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Рассмотрен контекст погребения 14 Ошкинского могильника на р. Вятке. Памятник относится к азелинской культуре (позднесарматское время в Прикамье). Само погребение выделяется из местных древностей. В могиле найден комплект из пряжки и наконечника-подвески, относящихся к серии «Опошня», выделенной В.Ю. Малашевым и А.М. Обломским, имеющей центрально-европейские прототипы. Уздечный набор соответствует структуре узды «всаднических комплексов» позднесарматского времени, описанной С.И. Безугловым. В тексте статьи предложен вариант относительной периодизации комплексов, и основания для разделения локальных вариантов. Наиболее близкий аналог удилам с «очковидными» псалиями с выступами внутрь рамки из Ошки, погребение 14 в Валовый I, курган 25 / погребение 1 на Дону. Нащечные бляхи ромбической формы соответствуют очень редкому типу: 6 находок на Дону, 1 в Поволжье и 1 в Посурье. Вся группа погребений датируется второй половиной II — первой половиной III вв., или, уже, концом II — первой третью III вв., они отражают непосредственное взаимодействие сарматских и германских воинских групп (предметы вооружения и воинская экипировка), в событиях, связанных с Империей (римская бронзовая и стеклянная посуда, монеты). Происхождение этой группы, и находок провинциально-римского происхождения (поясная гарнитура) в лесной зоне Восточной Европы, отмеченной И.О. Гавритухиным и А.М. Воронцовым, связывается с событиями Маркоманских войн. Речь идет не о миграции-переселении, а об участии лиц или групп из отдаленных регионов в войнах на границах или территории Империи, вернувшихся с элементами воинской экипировки по окончании событий (срока службы ?) на родину.

The article deals with arrowheads from sites of the Piany Bor culture with various marks applied to the items in the process of manufacture and use. In the course of work with museum collections, we managed to identify 38 arrowheads with marks, which come from 15 burials of Piany Bor burial grounds and one settlement monument. The purpose of markings can be different: from casual to purposeful. The analysis has shown that some of the marks are only traces of marking of the material during the manufacture of the item, the other part can be specially applied signs in the process of manufacture or while using. There is no reason to consider the marks as elements of writing systems. Chronologically the considered finds correspond to the I century BC – II century AD. The spread of marks on arrowheads from Piany Bor sites is probably an epochal phenomenon characteristic of the Middle Sarmatian time. The marks are not a direct copying and exact borrowing, but a reworking of the idea of marking of objects, using their own traditions of inscription of marks.

The article presents the results of osteometric research of small groups from the Permian Kama region, attributed to the period of Russian colonization (XVI–XVIII centuries). Mainly three groups are compared (the population of Solikamsk, the first settlers at the Yegoshikha copper-smelter works, the Pyskor monastery dwellers). Also, paleoanthropological data on the medieval population and somatological studies of the XIX–XX centuries in the Upper Kama region are used to compare body length. There is an extremely shortish and gracile "solikamsk" group with a feebly marked bone relief and low gender dimorphism of the skeleton. The specificity of this group is seen both in the absolute size of the postcranial skeleton long bones, and in some combined osteometric features: osteological lengths of hands and legs, a conditional index of the skeleton size, reconstructed body length, etc. The average body length of the representatives of the other groups (men) falls within the range of 161–164 cm.

The purpose of the article was a comprehensive study of stone decorations from the Chalcolithic sites of the region. The authors used petrographic description, typological and use-wear analysis. The authors examined 40 items from 6 archaeological sites located in the Upper (2) and Middle (4) Kama region. The jewelry was made of serpentinite of varying degrees of hardness. Serpentinite could originate from the Saranovsky and Moivinsky deposits in the Perm region. The shape of the products was divided into 5 groups, among which the leading ones were oval and teardrop-shaped. Most of the jewelry had a single through hole, which was more often located in the upper part of the product and was drilled on one side. The use-wear analysis made it possible to identify traces from the manufacture of jewelry, traces from use and traces that appeared as a result of the archeologization of objects. Most products were treated as patches on clothing. The shape and quality of jewelry could depend on both the hardness of the raw materials and the skills of the master. They don't create standard groups. The closest analogies can be found in the ornaments studied at the Ust-Kama burial grounds. The population that left these burial grounds could take part in the formation of the Chalcolithic cultures of the Kama forest.

