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Antarctica has been an object of interest for a long. It is considered important to increase individuals awareness and knowledge about Antarctica. The accuracy of individuals' scientific knowledge plays an important role in creating the awareness. In this study, the 349 secondary school students' knowledge and awareness about Antarctica was determined quantitatively with a questionnaire. Nineteen questions, including current topics were prepared. that addressed from biological geographic and climatic perspectives. According to the findings, 40% of the students thought Antarctica is in the North Pole, 42.6% thought polar bears and penguins live together; 46.6% thought Antarctica is best visited during summer months, 70.5% thought most glaciers are located in the northern hemisphere. Based on these findings, it can be said that students have inadequate and alternative conceptions about Antarctica. Studies can be conducted to determine how best to increase students' awareness.

Broadly similar Early to Middle Jurassic stratigraphic sequences including bimodal igneous rocks of the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone of Iran and the Sakarya Zone of Turkey suggest that these formed in a common tectonic setting in an extensional basin that evolved from a terrestrial magmatic rift to a marine shelf and passive continental margin. Whole‐rock chemistry and Sr–Nd isotope signatures indicate derivation of mafic melts from partial melting of the subcontinental lithosphere. Decompression associated with extension led to 5%–30% partial melting of spinel–garnet lherzolite with minor involvement of continental crust, producing tholeiitic to transitional basaltic magma. Extensional basins inverted during the Mid‐Late Jurassic. These relationships suggest the Early to Middle Jurassic formation of a volcanic rifted margin on the SW Eurasian margin, similar to that of offshore Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern Sakarya Zone (SZ), one of the Alpine Himalayan Belt's main components, has complex Mesozoic–Cenozoic geodynamic evolution, which remains controversial. Early-Middle Jurassic volcano-sedimentary successions (Şenköy Formation) extensively outcrops in Gümüşhane region, NE Turkey. It is regarded as a critical unit to understand the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern Sakarya Zone. One of the Şenköy Formation's predominant units is sandstone succession, preserving implications for paleoenvironmental conditions and tectono-sedimentary development of Neotethys Ocean. Thus, a combined analysis of comprehensive petrography, whole-rock major, trace and rare earth element data is carried out on the sandstones, which are well constrained as late Sinemurian- Pliensbachian. The sandstones are mainly arkosic to lithic arenites in lithology showing poor textural maturities. They are mostly represented by relatively high ICV, low CIA, high K2O/Al2O3, Fe2O3+ MgO, TiO2, Th/U, pronounced negative Eu anomaly, enriched LREEs, elevated GdN/YbN, low Ce/Ce*, Ni/Co, La/V and Zr/Ti. The petrographic and geochemical characteristics imply that the sediments may have experienced relatively low chemical weathering processes and slight reworking and recycling processes with a short transport distance before deposition in the basin. Early Jurassic sandstone successions were interpreted as a transgressive series, showing a predominantly open sea environment with oxidizing paleoenvironmental conditions. The sandstone samples' paleoenvironment is likely to be located along the southern margin of the arc and the Neotethyan basin to the south. The extensional and trans-extensional tectonic regime might have played an essential role in controlling the basin's isolated-half graben and/or asymmetric geometry, leading to changes in the provenance of studied sandstone samples. Thus, the geochemical signature differences are probably associated with basement-related proximal origins and minor effects of the multi-phases petrogenesis that experienced different source to sink processes. Early Jurassic sandstones were probably derived from multi-genetic source rocks, including (i) granite and (ii) metamorphic rocks. Our new data has also indicated that other source rocks can include mafic to felsic volcanic succession. The possible provenance for granitic pluton and metamorphic rocks can be provided by the Hercynian heterogenetic crystalline basement widespread throughout the SZ. However, mafic to felsic volcanic rock source is likely to be associated with the pre-Early Jurassic nearby volcanic-arc, which is rarely recorded in the eastern SZ. The source rock signatures may imply a close genetic link with ancient magmatic-arc generation due to the southward subduction of Palaeotethys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]