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A variety of new methodologies to pattern biomolecules on surfaces and to detect binding events are currently being developed for high-throughput assay applications. Carbohydrates serve as attachment sites for toxins, bacteria, and viruses. Immobilized carbohydrate units can thus be used to directly detect these agents or as a platform for inhibitor assessment. In this work, modified glycosides were patterned on gold surfaces to monitor the binding of the homopentameric B5 cell-recognition subunit of the Shiga-like toxin (SLT). Binding was detected with the label-free method of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. Two synthetic multivalent inhibitors were used in order to effect inhibitory binding, and SPR imaging is presented as a simple alternative to ELISA for the study of toxin inhibition. In contrast to existing methods for the study of carbohydrate--protein interactions, in particular ELISA, the use of micropatterned sensor surfaces is shown to be advantageous due to a decrease in complications and manual labor from numerous blocking, washing, and labeling steps. Carbohydrate receptor density on the sensor surface was optimized in order to effect the maximum binding of the SLT. The I[C.sub.50] values determined were in the low-nanomolar range for each of the two inhibitors studied.

A simple method is presented for patterning of protein antigens at a gold surface for use in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging experiments. Microfluidic devices fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) were used to flow various fluids over a gold substrate in spatially defined channels. This technique was used to pattern the surface chemistry of the gold as well as to adsorb antigens from solution to the modified substrates. The resulting antigen arrays were probed with complementary antibodies in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the patterning for antibody capture experiments. SPR imaging was used to aid in the optimization of array fabrication and to observe the interactions of unlabeled antibodies with these microarrays. This work presents a means of fabricating microarrays with controlled surface density of antigens. SPR imaging provides both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of antibody binding in a label free format.

A study was conducted to analyze anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate films adsorbed to ordered graphite electrodes. The study was performed in the electrochemical fluid cell of a nanoscope III multi-Mode system. Experimental results indicated the effectiveness of high-resolution lateral force images in determining the correlation of the structures of adsorbate layers with their electrochemical response.

The interactions between proteins and immobilized carbohydrates are crucial to biological events such as cell signaling and immune response. The modification of surfaces with carbohydrates to create sensing platforms provides a pathway to study these interactions in a laboratory setting. In this work, a family of structurally related Salmonella disaccharide epitopes is immobilized on thin gold films in an array format to probe antibody binding with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. The disaccharides are modified with an alkyl thiol linker for facile immobilization to gold. Small differences in the stereochemistry of the immobilized, modified disaccharides are shown to greatly influence the binding of a monoclonal antibody. Specifically, binding is only observed to an immobilized abequose dideoxyhexose relative to a tyvelose or a paratose analogue. However, both the amount and relative strength of bound antibody depends on the distribution of disaccharide moieties in a mixed monolayer of the epitope and a nonbinding diluent molecule. We thoroughly characterize the mixed monolayers with a variety of techniques to understand the optimal density and distribution of the disaccharide for antibody capture. This work reinforces the importance of controlling the density of ligands at the interface for optimized surface based bioassays.