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We present an electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer operating in the mid- infrared for carbon dioxide sensing. Isotopic ratio measurements of 13CO2/12CO2 are per- formed and the results show good agreements with the expectations.

International audience; We provide experimental characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering at 2-µm wavelength in step-index optical fibers made of various types of infrared materials. Our results show that the main characteristics of the Brillouin process such as the frequency shift, spectral linewidth and gain can be widely tuned through the index-controlled guiding of both acoustic and optical waves as well as the intrinsic material properties of the fiber under test. More precisely, we found that depending on the used material the Brillouin frequency shift can be decreased by 30% in a common step-index fiber design, while its linewidth and gain efficiency can be increased by a factor 5 and 180, respectively, when compared with the standard silica fiber. Four families of fiber materials were analyzed near 2 µm as well as at 1.55 µm for comparison, namely, germanosilicate, zirconium fluoride, tellurium oxide, and sulfur-based chalcogenide. Our findings open the way for further fundamental investigations of stimulated Brillouin scattering and the development of practical applications in the 2-µm spectral range.

Frequency combs correspond to optical spectra composed of a succession of equally spaced lines that can be used in numerous fields such as high-precision spectroscopy. The authors report a new way of converting frequency combs in the mid-infrared region, which has potential applications in molecular spectroscopy and gas sensing.

We demonstrate a dual-comb spectrometer based on the direct electro-optic modulation of a continuous-wave laser operating in the thulium amplification band. We show that the emergent two-micrometer technology is already suitable for developing all-fibered dual-comb setups employed here for gas sensing applications. By performing spectroscopic measurements around two micrometers on carbon dioxide, we obtain very good agreement between the experimental results and calculations provided by the HITRAN database. These results pave the way to the extension of electro-optic dual-comb spectrometry in the mid-infrared region.

International audience; We theoretically introduce and experimentally demonstrate a new approach to generate high-quality, high repetition-rate pulse trains. This method is based on a temporal sinusoidal phase modulation combined with a triangular spectral phase shaping. Experimental results validate the concept at repetition rates of 10 and 20 GHz.

Mid-infrared (2−20 μm) gas sensing allows the detection of strong molecular absorptions with rather small absorption lengths (≤1 m). Various techniques can perform spectroscopic measurements in the mid-infrared but dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) is one of the most powerful knowing its precision and real-time abilities [1]. However, setups used to perform DCS are in general complex since they require the phase locking of two independent femtosecond lasers at the known state of the art stability. This particular drawback can be bypassed if the combs are generated with electro-optic modulators (EOM) [2]. However, these equipments operate in the telecommunication wavelengths, generally near 1.55 μm where molecular absorptions are not very intense. Here, we experimentally demonstrate two different techniques of generating frequency combs with EOMs around 2 μm.

Optical fiber systems are well-known to provide convenient platforms in which one may investigate a large variety of fascinating fundamental nonlinear coherent structures such as solitons or self-similar patterns. Interestingly, one of the major conclusions of the studies dealing with extreme-value fluctuations is that the temporal and spectral characteristics of localization processes can be well described in terms of solitons over finite background and in particular in terms of Peregrine soliton (PS) [1]. Whereas the longitudinal evolution of the temporal and spectral intensity of the PS have been characterized in detail [2], much less attention has been experimentally devoted to the evolution of its phase properties. We report here a study that complements the analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of this coherent structure: by exploring the longitudinal evolution of the temporal phase profile and the phase difference Δϕ between the central part of the pulse and the continuous background, we experimentally confirm some important features of the PS [3].

National audience; Nous décrivons deux expériences nous permettant de manipuler les propriétés de cohérence d'ondes partiellement cohérentes. Les montages expérimentaux développés reposent sur la manipulation de la phase spectrale du champ initial, assistée éventuellement d'une modulation sinusoïdale préalable de sa phase temporelle. Les signaux d'autocorrélation en intensité mesurés soulignent le changement significatif des caractéristiques temporelles des signaux incohérents obtenus.

International audience; Fourier analysis plays a major role in the analysis and understanding of many phenomena in physics and contemporary engineering. However, students, who have often discovered this notion through numerical tools, do not necessarily understand all the richness that can be derived from joint analysis in the temporal and spectral domains, particularly in the field of optics. As part of the second year of the Master's degree in Physics Lasers and Materials at the University of Burgundy, we have set up a set of experiments to highlight these concepts and to show, on a non-trivial example of periodic phase modulation, the precautions to be taken in the interpretation of the various experimentally accessible spectra. This hands-on session, made possible through the use of the research infrastructure, is also an introduction to the use of standard optical telecommunications equipment.

