal during a one-year study. There were 120 females and 20 male in our study. The mean age of male was 28±1.2 while the mean age of females was 26±1.4. Amongst 140 patients, the overall prevalence of paradoxical hypertrichosis after laser treatment was 7.8% (n=11). This side effect was observed dominantly on the neck and face. Skin phototype III and 1V were observed with this side effect. CONCLUSION: Our research study concludes that paradoxical hypertrichosis occurs rarely after laser therapy. Study with high sample size and risk factors should be done for better understanding.

Abstract Chromium (VI) a highly toxic metal, a major constituent of industrial waste. It is continuously release in soil and water, causes environmental and health related issues, which is increasing public concern in developing countries like Pakistan. The basic aim of this study was isolation and screening of chromium resistant bacteria from industrial waste collected from Korangi and Lyari, Karachi (24˚52ʹ46.0ʺN 66˚59ʹ25.7ʺE and 24˚48ʹ37.5ʺN 67˚06ʹ52.6ʺE). Among total of 53 isolated strains, seven bacterial strains were selected through selective enrichment and identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. These strains were designated as S11, S13, S17, S18, S30, S35 and S48, resistance was determined against varying concentrations of chromium (100-1500 mg/l). Two bacterial strains S35 and S48 showed maximum resistance to chromium (1600 mg/l). Bacterial strains S35 and S48 were identified through 16S rRNA sequence and showed 99% similarity to Bacillus paranthracis and Bacillus paramycoides. Furthermore, growth condition including temperature and pH were optimized for both bacterial strains, showed maximum growth at temperature 30ºC and at optimum pH 7.5 and 6.5 respectively. It is concluded that indigenous bacterial strains isolated from metal contaminated industrial effluent use their innate ability to transform toxic heavy metals to less or nontoxic form and can offer an effective tool for monitoring heavy metal contamination in the environment.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known to be silent killers due to their bioaccumulative and long-lasting existence. These pollutants are present everywhere in our environment, including plants, animals, and humans. POPs can be stored in several aquatic environmental matrices and biomagnified by the food web, thus presenting a danger to aquatic habitats and human health. During recent decades, they have gained substantial attention considering their possible persistent threats. In the aquatic environment, legacy POPs, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were widely found and recorded. A complete description of OCPs and PCBs amounts and their distribution in the aquatic environment is necessary for a detailed understanding of the activities and threats of POPs in aquatic ecosystems.

The universality of M-polynomial paves way towards establishing closed forms of many leading degree-based topological indices as it is done by Hosoya polynomial for distance-based indices. The study of topological indices is recently one of the most active research areas in chemical graph theory. The aim of this paper is to establish closed formulas for M-polynomials of Linear chains of benzene, napthalene, and anthracene graphs. From this polynomial we also compute as many as nine degree-based topological indices for these three chains. Our results will potentially play an important role in pharmacy, drug design, and many other applied areas of molecular sciences.