Objects, decorated with images of the head of a bird of prey, spread on the territory of the Ananyino cultural and historical area (Ananyino world) with the appearance of bimetallic hammer-axes and are associated with movement of the nomads of the Kazakhstan-Central Asian region to the west at the beginning of the Early Iron Age. The earliest images of the head of a bird of prey in the Ananyino cultural and historical area are dated to the second quarter/middle of the VII century BC. From the second quarter of the VI BC under the influence of the Scythian animal style, images of the head of a bird of prey with animal ears appeared. In the VI–V centuries BC the independent Ananyino compositions were formed, such as reproductions of owls, heads of a bird of prey on the tops of the "ceremonial" axes sockets and shoulders of full-figured images of birds, "circular motion" and "transformations" of bird heads on spindle whorls. The image of the head of a bird of prey was used till the end of the Ananyino cultural and historical area existence – IV – the first half of the III century BC.

Perm Krai and the socio-political processes taking place in it are in many ways typical of Russia, and therefore of interest to a wide audience of researchers and political analysts. Based on the theoretical constructions of international elites studies and the Perm School of Political Science and elitology, we study the political and business elites of the region, their political behavior, aspects of identity, as well as the most politically sensitive topics in the life of the region. Relying primarily on the literature analysis and subsequent own semi-standardized in-depth interviews (N10) with representatives of regional elites - the following results were obtained. The identity of the elites and everymen in Perm region is somewhat vague, associated with the neutral notion of geographical region of the Kama region. Liberalism in the economic sphere and a relatively stable inter-elite consensus in the political sphere, based on technocracy, are characteristic of the region’s policy for some decades. The region is characterized by a low socio-political dynamics compared to the benchmark regions of the Urals and Siberia, due to lack of regionally oriented elites and businesses and the predominance of various kinds of “Varangians” in the political class. The socio-political and cultural landscape of the region (the Perm Cultural Project) becomes a starting place and a source of supplies for the elites, receiving back very little. Thus, the region remains a promising project that cannot be realized in any way.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the beads found on the Glyadenovo sanctuary during the 2003-2006 excavation period. Glyadenovo hillfort and sanctuary archaeology site (VI century BC – V century AD) is a large cult center of the Early Iron Age in the Kama region. Total number consists of 842 beads. These beads are presented in such amount for the first time. The analysis includes a morpho-technological description of the beads. The beads are divided into categories based on a number of similar priority features. There are five categories of beads: metal beads, beads with metal foil, monochrome glass beads, Egyptian faience and polychrome glass beads. "Gold-glass" beads with a metal foil predominate. Blue beads with a décor like eyes predominate for polychromes beads. The chronological markers are identified on the basis of analogies with the beads from other regions.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the controversial issues of studying the Eneolithic of the forest Volga Region, Prikamye, and Trans-Urals. The main results of the study of the early metal epoch of the Middle Volga Region, articulated in the monograph by V.V. Nikitin, are considered. The conclusions of the author of the monograph are based on a considerable source base. The materials were analyzed both by individual housing structures and by complexes. A more scrupulous analysis is devoted to the pottery items, as a priority in distinguishing the Eneolithic cultures. Stone industries are more prone to the territorial specifics associated with raw material resources. The sections of the book allow researchers of the adjacent territories to envision the cultural specificity of the Middle Volga antiquities against the background of the Eneolithic cultures of the Volga-Kama region. The monograph proposes to distinguish a special Maidan Culture within the Volosovo historical and cultural community. The paper touches upon the aspect of the relationship between the cultural area and community. Peculiarities of the origins of the Early Eneolithic cultures in the Upper Volga region, Prikamye, and Trans-Urals are observed. Local and foreign components are taken into account. General and specific chronological boundaries of the appearance and development in different territories are identified, and their reasons are explained. Attention is drawn to the fact that the complexes preceding the Volosovо or Ayat structures belong to the Late Neolithic or Early Eneolithic. The processes of intercultural interaction between the Trans-Urals and Cis-Urals cultures are recorded both in the transition period from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic and in the later period. The significant influence of the bearers of the forest-steppe zone cultures on the northern neighbors is ascertained. A more mosaic cultural diversity is recorded in the southern territories when compared with the cultures of the forest belt. The question of whether the Eneolithic inhabitants of this region practiced agriculture or stock rearing remains controversial. The least developed are the aspects related to both the social structure and the further fate of the tribes of the early metal epoch. Reconstructions of components of the spiritual culture of the Eneolithic population are highly hypothetical.

