Search

A novel low-profile beam-switchable antenna operating in the Extended Global System for Mobile Communications band of 5G sub-6 GHz for vehicular communication is proposed in this paper. The proposed work has a centre patch that connects with four parasitic radiators and encompasses a tapered patch to R1, R2, R3 and R4 which are slotted loop rectangular patches. The main lobe switching is achieved for Extended GSM by switching between the states of PIN diode circuits, which affects the overall performance of the antenna. With the dimensions of 0.346 λe × 0.346 λe, the presented work exhibits a very-low-profile antenna, having an impedance bandwidth of 14.7% and a peak gain of 1.27 dBi. The proposed beam-switchable antenna incorporates four similar radiators facing different directions affixed to the central square patch director. Each PIN diode is incited eventually to obtain the same resonant frequency at each radiator. The pattern of the proposed antenna can be switched using different states of PIN diodes in the angles of 81°, 171°, 261° and 351°. The prototype is fabricated, and the measured results are in agreement with the simulated results. For the validation of the practicability of the proposed antenna, the far-field analysis is done on the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The presented state of the art is a novel coplanar optically transparent antenna designed to operate in extended GSM, L‐band, and UWB applications for vehicular communication. The presented radiator operates using a coplanar waveguide feed mechanism without a separate ground plane layer with a minimal conductive surface to enhance the transparency of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna design has dimensions of 40 × 20 mm2, and a transparent material of soda–lime glass is used as a substrate with a dielectric constant of 7. The radiating element over the substrate is the conductive film fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) with a sheet resistance of 7 Ω/sq. The operating frequency range of the designed antenna is from 0.86 to 14.45 GHz, which encloses the E‐GSM (900 MHz), L‐band (1–2 GHz), and UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) frequencies. The peak gains at the operating frequencies are 1, 1.6, and 4.34 dBi, respectively. The designed antenna is fabricated and measured, and the performance metrics are plotted and compared. Since the transparent antenna is designed, the tendency of a substance to conduct light is measured as the optical transmittance, and it is calculated as 95% in the glass reference and 82% in the air reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The design, fabrication and experimental validation of defected microstrip structure (DMS) are proposed to address the problem of near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and far-end crosstalk (FEXT) between the microstrip transmission lines in a printed circuit board. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed DMS evolved with the combination of spur line (L-shaped DMS) and U-shaped DMS topologies. This technique reduces the strength of electromagnetic coupling and suppresses crosstalk by optimizing the capacitive and inductive coupling ratio between the linked microstrip lines. The practical inductance value is much more significant in DMS than in defected ground structures (DGS), but the capacitance value remains the same. Findings: A DMS unit is etched on the aggressor microstrip line instead of the DGS circuit. Because there is no leakage via the ground plane and the circuit size is far smaller than with DGS, the enclosure issue is disregarded. DMS structures have a larger effective inductance and are resistant to electromagnetic interference. A tightly coupled transmission line structure with minimal separation between the coupled microstrip line is designed using DMS. Further research must be conducted to improve the NEXT, FEXT and spacing between the transmission lines. Originality/value: Simulation and actual measurement results show that the proposed DMS structure can effectively suppress crosstalk by analysing the S-parameters, namely, S_12, S_13 and S_14, with measured values of 1.48 dB, 20.65 dB and 21.099 dB, respectively. The data rate is measured to be 1.34 Gbps as per the eye diagram characterization. The results show that the NEXT and FEXT are reduced by approximately 20 dB in the frequency range of 1–11 GHz for mixed signals. The substantial measured results in the vector network analyser coincide with the computer simulation technology microwave studio suite simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the inspection and verification of vehicle-related information are done by police inspectors using camera-based systems or manually. Though integrating video technology is more advantageous than manual operation, they do not perform accurately due to bad weather or driving styles. This paper presents the design of a compact, durable, battery-free, UHF RFID tag with enough memory to carry necessary information for automatic identification of traffic law enforcement applications. The vehicle owner can also be alerted when the tag is detected due to the visual indication facility. This tag’s novel feature includes adapting a modified T-match structure to match the highly capacitive impedance of the chosen RFID sensor chip, i.e., Farsens Rocky100. In contrast to existing designs, the proposed tag contains no extra lumped components that necessitate an external impedance matching circuit. Instead, the input impedance was matched using an advanced T-match topology and by optimizing the antenna’s geometrical features. Simulations were done in Ansys HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) whereas the dimensions of all the printed elements were fine-tuned using parametric optimization. The tag was fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate and measured. The tag with an overall size of 110 × 25 × 2.4 mm³ can be detected by a conventional UHF RFID reader within a range of about 0.2 m–1 m. Due to the loop configuration, the tag exhibits a confined detection range while operating well within short ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a quad-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) semitransparent antenna is designed for automotive applications. The transparent soda lime glass substrate is used in the prototype antenna for windshield applications, and the radiator is nontransparent copper metal. The unit cell radiator of the MIMO antenna is similar to the "NISSAN automobile-like" logo. The proposed MIMO antenna has a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 3.4 to 11 GHz. The edge-to-edge distance between the elements in the MIMO configuration is 6 mm. The antenna elements are perpendicularly oriented to offer dual (horizontal and vertical) polarization, which aids in providing better isolation and good signal reception in all directions. The isolation between the resonating elements is greater than 15 dB without the use of any decoupling structure. The diversity metrics are examined in order to gain a better understanding of the MIMO antenna performance. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.01, diversity gain (DG) is greater than 9.98 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and channel capacity loss (CCL) are less than −10 dB and 0.07 bits/s/Hz, respectively. The quad-port MIMO antenna offers transparency of 52.26% over the entire area. The proposed antenna could be suitable for automotive applications such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicular communications, and the automatic vehicle identifier (AVI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]