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Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii are two of the most commercially important, cultivated carrageenophytes in Southeast Asia. Their large-scale farming through repeated vegetative propagation and virtual monocropping has resulted in a variety of phyconomic issues. The efficacy of two European, commercial liquid extracts from the brown seaweeds, i.e., Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE), a fucoid, and Laminaria digitata (LDE), a kelp, on the direct formation of axes and survival of these two eucheumatoids was examined using tissue culture techniques. Seaweed apical sections (2–3 mm long) were cultured for 45 days, with different concentrations of ANE and LDE (i.e., 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mL L−1) and compared with a control (UV-filtered seawater). Lower concentrations (< 1.5 mL L−1) of both liquid extracts promoted morphogenesis and growth of E. denticulatum and K. alvarezii in tissue culture, with the dilution rate of 0.05 mL LDE L−1 resulting in a high percentage survival (i.e., 95.3 ± 0.9%), formation of direct axes (i.e., 95.3 ± 0.9%), and the longest length (i.e., 10.0 ± 0.3 mm) for E. denticulatum after a typical 45-day culture period. A 0.5 mL ANE L−1 concentration was found to be beneficial for the tissue culture of K. alvarezii, given the relatively high final survival and direct axes formation (i.e., 96.2 ± 2.2%) and axes length (i.e., 8.2 ± 0.1 mm). This study supports the application of these temperate, brown seaweed-derived extracts as a phycobiostimulant enrichment in eucheumatoid micropropagation for mass production of plantlets for out-planting purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue economy approach is slowly gaining significance, and many nations are placing it on their national agendas to strengthen the maritime policy. The sustainable exploitation of marine resources is the key to achieving blue economic development including commercial seaweed farming. The production of red seaweeds with superior-quality agar in India has propelled research to develop viable cultivation technologies. However, the carragenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii has more industrial support and is the only seaweed taxa commercially farmed in India. The present investigation offers a comparative economic case study between these two groups. Critical economic parameters were analyzed for important operational components, i.e., individual-centric operation and family-centric operation, under three scenarios namely, without subsidy and 40% and 60% subsidy respectively. A lowest payback period was noticed for K. alvarezii cultivated by the family-centric operation under all three scenarios (without subsidy: 0.76 year; 40% subsidy: 0.61 year; 60% subsidy: 0.53 year). However, the minimum breakeven point in the range of 7.3–10.1 dry tons was reported in the case of farming of Gracilaria dura under different subsidies, followed by K. alvarezii (breakeven point value: 15.1–22 dry tons). The net present value and internal rates of return of K. alvarezii were found to be 3123–8863 USD and 31–90%, respectively under different subsidies. All four agarophytes resulted in negative net present values irrespective of subsidy scenario and hence, it is not economically viable. In terms of profit, among five seaweeds, K. alvarezii only showed a profit of 328–902 USD and 4905–10,646 USD for individual and family-centric models, respectively. The more comprehensive analysis with realistic costing—considering uncertain weather conditions and disease infestation—also pointed out the superiority of family-centric operations. The projections from economic analysis revealed that commercial farming of agarophyte is not viable at individual and family-centric operations, but K. alvarezii farming is viable for both operations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)‐binding lectin is one of the beneficial lectins because it has the ability to bind to glycoproteins or glycolipids containing GalNAc. Its potential applications include use as a drug delivery system, as well as for diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike proteins are known to be heavily glycosylated, and GalNAc‐binding lectin can potentially bind with these glycoproteins. The present study specifically investigated the interactions between GalNAc‐binding lectin from Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) and the sugars and glycoproteins present on the S protein of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. The GalNAc‐specific lectin was successfully isolated from K. alvarezii var. tangan‐tangan (Loving Beauty) and purified using a Sepharose 6B‐GalNAc affinity column. This lectin demonstrated stability within the temperature range 30–80°C and pH range 3–9. The minimum inhibitory concentration of this lectin was determined to be 0.001 mg mL−1. Sugar specificity tests confirmed its ability to bind to the sugars and glycoproteins reported to be present on the S protein of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus envelope. These results suggest that the potential of GalNAc‐specific lectin from K. alvarezii can be further explored, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions against coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the adoption of seaweed-based bioproducts in crop production systems can be attributed to their unique bioactive components and significant beneficial effects. In the growing interest of sustainable agricultural practices, the present study aims to reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers while enhancing crop productivity and quality through seaweed extract. A field experiment was carried out during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at CSIR-CIMAP, Allalasandra, Research Center, Bengaluru to study the influence of seaweed liquid extracts as a foliar application on growth, yield, and chemical composition of lemongrass. Results revealed that the growth, herb and essential oil yield of lemongrass was improved significantly by the application of Kappaphycus alvarezii (K sap) at 