International audience; We show that single mode Si waveguides efficiently sustain high-speed transmissions at 2 µm. We report the transmission of a 10 Gbit/s signal over 7 cm with a power penalty below 1 dB. Parametric conversion in the continuous wave regime is also demonstrated using the same waveguide structure with a conversion window over 70 nm and an efficiency as high as-25 dB that can be further increased in the pulsed pump regime.

International audience; We report the development of titanium dioxide-based waveguides for applications in the near-and mid-infrared. Thanks to embedded metal grating couplers, we demonstrate error free 10 Gbit/s optical transmissions at 1.55 and 2 µm. With additional management of the dispersion profile, we also demonstrate octave spanning supercontinuum in cm-long TiO2 waveguides.

We show that subwavelength silicon-rich nitride waveguides efficiently sustain high-speed transmissions at 2 $\mu$m. We report the transmission of a 10 Gbit/s signal over 3.5 cm with negligible power penalty. Parametric conversion in the pulsed pump regime is also demonstrated using the same waveguide structure with an efficiency as high as -18 dB., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1811.04717

We report the first demonstration of a single-pass dual-orthogonal-pump four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion scheme in a silicon-based waveguide. The silicon germanium waveguide used was designed to exhibit strong TE/TM mode similarity across a broad wavelength range as well as a large nonlinear coefficient. A polarization-dependent loss of just 0.42 dB was measured, and the conversion of 40-Gb/s differential phase-shift keying signals was demonstrated with 1.5-dB power penalty at a bit error ratio of $10^{-9}$ .

We operate micron-sized CdSe/CdS core–shell quantum dot (QD) clusters deposited onto gold patches as integrated light sources for the excitation of photonic waveguides. The surface plasmon mode launched by the QD fluorescence at the top interface of the gold patches are efficiently coupled to photonic modes sustained by titanium dioxide ridge waveguides. We show that, despite a large effective index difference, the plasmonic and the photonic modes can couple with a very high efficiency provided the vertical offset between the two kinds of waveguides is carefully controlled. Based on the effective index contrast of the plasmonic and the photonic modes, we engineer in-plane integrated hybrid lenses. The hybrid lenses are obtained by shaping the contact interface between the plasmonic and the photonic waveguides. We demonstrate a 2-fold enhancement of the coupling efficiency for tapers equipped with a hybrid lens. Our results are expected to be useful for the development of low-cost, integrated light sources...

Frequency combs are optical spectra composed of a set of discrete equally spaced lines. Such spectra can be generated by diverse sources such as mode-locked lasers, resonators, or electro-optic modulators. This last possibility has shown a growing interest in the recent years for its advantageous features in providing high repetition rates, intrinsic mutual coherence, or high power per comb lines. Moreover, applications of electro-optic modulator-based combs have flourished in fundamental physics, spectroscopy, or instrumental calibrations. In this paper, we present the most recent progresses made on frequency combs generated by electro-optic modulators, along with the applications where these combs have shown a particular interest.

We present a simultaneous study of the phase properties of rational breather waves generated in a water wave tank and in an optical fiber platform, namely, the Peregrine soliton and related second-order solution. Our analysis of experimental wave measurements makes use of standard demodulation and filtering techniques in hydrodynamics and more complex phase retrieval techniques in optics to quantitatively confirm analytical and numerical predictions. We clearly highlight a characteristic phase shift that is a multiple of π between the central pulsed part and the continuous background of rational breathers at their maximum compression. Moreover, we reveal a large longitudinal phase shift across the point of maximum compression.

International audience; We report the first experimental study of the longitudinal evolution of breather pulses during nonlinear fiber propagation. Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval reveals a large phase shift across the point of maximum compression.

