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Abstract Background There is mounting experimental evidence that hypercapnic acidosis protects against lung injury. However, it is unclear if acidosis per se rather than hypercapnia is responsible for this beneficial effect. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of hypercapnic (respiratory) versus normocapnic (metabolic) acidosis in an ex vivo model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Methods Sixty New Zealand white rabbit ventilated and perfused heart-lung preparations were used. Six study groups were evaluated. Respiratory acidosis (RA), metabolic acidosis (MA) and normocapnic-normoxic (Control - C) groups were randomized into high and low peak inspiratory pressures, respectively. Each preparation was ventilated for 1 hour according to a standardized ventilation protocol. Lung injury was evaluated by means of pulmonary edema formation (weight gain), changes in ultrafiltration coefficient, mean pulmonary artery pressure changes as well as histological alterations. Results HPC group gained significantly greater weight than HPMA, HPRA and all three LP groups (P = 0.024), while no difference was observed between HPMA and HPRA groups regarding weight gain. Neither group differ on ultrafiltration coefficient. HPMA group experienced greater increase in the mean pulmonary artery pressure at 20 min (P = 0.0276) and 40 min (P = 0.0012) compared with all other groups. Histology scores were significantly greater in HP vs. LP groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions In our experimental VILI model both metabolic acidosis and hypercapnic acidosis attenuated VILI-induced pulmonary edema implying a mechanism other than possible synergistic effects of acidosis with CO2 for VILI attenuation.

Abstract Introduction There are only a few reports on laparoscopic pyeloplasty in kidney abnormalities and only one case for laparoscopic pyeloplasty in a duplicated system. Increasing experience in laparoscopic techniques allows proper treatment of such anomalies. However, its feasibility in difficult cases with altered kidney anatomy such as that of duplicated renal pelvis still needs to be addressed. Case presentation We present a case of a 22-year-old white Caucasian female patient with ureteropelvic junction obstruction of the lower ureter of a completely duplicated system that was managed with laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Crossing vessels were identified and transposed. The procedure was carried out successfully and the patient's symptoms subsided. Follow-up studies demonstrated complete resolution of the obstruction. Conclusion Since laparoscopic pyeloplasty is still an evolving procedure, its feasibility in complex cases of kidney anatomic abnormalities is herein further justified.

Study Objective: To compare laparoscopic Ablation and Excision in terms of symptom and Quality of Life outcomes as perceived by endometriosis patients., Design: A Cohort, Method comparison Questionnaire-based study., Setting: Endometriosis-focused Social Media site., Patients: Endometriosis patients with history of Laparoscopic Ablation and Excision., Interventions: On-line questionnaire focused on pre and post procedure (ablation and excision) outcomes across 63 measures in 5 realms: Physical Symptoms, Functional Impact, Psycho-emotional Impact, Social/Sexual Impact, Economic/Educational Impact., Measurements and Main Results: Two hundred and thirty-two respondents with surgical history that included laparoscopic ablation and excision (without concomitant or interposed hysterectomy) identified for ablation only physical symptom improvement of 11.3% and 8.5% for dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia respectively. Ablation provided no significant improvement in any other physical symptom measure. Excision was identified as providing improvements across all symptoms, ranging from 28% to 46%. In terms of functional Impact, ablation provided non-significant improvements or worsening of status. Excision demonstrated significant improvement for patients across most measures of Functional Impact. In terms of Psycho-emotional Impact, a worsening of quality of life status is identified in 23 of 24 measures following ablation. Excision demonstrated improvement in 22 of 24 measures. For Social-Sexual Impact, ablation resulted in worsened status across all measures, with excision demonstrating improvements in all measures, significantly so in most. For Economic/Educational Impact, significant worsening of measures or insignificant improvements were demonstrated following ablation. Excision demonstrated significant improvement in most measures. In all realms, pre-Excision status was worse than pre-Ablation. Allowing for a more focused comparison of ablation and excision, 113 respondents with a surgical history of ablation sequentially followed by excision demonstrated outcomes similar to the larger group: overall worsening of status resulting from ablation and overall improvement in status following excision with pre-Excision morbidity higher than pre-Ablation., Conclusion: In this cohort of patients undergoing laparoscopic endometriosis excision after having undergone endometriosis ablation, the former demonstrated greater beneficial effects over a broad spectrum of symptoms and quality of life measures., (Copyright © 2024 AAGL. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: We aimed to determine whether a standard P504S, 34betaE12 and p63 immunostaining of prostate core needle biopsy specimens can optimize diagnostic accuracy of conventional staining methods., Materials and Methods: The staining properties of all three antibodies were evaluated on 250 prostate biopsies formerly diagnosed as benign., Results: Lack of basal cell staining in more than three glands for 34betaE12 and p63 occurred in 41 (27.5%) and 9 (6%) respective cases from the General Hospital pool. Respective figures from the Uropathology department specimens were 18 (18%) for 34betaE12 and 8 (8%) for p63. With the aid of P504S positivity, a case of prostate cancer as well as another of atypical small acinar proliferation was discovered., Conclusion: Despite its potential for important aid in accurate diagnosis, standard application of immunohistochemistry in prostate biopsy is not justified and should be reserved for equivocal cases where conventional pathology fails to be conclusive.