20% concentration, recording herb and oil yield of 35.86 t ha−1 year−1 and 466.70 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively when conjugated with a recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), compared to RDF alone, 30.40% and 35.70% in herb and oil yields, respectively, were recorded in this treatment. Notably, the treatment 50% RDF + K sap applied at 7.5% concentration was statistically at par with RDF with respect to the herb as well as oil yield connoting considerable scope of reducing chemical fertilizer requirement for the lemongrass. The functional relationship between herb and oil yield of lemongrass with different concentrations of seaweed sap applied at different crop stages was found to be strongly correlated (r2=0.99 and r2=0.98, respectively). Higher amounts of citronellal (0.70%) Borneol (1.10%), α-Terpineol (1.90%), and Citronellyl acetate (0.4%) were recorded in 20% K sap spray with RDF. The study revealed that the application of marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii foliar spray above the 10 - 20% concentration significantly increased the herb, essential oil yield, and chemical constituents of lemongrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial-scale seaweed production in exposed coastal waters has failed due to the absence of appropriate culture methods. In the present study a novel tube-net based seaweed cultivation in floating high-density polyethylene (HDPE) raft structure was developed for exposed and deeper coastal waters. The design prototype was evaluated by culturing Kappaphycus alvarezii, in the northeastern Bay of Bengal Sea, off the Visakhapatnam coast, India, for its structural stability, seaweed culture potential, and economic feasibility. A square-shaped HDPE raft of 3 × 3 m, was tied with ten tube nets of each 3.0 m length and 0.32 m dia, made of HDPE net. A cluster of 25 rafts deployed as a single unit and the entire system was stabilized by a multipoint mooring system. The raft structure with seaweed, along with the anchoring system endured the high waves (1.34 ± 0.08 m) and wind speed (11.5 ± 0.62 km h-1) and had supported for seaweed growth. Four different initial seeding biomasses (3, 5, 7.5, and 10 kg tube-net-1) were assessed for growth in a total of six cycles with a culture duration of 45 days cycle-1. The growth parameters were observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) at initial seed biomass of 5 kg tube-net-1, with a maximum daily average growth rate (3.52% day-1) and net biomass (191.11 kg raft-1 crop-1). Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) at 0.05 level showed a significant negative correlation of growth parameters to temperature, and salinity and a positive correlation with phosphate content in the seawater. Annual economic returns of US$ 2061.83 were calculated for a cluster unit with a profit margin of 31.35%. However, this method faces many challenges, including high initial investment, labour involvement, and inclement weather that hampers estimated biomass projection. In spite, the present method of seaweed farming was found suitable for exposed seas up to 10.5 m water depth, and can be adopted in seas with similar dynamics to promote seaweed farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has taken a huge leap in the seaweed aquaculture sector, and Kappaphycus alvarezii is the most prominent carrageenophyte cultivated so far. With the ever-increasing demands for seaweed feedstock, the quality of planting material would determine the extent of the expansion of commercial farming. The current study is a sequel to our previous investigation on the long-distance transport of K. alvarezii planting material. The present work determines the effect of a bio-stimulant AMPEP (Ascophyllum Marine Plant Extract Powder) in imparting tolerance to the translocated planting material against desiccation. Various regulatory components like phytohormones; antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX, GR); and metabolic components were assessed for day 0 (immediately after translocation) and day 1 (after 24 h of rehydration). It was observed that more than 84% moisture content was retained in translocated and AMPEP-treated translocated samples. After 24 h of rehydration, the catalase activity increased from 45,343.3 Unit mg protein−1 in the control to 146,148 and 321,489.1 Unit mg protein−1 in translocated and AMPEP-treated translocated biomass respectively. Similarly, ascorbate peroxidase activity increased from 0.3 Unit mg protein−1 to 2 Unit mg protein−1 in translocated and 1.3 Unit mg protein−1 in AMPEP-treated translocated biomass on day 1, which is significantly higher than their respective day 0 values. Glutathione reductase activity, on the other hand, decreased significantly on day 1 as compared to day 0. The activity increased significantly from 18.9 Unit mg protein−1 to 25.7 and 276 Unit mg protein−1, respectively, in translocated and AMPEP-treated translocated biomass. Similarly, the concentration of metabolites palmitic and benzoic acids, which help the cells against oxidative stress, also increased significantly in AMPEP-treated translocated biomass. Auxin and cytokinin concentrations however decreased in AMPEP-treated translocated biomass on day 1 as compared to translocated. The implementation of management practice based on the study would ultimately lead to the enhancement of livelihood prospects of the coastal communities involved in seaweed farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the second largest producer of seaweed in the world. Different cultivated seaweed commodities may have different production results. This study aimed to determine the effect of cultivation time and different types of seaweed on the total weight and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spinosum cultivated with the long-line method. The study was conducted in one cultivation area, PT. Sea Six Energy, Bali, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out through observations in 2 sites. Every site contained 3 square frame seaweed K. alvarezii and E. spinosum. The sample used in this study was one thallus of seaweed taken