The authors publish information about the new art casting finds of the second half of the 1st millennium BC, which are made of copper alloys. The items are of considerable interest as original examples of the artistic work of the population of the Kama Region in the early Iron Age, and as sources allowing to solve the issues of intercultural contacts, the interaction of realms with various economic dominants. Some of the published finds are to a certain extent related to sites whose purpose in the Kama archaeology remains to be studied (Galanovo worship place), and the new discovery of a “Pinezhsky” type of axe allows us to turn back to the issues of the status of individual items, and the sociology of the Early Iron Age societies of the forest zone.

The paper addresses one of the most representative and significant categories of items discovered in the cultural layers of the Volga-Kama settlements - a spinning wheel. Zuevoklyuchevskoe I hillfort – one of the largest fortified settlements of the Kama Region - is the origin of arguably the most extensive collection of spinning wheels of the Early Iron Age. The interpretation of spinning wheels as artifacts of the weaving culture in archaic societies, starting from the Neolithic period, is no longer unambiguous. Hence the more relevant references to each complete collection of finds. The material, shape and decoration of the spindle wheels originating from the stratified layers of the Ananyino and Piany Bor period are analyzed, and their horizontal and vertical distribution in the cultural layers and sites is assessed, along with the possibility of considering spinning wheels as cultural and chronological indicators.

The materials of 25 burials of the burial ground “Kuzinskie hutora” located on the left bank of the Vetluga (Kostroma region, Sharya district) are represented in the paper. This archaeological site was opened in 2013 by V.V. Nikitin and investigated by T.B. Nikitina and A.V. Akilbaev in 2014, 2017. Study of this archaeological site continues. Accompanying burial inventory has a wide range of analogies, on the basis of which the authors make the relative dating of the site within the 9th–11th centuries. Among the inventory there is a range of things (belt elements, some types of weapons, steels), which have spread throughout this period throughout the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia. But some items that are the matter for ethnic and cultural identification may be singled out clearly among the burial inventory. Head metal chains, temple rings in the form of a bracelet, chest ornaments in the form of a trapezoid, shoe pendants in the form of eye glasses are considered associated with the Mari population of Vetluga-Vyatka interfluve. Separate items (pendants with two heads of horses, buckle with bear image) indicate a connection with the Perm population of Kama region. Correlation of certain types of the artifacts with definite burials will allow in the future identifying the ethnic groups, associated with this unique necropolis.

