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The primary goal of this study is to inspect the Government Expenditure consequence on the Pakistan’s economy growth. For this intention study used data of annual time series from 1980 to 2020. The research-work utilized ADF Unit-Root Test that verify stationary data. And applied (OLS) technique to estimation the connection among the GDP and Govt Expenditure, Inflation, and GDP per capita. The estimation of the OLS method shows there is a positive and significant impact of Govt expenditure and GDP per capita on GDP. While; Inflation has a significantly negative influence on GDP of the country. This study propose that Fiscal Policy Expansionary can be utilized by the Govt to motivate the economic situation during the time of downturn.

Protection of critical infrastructure in an urban environment is a challenging task, specifically against the vehicle bourne improvised explosive device threat. To design infrastructure to withstand this evolving threat, novel solutions and advanced materials need to be developed. One such material of interest are auxetics. This study experimentally analysed the mitigation of blast response of auxetic re-entrant honeycomb structures, with geometries varying between −ve 30° and +ve 30° using additive manufacturing (3D printing) techniques and non-explosive loading via shock tube. Re-entrant auxetic structures (−ve 15°) exhibited repeatable blast mitigation of 23% and reduced the transmitted pressure and impulse of the blast wave. Further highlighting their potential application as a protective measure to enhance a structures blast survivability.

Dynamic instability of decentralized wind energy farms is a major issue to deliver continuous green energy to electricity consumers. This instability is caused by variations of voltage and frequency parameters due to intermittencies in wind power. Previously, droop control and inverter-based schemes have been proposed to regulate the voltage by balancing reactive power, while inertial control, digital mapping technique of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller and efficiency control strategy have been developed to regulate the frequency. In this paper, voltage stability is improved by a new joint strategy of distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) six-pulse controller based reactive power management among decentralized wind turbines and controlled charging of capacitor bank. The frequency stability is ensured by a joint coordinated utilization of capacitor bank and distributed wind power turbines dispatching through a new DSTATCOM six-pulse controller scheme. In both strategies, power grid is contributed as a backup source with less priority. These new joint strategies for voltage and frequency stabilities will enhance the stable active power delivery to end users. A system test case is developed to verify the proposed joint strategies. The test results of the proposed new schemes are proved to be effective in terms of stability improvement of voltage, frequency and active power generation.

Protection of micro-Grid is a future challenging issue. A fault occur at one part of micro-grid can cause the whole micro-Grid to be faulty. A protection scheme is needed which protect the micro-Grid by isolating that faulty part. Fault levels at both current and voltage parameters are different in stand-alone and utility grid connected mode. An effective protection scheme is developed for both modes in this paper. Fault levels at both current and voltage are analysed. After clearance of fault, reconnection of faulty part is also another major problem which needs to be sorted out. A reconnection scheme is also be presented in this paper. These effective protection and reconnection developed schemes are tested on system model for both utility grid connected and stand-alone mode of microgrid which are proven to be effective.

Intermittent wind assisted micro-grid (MG) has accomplished a unique recognition around the globe in distributed power generation. However, power system instability and security are the main issues in integration of MG with the conventional power grid. Load curve fluctuation results into voltage instability at the point of common coupling (PCC). This voltage instability at PCC bus is one of the major cause of weak interconnection and also a main challenge of integration of MG. In this article, a control scheme of stability management controller (SMC) is developed in which required load is isolated using security index current that will sort out the voltage instability issue at PCC and hence, interconnection of MG becomes comparably more strong. A system model is implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. The simulation results are analysed which show the effectiveness of newly developed SMC scheme.

This paper studies the local adaptive and robust adaptive control methodologies for the synchronization of the chaotic drive and the response systems with finite time lags, bounded delay rates, unknown parameters, and perturbations. A local adaptive coherence control condition under bounded initial condition is developed to synthesize a feedback controller capable of executing successful synchronization of the drive and the response systems with uncertain parameters and delay belonging to a range (with either zero or nonzero lower bound). A sufficiency condition for the adaptive control approach is inculcated through an amendment in the conventional Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, which enables to develop the adaptation laws for the unknown parameters associated with the nonlinearity in the dynamical behavior of the drive and the response systems. Further, a robust adaptive synchronization control condition for asymptotic convergent behavior of the synchronization error to a bounded region under perturbations as well as disturbances is provided. Indifferent to the existing works, delay-range-dependent adaptive synchronization methodologies are derived in this paper, and the rendered controller design conditions are valid for both the slow and the fast variations in time delays. Numerical simulations for the chaotic delayed Hopfield neural networks are presented to elaborate the efficacy of the proposed delay-range-dependent adaptive and robust adaptive synchronization control methodologies.

Low power consumption is always a goal in the design and manufacture of digital circuits. It allows increases in performance, stability, better operational costs and overall battery time among other benefits. Many low power design techniques have been proposed in the past for clocked designs. However, the clock itself is a major element which consumes power and produces heat. The latest trend in low power design approach is to eliminate the clock source from the architecture as it consumes most of the power. This is known as asynchronous design. The prime focus of this study was to utilize existing ASIC design tools for design and analysis of asynchronous circuits. The circuits are implemented with the help of a hardware description language (HDL) using Delay Insensitive Minterm Synthesis (DIMS) technique and simulated using Mentor Graphics ModelSim. Four phase, dual-rail asynchronous design protocol is used. The results showed that four phase, dual-rail clockless circuits using Muller-C element are easy to implement through HDL language using DIMS technique, because it is simple for synthesis of dual rail functional blocks and the advantage is that the designs are strong condition Quasi Delay Insensitive (QDI). Furthermore it has been established that an existing ASIC design tool flow can be used to design clockless circuits on a larger scale.