randomly from 3 different ris ropes in each square frame. The average weight of thallus, total weight, and specific growth rate were performed in this study. After 51 days, the total weight of K. alvarezii was 1348.5 kg. The total weight of E. spinosum was 1398.7 kg. Both, K. alvarezii (8.4 ± 0.34 %.day-1) and E. spinosum (8.3 ± 0.02 %.day-1) showed higher Spesific Growth Rate (SGR) in the first 2 weeks of planting but not in the last 3 weeks of cultivation. There was no difference in productivity between K. alvarezii and E. spinosum cultivated using the longline method. However, this research showed that the SGR value decreased as cultivation time increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus alvarezii is a superior product of Indonesian fisheries, producing carrageenan which is used as a food, cosmetic, and medicinal ingredient. K. striatus is a carrageenan-producing red alga that began to be cultivated in the Ekas waters of East Lombok in 2023. K. striatus is more resistant to epiphytes and sudden climate change. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of K. alvarezii and K. striatus. The research was conducted in Ekas Bay, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. The research was conducted from November 8, 2023, to January 8, 2024. This research used an experimental method with T-test analysis. Treatments in this research are the cultivation of K. alvarezii and K. striatus. Cultivation was carried out at Ekas Bay. Analysis of seaweed carrageenan was carried out in the Laboratory of Fish Production and Reproduction, Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Mataram University. The result of this research is K. striatus has a higher absolute weight of 154 g compared to K. alvarezii seaweed which is 72 g. The specific growth rate of K. striatus higher at 2,98 % / day compared to K. alvarezii is 1, 98 %/day. The yield of carrageenan of K. alvarezii is 1,95% and K. striatus 0,88%. Antioxidant of K. alvarezii is 5,46 % and K. striatus is 7,42%. Chlorophyll K. alvarezii is 5,77 mg/l and K. striatus is 3,51 mg/l. The conclusion of this study is the growth of K. striatus faster than K. alvarezii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the versatility of K. alvarezii in various food applications, including bakery, meat, snacks, jams, and prebiotics. Abundant in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactives, seaweed enhances texture, reduces fat, and provides nutritional benefits. In meat products, seaweed acts as a gelling and binding agent, improving texture, moisture retention, and allowing for salt and fat reduction. Seaweed snacks offer both health benefits and a pleasant aroma, while K. alvarezii's prebiotics support gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria. Additionally, seaweed serves as a natural gelling agent, stabilizing jam and jelly textures, and exhibits promise in sustainable food packaging through edible films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the aim to assess the effectiveness of seaweed extracts, specifically Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria, on seed yield in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) cv. VBN 2. The Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding at Annamalai University's Experimental Farm served as the site for the field trial. The results revealed that seeds soaked with Kappaphycus alvarezii (2.5%) exhibited higher value for the growth attributes, physiological traits, pod characters and seed yield attributes of green gram VBN 2. It also recorded days to first flowering in earlier days. The results of the present investigation suggest that in order to enhance growth and yield characteristics under difficult environmental conditions, green gram seeds should be treated with 2.5% Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract for 12 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the clarification of sugarcane juice using different flocculants and their effect on ethanol yield. The extracted sugarcane samples (CTC072361—harvest 2022/2023) were adjusted to 16% Brix, and calcium hydroxide (56 g L−1) was added with pH 7.0 ± 0.4 and boiled. The clarification test was done, using the anionic synthetic polymer, commercial organic flocculant and red seaweed extract (RSE—Kappaphycus alvarezii) for sedimentation of impurities. After a retention time of 20 min, the clarified broths were collected by siphoning and analyzed for Brix, total reducing sugars (TRS), pH, total acidity, and total phenolic compounds. The extracted sugarcane juice was analyzed for Brix, TRS, reducing sugars, Pol, pH, purity, acidity, ash, total phenolic compounds, turbidity, and starch content. The clarified juices were standardized to obtain the wort and analyzed for TRS and total acidity. The worts were processed for fermentation process, using CAT-1 yeast (30 g L−1). After fermentation (Brix ≤ 1%), the wine samples were collected and analyzed for total residual reducing sugars, pH, total acids, alcohol content and glycerol, with subsequent calculation of fermentation efficiency. The use of red algae extracts (Kappaphycus alvarezii) was found efficient as a bioflocculant for removing impurities in sugarcane juice and promoted a similar clarification process with synthetic and organic flocculants. The use of red seaweed resulted in as fermentation efficiency 93.27% and represented up to 3.4% higher than the other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), commonly referred to as mung bean or Vigna radiata, is an important pulse crop. The main causes of low pulse productivity were identified as the use of inferior seed, inappropriate crop management, and cultivation in marginal soils. It could be improved by creating low-cost seed production technology that is appropriate. It has been shown that seaweed extracts can improve crop development and increase nutrient uptake in both difficult and typical environmental situations. By reducing the frequency of fungal and insect attack, the use of seaweed extracts has led to encouraging gains in crop output, nutrient uptake, resilience to frost and stress, and seed germination. By keeping the