Background: Despite being formally included in the assessment of patients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is not routinely offered to these patients. This tactic however might not be optimum since data exist on the superiority of TRUS over transabdominal ultrasound in accurately predicting prostate volumes. We aimed to evaluate TRUS as a standard tool in the evaluation of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with a special focus on the potential impact it might have on the decision of open versus transurethral surgery., Patients and Methods: Seventy-one patients presenting with LUTS due to BPH and eventually managed with open surgery based on their preference and prostate volume were included in the protocol. TRUS was performed in all patients preoperatively and calculations of the transition zone were made. These were compared with respective transabdominal calculations of the prostate volume as well as the enucleated specimen weight (W)., Results: TRUS slightly underestimated W by 4.4% (95% CI 10.5, 1.7) while transabdominal ultrasound overestimated it by 55.7% (95% CI 31.8, 79.6). Regression analysis indicated TRUS as a better predictor of W (R (2) = 0.817, P < 0.0005) followed by transabdominal ultrasound (R (2) = 0.669, P < 0.0005). Strictly based on European Association of Urology (EAU) criteria, transabdominal measurements miscategorized 25 cases by falsely assigning them to the open surgery (>80 cc) group while TRUS did so for four cases., Conclusion: TRUS is more accurate than transabdominal ultrasound in predicting adenoma volume in patients with BPH and its standard use might lead to fewer open approaches, with consequent less morbidity and hospitalization.

Background: Obstructive uropathy is argued to involve an ischemia-type tissue injury. Further, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) constitutes a nuclear transcription factor normally upregulated under hypoxic conditions. We hypothesized that HIF-1 alpha is expressed in the hydronephrotic renal pelvis, as a result of tissue hypoxia., Patients and Methods: Renal pelvis tissue specimens were obtained from 2 patient groups. Group 1 (controls, n = 10) consisted of patients who underwent nephrectomy due to nonobstructive renal malignancy. Group 2 (n = 18) consisted of patients who underwent open procedures due to intractable hydronephrosis, not amenable to conservative measures. HIF-1 alpha detection was conducted via immunohistochemical techniques, while histological alterations in both groups were also recorded., Results: Smooth muscle hypertrophy and urothelial hyperplasia were major findings in group 2. HIF-1 alpha-positive cells (fibroblasts and occasionally macrophages), mainly localized in the stroma, were also found to a greater extent in group 2 (p = 0.0066)., Conclusion: We conclude that HIF-1 alpha is mainly expressed in stroma fibroblasts of the hydronephrotic renal pelvis, implying the presence of significant tissue hypoxia at the dilated upper urinary tract., ((c) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy is commonly performed via an ileal conduit using the Bricker method. However, 4-8% of these cases are complicated with stricture formation at the ureterointestinal junction. Thus, this could eventually lead to hydronephrosis and kidney loss in neglected patients. Few data exist concerning the outcomes of patients with ureterointestinal junction strictures managed via a percutaneous approach and balloon dilatation of the stricture. The potential of managing these strictures, using a stent replacement strategy, was evaluated., Patients and Methods: A total of 14 patients (10 male, 4 female; age range 24-72 years) were enrolled in the study. Mean follow-up time was 30.9 months. Invasive bladder cancer was diagnosed in 11, neurogenic bladder in 2 and shrunk bladder after external beam radiation for prostate cancer in 1 patient. They were all managed by radical cystectomy followed by Bricker ileal conduit. In 6 cases, ureterointestinal strictures bilaterally were discovered, whereas unilateral (left-sided) strictures were noted to the remaining 8 patients. All strictures were managed via a percutaneous approach and balloon dilatation. A double J stent was placed at the end of the procedure and was regularly replaced after an interval of 3-6 months., Results: A percutaneous nephrostomy was successfully placed in all patients. Double J stent insertion was possible in 18 of a total of 20 (90%) obstructed ureters. No major complications were observed in any of the cases while adequate renal function was preserved in all patients. Quality of life is not reported to be significantly compromised in any patient. Double J ureteral stent replacement is performed every 3-6 months in a retrograde fashion. One patient died in the follow-up period due to disease progression., Conclusion: Placement of a double J stent via a percutaneous approach seems to have offered a viable option in the management of ureterointestinal strictures in this patient population. In addition, periodical retrograde replacement of the stent probably does not constitute a factor compromising quality of life. However, further studies are required to justify these primary clinical data.

Short bowel syndrome is a chronic malabsorptive state usually resulting from extensive small bowel resections. A combination of diarrhea, nutrient malabsorption, dysmotility, and bowel dilatation may constitute the clinical symptomatology of this syndrome. The remaining bowel undergoes a process called adaptation, which may replace lost intestinal function. Chronic complications include nutrient, electrolyte, and vitamin deficiencies. Therapy depends largely on the administration of various factors stimulating intestinal adaptation of the remaining bowel. If the patient despite medical therapy fails to return to oral diet alone, then long-term parenteral nutrition is required. However, long-term parenteral nutrition may gradually induce cholestatic liver disease. Surgical methods may be required for treatment including intestinal transplantation, as a last resort for the treatment of end-stage intestinal failure. The goal of this review is to analyze the clinical spectrum and pathophysiologic aspects of the syndrome, the process of intestinal adaptation, and to outline the medical and surgical methods currently used to treat this complicated group of patients.