Background: Electrically controlled optical metal antennas are an emerging class of nanodevices enabling a bilateral transduction between electrons and photons. At the heart of the device is a tunnel junction that may either emit light upon injection of electrons or generate an electrical current when excited by a light wave. The current study explores a technological route for producing these functional units based upon the electromigration of metal constrictions.Results: We combine multiple nanofabrication steps to realize in-plane tunneling junctions made of two gold electrodes, separated by a sub-nanometer gap acting as the feedgap of an optical antenna. We electrically characterize the transport properties of the junctions in the light of the Fowler–Nordheim representation and the Simmons model for electron tunneling. We demonstrate light emission from the feedgap upon electron injection and show examples of how this nanoscale light source can be coupled to waveguiding structures.Conclusion: Electromigrated in-plane tunneling optical antennas feature interesting properties with their unique functionality enabling interfacing electrons and photons at the atomic scale and with the same device. This technology may open new routes for device-to-device communication and for interconnecting an electronic control layer to a photonic architecture.

International audience; We report on the experimental generation of an octave-spanning supercontinuum in a 2.2 cm-long titanium dioxide optical waveguide with two zero dispersion wavelengths. The resulting on-chip supercontinuum reaches the visible wavelength range as well as the mid-infrared region by using a femtosecond fiber laser pump at 1.64 µm.

We report the transmission of a 10 Gbps telecommunication signal at 2 μm in waveguides made of three different materials: Si, SiGe and TiO2. Bit error rates below 10−9 can be achieved after transmission in the devices with subwavelength dimensions.

We experimentally demonstrate a novel approach of generating frequency combs in a highly nonlinear fiber. Using fourth-order modulation instability, we converted around 2 µm two mutually coherent frequency combs to perform CO2 spectroscopy.

International audience; We present a general method to determine the parameters of nonlinear pulse shaping systems based on pulse propagation in a normally dispersive fiber that are required to achieve the generation of pulses with various specified temporal properties. The nonlinear shaping process is reduced to a numerical optimization problem over a three-dimensional space, where the intersections of different surfaces provide the means to quickly identify the sets of parameters of interest. We also show that the implementation of a machine-learning strategy can efficiently address the multi-parameter optimization problem being studied.

International audience; We demonstrate an error-free transmission of 10-Gbit/s optical signals along a SiGe waveguide at a wavelength of 1.98 μm. Bit error rate measurements confirm the absence of penalty during the transmission through a 2.5-cm long waveguide having a width of 2.2 μm.

International audience; We demonstrate error free transmissions of 10 Gbps signals in titanium dioxide waveguides at wavelengths of 1.55 or 2 µm. An efficient coupling of light is achieved thanks to metal grating couplers and we have checked that the component could be used with standard CWDM SFP+ devices.

Exploring new spectral bands for optical transmission is one of the solutions to support the increasingly demand of data traffic. The recent development of dedicated hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers [1], associated to the emergence of thulium doped fiber amplifiers [2] has recently focused the attention further in the infrared, and more specifically around 2 μm. Regarding integrated photonics, it becomes therefore interesting to find a suitable platform to operate at 2 μm as well as in the other more conventional spectral bands (going from 800 nm to 1550 nm). Here, we propose titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as a good candidate for integrated waveguide photonics and demonstrate, for the first time, high bit rate transmissions at 1550 nm and 1980 nm.

International audience; We demonstrate the transmission of a 10-Gbit/s optical data signal in the 2 µm waveband into titanium dioxide waveguides. Error-free transmissions have been experimentally achieved taking advantage of a 23-dB insertion loss fiber-to-fiber grating-based injection test-bed platform.

National audience; En exploitant l'analogie entre les mondes hydrodynamiques et optiques, les solitons optiques dans les fibres en verre de silice ont pu mimer les vagues solitaires. D’autres types de vagues peuvent bénéficier d’une telle analogie. Les vagues scélérates ou bien encore les mascarets ont ainsi trouvé leurs équivalents en optique guidée et ont été découverts grâce à des dispositifs utilisant les technologies des télécommunications optiques ultrarapides.

We report a low-power continuous wave-pumped phase sensitive amplifier (PSA)-based phase regenerator implemented in a passive silicon-based waveguide. A polarization assisted-PSA, consisting of two orthogonally-polarized pumps and a phase-locked signal copolarized to one of them, was implemented in a low-birefringence silicon germanium (SiGe) waveguide. The strong TE/TM modal symmetry of the waveguide and its large nonlinear coefficient enabled the achievement of an extremely large phase sensitive extinction ratio of approximately 29 dB for a total input power of only 21.3 dBm. This SiGe-based PSA was used to demonstrate phase regeneration on a 20 Gb/s differential phase-shift keying signal, thereby reducing its error vector magnitude and phase error by three and six times respectively and enabling a bit-error ratio improvement of up to 2 dB.