aforesaid point of view, a study was conducted to know the effectiveness of seaweed extract on seed quality traits under invitro condition of Vigna radiata. The laboratory experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of seaweed extracts viz., Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria on the germination, growth and seed quality traits of green gram variety cv. VBN 2. The experiment was carried out in Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Annamalai University during the year 2022. The first step involved steeping the seeds in double-distilled water for six hours. Following their initial pre-soaking, the seeds were left to air dry at room temperature. Then, submerged the pre-soaked seeds in varying quantities of seaweed extract. Concentrations of 1.5%, 2.5%, 3%, 1% and 2% were utilized for Kappaphycus alvarezii and 2.5%, 5% and 10% were used for Gracilaria. For six hours, the various amounts of seaweed extract were soaked into the seeds. Paper towels were used to sow the treated seeds in order to collect data and observe the seedlings further. The results revealed that seeds soaked with Kappaphycus alvarezii at a concentration of 2.5% exhibited highest value for various seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage (81), root length (16.57), shoot length (19.64), fresh weight (38.58), dry weight (34.76), dry matter production (197.53), seedling vigour index (3452) and tetrazolium Test (80), compared to other treatments. Seeds soaked with Gracilaria didn’t show any variation among the different concentration treatments of Gracilaria, while minimum viability percentage was observed in control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O Governo Federal elaborou a proposta do Projeto de Lei Nº 2148/15, para regulamentar o mercado nacional de carbono e, com isso, promover a geração de metodologias nacionais para quantificação dos gases do efeito estufa, adaptadas e ajustadas às espécies envolvidas, ao clima e aos diversos biomas brasileiros. Dentre as espécies capazes de absorver CO2, as algas assumem posição de destaque. Para a Kappaphycus alvarezii, o teor médio de C capturado é de 1,7% de seu peso vivo. Seguindo a metodologia proposta pelo protocolo Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, foi calculado o volume de C e CO2, sequestrado pela K. alvarezii em Santa Catarina, com base em 3 diferentes cenários. O potencial das fazendas marinhas catarinenses de sequestro de CO2, calculado a partir da média de produtividade das duas primeiras safras do Estado (2021/2022 e 2022/2023), foi de 2.292,71t safra-1 de CO2 e de 624,72t safra-1 de C. Esses resultados ilustram a importância de Santa Catarina em acessar esse promissor mercado de créditos de carbono, aumentando o lucro das fazendas marinhas catarinenses.

The overuse of chemical-based agricultural inputs has led to the degradation of soil with associated adverse effects on soil attributes and microbial population. This scenario leads to poor soil health and is reportedly on the rise globally. Additionally, chemical fertilizers pose serious risks to the ecosystem and human health. In this study, foliar sprays of biostimulant (AgroGain/LBS6) prepared from the cultivated, tropical red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii increased the phenotypic growth of Zea mays in terms of greater leaf area, total plant height, and shoot fresh and dry weights. In addition, LBS6 improved the accumulation of chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids, total soluble sugars, amino acids, flavonoids, and phenolics in the treated plants. LBS6 applications also improved the total bacterial and fungal count in rhizospheric soil. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome was analyzed to study the abundance of bacterial communities which were increased in the rhizosphere of LBS6-treated plants. Treatments were found to enrich beneficial soil bacteria, i.e., Proteobacteria, especially the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Verrucomicrobiota, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteriota and several other phyla related to plant growth promotion. A metagenomic study of those soil samples from LBS6-sprayed plants was correlated with functional potential of soil microbiota. Enrichment of metabolisms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, plant defense, amino acid, co-factors, and vitamins was observed in soils grown with LBS6-sprayed plants. These results were further confirmed by a significant increase in the activity of soil enzymes such as urease, acid phosphatase, FDAse, dehydrogenase, catalase, and biological index of fertility in the rhizosphere of LBS6-treated corn plant. These findings conclude that the foliar application of LBS6 on Z. mays improves and recruits beneficial microbes and alters soil ecology in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus alvarezii continues to dominate the global seaweed trade. Driven by escalated demand for commodity products, its production has grown rapidly. Bringing new area under commercial farming essentially requires a continuous and adequate supply of viable planting material, which in most of the cases is met through translocating biomass over the long distance by dry transportation. Not much is known about its effect on the metabolic response, viability, and vigor of such translocated planting material as against the non-translocated material. Statistically significant variation was reported in total chlorophyll, R-phycoerythrin, R-phycocyanin, respiration, gross primary productivity, and total anti-oxidant capacity of translocated and non-translocated biomass. Among the translocated biomass, total chlorophyll, R-phycoerythrin, and R-phycocyanin ranged from 28.93 ± 5.29 μg g−1 fresh wt. to 43.74 ± 2.62 μg g−1 fresh wt., 0.007 ± 0.003 μg g−1 fresh wt. to 0.079 ± 0.003 μg g−1 fresh wt., and 0.002 ± 0.0008 μg g−1 fresh wt. to 0.031 ± 0.0008 μg g−1 fresh wt. respectively. Respiration ranged from 0.0188 ± 0.010 O2 L−1 h−1 fresh wt. to 0.138 ± 0.022 O2 L−1 h−1 fresh wt., while gross primary productivity ranged from 0.0361 ± 0.0019 mg O2 L−1 h−1 fresh wt. to 0.1327 ± 