The author examines the geography of settlements of the early Iron Age finale (Glyadenovo culture) - early medieval period (second half of the I Millennium BC: Mazuninо/Bahmutino, Lomovatovo, Nevolino, Polom/Cheptza, Kushnarenkovo/Karayakupovo cultures) in the Kama River and the Cis-Ural regions. As shown by statistics collected through archaeological studies on these settlements, the proportion of such sites among the general masses of sites from published maps is very small. That, in turn, questions a number of aspects related to the characteristics of these crops. Firstly, the time these settlements functioned: their density, as shown on the published maps, their distribution per square unit, does not allow us to think that these settlements could exist simultaneously. Second, identification of various local-territorial variations of these archaeological cultures, in the context when settlements are not sufficiently and equally studied, will inevitably be just a formality and will hardly reflect the real cultural-historical situation in the region during the studied period. In view of the above, the author suggests scaling-up the approach used to study the Polom/Cheptza culture and developed by M.G. Ivanova and her colleagues to cover the whole territory of the Kama and Cis-Ural regions. Otherwise, the author maintains that any further study of this era in the region is doomed to generation of various meta-constructions and meta-histories to the detriment of archaeology as a source-based science.

The article addresses history of studies and some debatable issues regarding the origin, development and chronology of Dzuketau ceramics (group XIII of non-glazed ceramics according to T.A. Khlebnikova’s classification). Such ware was distinguished as a separate group after archaeological research on the sites in the Lower Kama Region in 1960s. It is mainly localized in the cultural layer of Dzhuketau – one of the economic and political centers in the Volga Bulgaria. The article summarizes the main published materials and presents typological and technological features of Dzuketau ceramics. Some debatable issues related to studying different aspects of existence of this type of ceramics are subjected to analysis. The author emphasizes the important role played by Dzhuketau ceramics in material culture found on the sites in the Volga Bulgaria Region in pre-Mongol and Golden Horde time. In conclusion, the author defines perspectives for further studies of Dzhuketau ceramics.

The article focuses on the chronology of graves dating back to the early (1st – 2nd centuries AD) – Nyrgynda stage of the 1st – 5th century Tarasovo burial ground, a classical monument attributed to the Cheganda culture of the Pyany Bor cultural-historical community. Cultural stratigraphy is applied as a research method. Artifacts from the early stage were correlated for 37 male and 102 female complexes, separately. The analysis of grave goods from male burials showed the following three chronological groups, that can be distinguished at the Nyrgynda stage: 1st century (group 1), 2nd century (group 2) and 1st – 2nd centuries AD (group 3). The goods from female graves are more representative and various, so three more groups with shorter chronological lives can be singled out: the fi rst half of the 2nd century (group 2а), the second half of the 2nd century (group 2б) and the 1st – fi rst half of the 2nd century (group 4). Certainly, the suggested chronology leaves room for any eventual corrections subject to new findings.

The article is a response to the criticism of the concept of Ugric presence in the Kama and the Urals region in the early Middle Ages, which was advanced at the XIX Urals archaeological congress in Syktyvkar in 2013. The severest criticisms were aimed by R.D. Goldina and V.V. Napolskikh at the findings of the underlying archaeological statistical analysis conducted by the author of this article. Some comments turned out to be correct. Having considered these critical remarks, in this article, the author presents the results of a new statistical analysis of the funerary rite of archaeological cultures in the Kama region and the Ural region in the second half of I millennium AD, and their synchronous cultures from the forest zone of the Trans-Ural region and Western Siberia and the ancient burial grounds of the Hungarians (the Arpad period) on the Danube. He sets out the principles of selection of the input materials and methods of their statistical analysis. The conducted studies allow a conclusion: Lomovatovo, Nevolino, Polom culture in the Kama region, Kushnarenkovo and Kara-Yakupovo cultures in the forest-steppe zone of the Cis-Ural region, forest culture from the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia, in fact, represent one ethnocultural area (ECA) and are typologically associated with the archaeological culture of the ancient Hungarians. In conclusion, the author proposes to abandon, for a while, further attempts to combine data of archaeology and historical linguistics in ethnic reconstructions and explain the phenomenon of high typological similarity of the above cultures using modern methods of analysis of archaeological material, or prove absence of such phenomenon.

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