0.0385 mg O2 L−1 h−1 fresh wt. Total anti-oxidant capacity ranged from 0.1 ± 0.002 μg g−1 fresh wt. to 0.117 ± 0.014 μg g−1 fresh wt. The trend suggests that reported variation could be due to intense cellular re-dehydration, thereby re-establishing vital physiological processes. The average regeneration in terms of nodes per fragment increased to 13.4 ± 3.6 in the translocated biomass and for the non-translocated biomass, it was 12.9 ± 4.4. The average elongation rate of translocated fragments was 0.61 ± 0.12% month−1, and for the non-translocated biomass, it was 1.01 ± 0.68% month−1. The average survival rate of the translocated planting material was 53.3 ± 16.32%, while for the non-translocated biomass, it was 95 ± 4%. Daily growth rate was reported to be 1.18 ± 0.12% day−1 in cycle 1; 1.4 ± 0.27% day−1 in cycle 2, and 2.13 ± 0.24% day−1 in cycle 3 for the translocated biomass. We consider further studies underpinning the mechanism of desiccation tolerance which is essential to develop an effective protocol for long-distance transportation for enhanced viability and vigor of K. alvarezii seed to aid the spatial expansion of commercial farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii is a versatile food ingredient widely used in the food industry due to its many functional properties. The aim of this study is to substitute wheat flour with K. alvarezii powder and determine the effects it has on the physical properties and proximate composition of snack crackers. The six formulations of crackers incorporating different proportions of K. alvarezii powder were (C) 0%, (F1) 1%, (F2) 2.5%, (F3) 5%, (F4) 7.5%, and (F5) 10%. Physical analyses such as colour, water activity, and texture as well as proximate analysis of moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, and crude fibre content was conducted. The result showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in colour and water activity with the addition of K. alvarezii powder. Meanwhile, proximate analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in ash (3.77 ± 0.03%) and fibre content (2.08 ± 0.03%) with an increasing amount of K. alvarezii powder added. The crude protein, crude fat, and moisture content decreased significantly (p < 0.05) as more K. alvarezii powder was added. In conclusion, the incorporation of K. alvarezii powder in crackers showed improvement in the ash and crude fibre content and physical properties of the crackers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of meat and meat products may lead to health risks such as cardiovascular diseases due to the significant amount of animal fat in the formulation. Thus, various strategies have been studied to reduce saturated fat without altering the physicochemical and sensory qualities of meat products, including incorporating food additives. Kappaphycus alvarezii is a tropical red macroalga with significant fibre, carbohydrate, and mineral content. This study aims to see how replacing fat in chicken patties with seaweed gel K. alvarezii (KA) affects the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory aspects. The chicken patties were formulated as control samples F0 (0% KA gel + 10% fat), F1 (2.5% KA gel + 7.5% fat), F2 (5% KA gel + 5% fat), and F3 (7.5% KA gel + 2.5% fat). Adding K. alvarezii significantly increased patty moisture, ash, and dietary fibre content (p < 0.05). On the other hand, increasing the level of K. alvarezii gel as a fat replacer considerably lowered the fat content (p < 0.05). Furthermore, adding K. alvarezii gel did not impact the protein content (p > 0.05). The hardness of the K. alvarezii gel-treated patties decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with no significant changes in other textural parameters (p > 0.05). When compared to the control sample (F0), the chicken patties with K. alvarezii gel seaweed exhibit lower expressible water and cooking loss (p < 0.05). The addition of seaweed gel darkened the colour of the chicken patties while decreasing the a* and b* values (p < 0.05). Compared to other formulations, F1 (2.5% KA gel + 7.5% fat) is most liked by sensory panellists (p < 0.05). In conclusion, seaweed K. alvarezii gel has the potential to be used as a fat substitute in the production of reduced-fat chicken patties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the critical elements required by plants and is therefore one of the important limiting factors for growth and yield. To increase agricultural productivity, farmers are using excessive N fertilizers to the soil, which poses a threat to the ecosystem, as most of the applied nitrogen fertilizer is not taken up by crops, and runoff to aquatic bodies and the environment causes eutrophication, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we used LBS6, a Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant as a sustainable alternative to improve the growth of plants under different NO3 - fertigation. A root drench treatment of 1 ml/L LBS6 significantly improved the growth of Pisum sativum plants grown under optimum and deficient N conditions. No significant difference was observed in the growth of LBS6- treated plants grown with excessive N. The application of LBS6 induced flowering under optimum and deficient N conditions. The total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia contents of tissues were found to be higher in treated plants grown under N deficient conditions. The LBS6 treatments had significantly higher chlorophyll content in those plants grown under N-deficient conditions. The root drench application of LBS6 also regulated photosynthetic efficiency by modulating electron and proton transportrelated processes of leaves in the light-adapted state. The rate of linear electron flux, proton conductivity and steady-state proton flux across the thylakoid membrane were found to be higher in LBS6-treated plants. Additionally, LBS6 also reduced nitrogen starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species accumulation by reduction in lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of expression of those genes involved in N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization in LBS6-treated plants. Taken together, LBS6 improved growth of those treated plants under optimum and nitrogen-limited condition by positively modulating their biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ikan gurami dengan nama latin Osphronemus gouramy merupakan salah satu ikan air tawar yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Kandungan air yang cukup tinggi pada ikan menjadi penyebab terjadinya penurunan mutu dan kesegaran ikan karena mudah membusuk. Upaya menghindari pembusukan atau kemunduran mutu pada ikan biasanya dilakukan dengan cara pendinginan, namun terdapat keterbatasan yaitu umur simpan daging relatif pendek. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman karagenan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii, serta mengetahui dosis karagenan yang optimal untuk digunakan dalam mempertahankan kesegaran ikan gurami. Metode yang digunakan antara lain uji nilai organoleptik, uji Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVB-N), dan uji Angka Lempeng Total (ALT) yang disimpan selama 0, 3, dan 6 hari pada suhu 4oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karagenan berpengaruh sangat nyataterhadap nilai organoleptik dan TVB-N, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap uji ALT. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dosis karagenan yang optimal untuk mempertahankan kesegaran ikan gurami adalah 500 ppm. Abstract Gourami fish with the latin name Osphronemus gouramy is a freshwater fish that has high economic value. Fish has a fairly high water content so that the quality and freshness of the fish decreases because it rots easily. Efforts to avoid spoilage or deterioration in quality of fish are usually done by refrigeration, however refrigeration still has limitations, namely the relatively short shelf life of the meat. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of soaking Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed carrageenan extract, as well as determine the optimal dose of extract to be used to maintain the freshness of Gourami Fish. The methods used include organoleptic value tests, Total Volatile Base Nitrogen (TVB-N) test, and Total Plate Count (TPC) test which are stored for 0, 3, and 6 days at 4oC. The results showed that carrageenan extract had a very significant effect on organoleptic value and TVB-N, but had no effect on TPC test. Based on the result of this research, it can be concluded that the optimal dose of carrageenan to maintain the freshness of gourami fish is 500 ppm.

The overuse of chemical-based agricultural inputs has led to the degradation of soil with associated adverse effects on soil attributes and microbial population. This scenario leads to poor soil health and is reportedly on the rise globally. Additionally, chemical fertilizers pose serious risks to the ecosystem and human health. In this study, foliar sprays of biostimulant (AgroGain/LBS6) prepared from the cultivated, tropical red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii increased the phenotypic growth of Zea mays in terms of greater leaf area, total plant height, and shoot fresh and dry weights. In addition, LBS6 improved the accumulation of chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids, total soluble sugars, amino acids, flavonoids, and phenolics in the treated plants. LBS6 applications also improved the total bacterial and fungal count in rhizospheric soil. The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome was analyzed to study the abundance of bacterial communities which were increased in the rhizosphere of LBS6-treated plants. Treatments were found to enrich beneficial soil bacteria, i.e., Proteobacteria, especially the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Verrucomicrobiota, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteriota and several other phyla related to plant growth promotion. A metagenomic study of those soil samples from LBS6-sprayed plants was correlated with functional potential of soil microbiota. Enrichment of metabolisms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, plant defense, amino acid, co-factors, and vitamins was observed in soils grown with LBS6-sprayed plants. These results were further confirmed by a significant increase in the activity of soil enzymes such as urease, acid phosphatase, FDAse, dehydrogenase, catalase, and biological index of fertility in the rhizosphere of LBS6-treated corn plant. These findings conclude that the foliar application of LBS6 on Z. mays improves and recruits beneficial microbes and alters soil ecology in a sustainable manner.

Seaweed farming started 1989 in Zanzibar as a commercial enterprise when private entrepreneurs established experimental farms on the east coast in Paje and Jambiani villages, after significant substantial research on the possibilities of farming seaweed in 1970s. Then it was expanded to mainland Tanzania in the 1990s. Despite various interventions implemented over 30 years to improve coastal community's livelihood through seaweed farming; the socioeconomic development of the coastal communities is not comparable to efforts invested to promote seaweed farming. Seven districts were surveyed. Data collection involved questionnaires administered to 208 random sampled farmers; and purposive sampling for focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Snowball technique was used in villages with few farmers. Findings unveiled significant challenges influences farmers' choice to quit or continue with seaweed farming. Challenges specific to female gender e.g., lack of transportation facilities, theft, and inadequate funding were identified; and recommendations are provided for successful seaweed farming in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible seaweeds, such as Kappaphycus and Caulerpa genera, have been popularly consumed for centuries by the local people in the Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. This study examined the proximate composition and heavy metal contents of two edible seaweeds, namely Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) (Rhodophyta) and Caulerpa cf. macrodisca ecad corynephora (CMC) (Chlorophyta), which are readily available in the public market of Bongao, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. The results revealed significant differences in their proximate compositions. The moisture content was remarkably higher in KA (16.96±0.02 g.100-1g) than that of CMC (10.49±0.08 g.100-1g). CMC contained significantly more crude protein (7.14±0.80 g.100-1g) than KA (2.73±0.40 g.100-1g). The carbohydrate content of KA (44.82±0.34 g.100-1g) was significantly higher than that of CMC (38.09±0.71 g.100-1g). The ash content was notably greater in CMC (44.00±0.66 g.100-1g) than in KA (34.91±0.39 g.100-1g). The total fat content was substantially higher (p=0.05) in KA (0.60±0.30 g.100-1g) than in CMC (0.28±0.01 g.100-1g). The heavy metal contents (mg.kg-1) followed the order of K > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cd for KA and Zn > Mn > Pb > K > Fe > Cu > Cd for CMC. Fe, K, Cu, and Cd were significantly higher in KA than in CMC, while Zn, Mn, and Pb were remarkably higher in CMC than in KA. However, all these heavy metals were found to be within safe limits of WHO, the US (EPA and FDA), and EMA. These findings underscore the importance of considering these factors in seaweed consumption, affirming their enduring significance in human diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed species have a positive effect on the bioremediation of nutrient waste. However, waste absorption efficiency varies between species. This research aims to analyze the most efficient seaweed as bioremediation of intensive waste ponds. The method used in this research was three types of seaweed stocked based on treatment groups in each of three tanks measuring 100×100×100 cm made of bamboo, wood, and specially designed tarpaulin. This study was carried out on a laboratory scale for 42 days on three local seaweed species to evaluate the waste disposal efficiency of each seaweed species. This research was conducted at the Bone Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic Laboratory, Tulang Daerah, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, from September to October 2022. Measurement of ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite (NO2-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and phosphate (PO4-P) carried out at the Center for Brackish Water Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension in Maros, the concentrations of the four nutrient wastes were significantly different (P<0.05), indicating differences in nutrient removal for each seaweed species. The removal efficiency of NH3-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, and PO -P by G. verrucosa (97.1, 99.7, 99.9, 99.7%) was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with E. spinosum (90.5, 93.9, 96.4, 95.4%) and K. alvarezii (81.6%, 94.6%, 94.5%, and 95.4%, respectively). Meanwhile, E. spinosum was not significantly different (P>0.05) from K. alvarezii in removing NO2-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P but was more efficient in reducing NH3-N. Overall, G. verrucosa is the most efficient in intensive disposal of shrimp pond waste based on the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed, or macroalgae, is a diverse group of marine plants found in various aquatic environments. Seaweed has gained attention due to its potential uses in various industries, including food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, etc. Its proximate composition refers to the essential nutritional components that make up seaweed. The present study aimed to conduct proximate composition analysis on three different seaweeds, Valonia utricularis, Ulva reticulata and Kappaphycus alvarezii, collected from the Mandapam region coast, Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A result of three seaweeds Valonia utricularis, Ulva reticulata and Kappaphycus alvarezii was followed ash (23.42% DW), (22.19%) and (19.7%DW). Protein was (11.5% DW), (10.11%) and (15.91%DW); lipid content was (4.24% DW), (5.27%) and (2.75%DW); crude fibre was (12.72% DW), (16.20%) and (23.51%DW); carbohydrate (31.33% DW), (27.05%) and (26.19 %DW), Total Dietary Fiber was (2.7% DW), (3.03%) and (6.76% DW). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea cucumber is a bioremediator as it can composite organic matter and excrete inorganic matter. Sea cucumber has the potential to serve as a bioindicator in marine habitat as they provide an integrated insight into the status of their environment over long periods. Sea cucumbers are sensitive to the organic concentration in the marine environment and can effectively provide an early warning system for any organic contamination that can negatively impact the ecosystem. The availability of a reference transcriptome for sea cucumber would constitute an essential tool for identifying genes involved in crucial steps of the defence pathway. De novo assembly of RNA-seq data enables researchers to study the transcriptomes without needing a genome sequence. In this study, sea cucumbers fed with Kappaphycus alvarezii powder were treated with 0.20 mg/L copper concentration comprehensive transcriptome data containing 75,149 Unigenes, with a total length of 20,460,032 bp. A total of 8820 genes were predicted from the unigenes, annotated, and functionally categorized into 25 functional groups with approximately 20% cluster in signal transduction mechanism. The reference transcriptome presented and validated in this study is meaningful for identifying a wide range of gene(s) related to the bioindication of sea cucumber in a high copper environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sap from the fresh seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) has been reported to improve crop growth, quality, and stress alleviation. However, limited studies are reported for the minimally processed aqueous homogenates (MPHs) derived from dry seaweeds. The present investigation was envisaged to characterize the MPHs from the red seaweed KA and a brown seaweed (SW) and also assess the effect of foliar application on maize ( )crop performance when applied alone or in proportions ranging from 0% to 100%. Two doses (0.35% and 0.7%) were compared with control. Both the MPHs contained several compounds like retronecine, tyrosyl-glycine, hexyl 2- furoate, 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, 12-(2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-2- dodecanone, and trihomomethionine and many others that have known bioactivity for enhancing plant growth and providing stress tolerance. Both doses of MPHs enhanced crop growth and yield; however, the best response was in general observed at a lower dose. The MPH of SW at 100% gave the highest seed yield at a lower dose, which was also on par with that obtained under a lower dose of 100% KA. Other combinations, 80:20 and 40:60 KA : SW, were also found to give comparable yields. The highest dose of 100% MPH of SW was found on par with control, a phenomenon that was investigated in detail with respect to metabolites and antioxidant profile in leaves as well as membrane modeling. Higher ROS and certain sugar and organic acids were observed in 100% MPH of SW at a higher dose, although none of the antioxidant enzymes were significantly affected, nor was there any change in membrane characteristics of the leaf with respect to control as well as lower dose. Improvements in the seed yield were attributed to improved photosynthate production on account of higher dry matter accumulation in the MPH-treated plants, which may also be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in the biostimulants. In the future, it is imperative to direct scientific investigations towards the quantification and identification of themost effective concentrations of these compounds within MPHs to optimize plant responses. The study indicated the beneficial use of the MPHs towards increasing crop production by employing optimum dose as foliar spray to crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indiscriminate or non-strategic use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture can potentially have adverse effects on natural ecosystems due to their harmful impacts. As a cleaner, more sustainable supplementary treatment to minimize the need for synthetic nutrient inputs, seaweed-based biostimulants (phyco[bio]stimulants) are being widely studied to increase agricultural productivity for the burgeoning global population. Kappaphycus alvarezii, a fast-growing, tropical red alga widely cultivated for its hydrocolloid content, is a promising source of bioactive compounds that improve plant growth, including imparted tolerance to some levels of abiotic and biotic stressors in harsh environmental conditions. The alga also contains protein, carbohydrates, fatty acids, fibres, algal hormones, polyphenols, and various macro- and microelements. The polysaccharide κ-carrageenan, a major constituent of this particular seaweed, also has known plant growth-stimulating effects. Thus, various K. alvarezii-based biostimulants are used in agriculture, including liquid extracts and solid formulations which are applied as: drenches, foliarly and seed coatings, or seed soaking. These groups of biostimulants are reported to increase growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and biotic and abiotic resilience, depending on the type of extraction method, concentration of the applied extract, and also timing of the application within the treated plant's growth cycle. This review summarizes various K. alvarezii-based products used in agriculture for plant biostimulation, their extraction procedures, application modes, and proposed mechanisms of action. We reviewed the scientific data supporting the use of Kappaphycus extracts as biostimulants to enhance crop productivity and quality. Additionally, the beneficial impacts of using Kappaphycus extracts on soil health and their potential as a sustainable, adaptive strategy for addressing climate variability is discussed. Several research gaps have been identified to understand the current limitations of the existing knowledge base, and a way forward has been presented to prioritize areas for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study aims to investigate the bacterial community profiles on the surface of red algae (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and persistent bacteria that can adapt to long-term cultivation in a closed circulation system. Methodology and results: Kappaphycus alvarezii explants were cultured in a controlled laboratory setting for 30 days to investigate related bacterial adaptability to controlled culture conditions. Bacterial isolates associated with seedlings were subjected to 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing, followed by the construction of a phylogenetic tree using MEGA X software. The results show distinct microbial composition between the first and 30th days. The derived phylogenetic tree features three dominant phyla: Proteobacteria (Vibrio and Thalassospira), Pseudomonadota (Pseudoalteromonas, Alteromonas, Grimontia, Ruegeria, Phaebacter and Bacterioplanes) and Firmicutes (Bacillus). A comparative examination of these two bacterial groups (day 1 and day 30) reveals evidence of persistent marine bacteria, such as the genera Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, Alteromonas, Phaaebacter and Bacterioplanes, that successfully adapt to long-term cultivation within closed circulation systems. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of bacterial ecology in the controlled red algae cultivation environment and also provide valuable insights into the optimization of an ideal closed cultivation system for sustainable K. alvarezii production, benefiting the seaweed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Sabah's red algae, Kappaphycus alvarezii is facing a problem whereby the production of seaweed is declining over the years due to a disease called ice-ice disease caused by Vibrio spp. Endophytic Bacillus strains have been widely studied for their potential as biocontrol agents against harmful pathogens. This study reports the genome sequence of the beneficial endophytic Bacillus strain VUMS1 isolated from the healthy K. alvarezii at Semporna Island in Sabah, attempting to determine its full biocontrol potential. Methodology and results: The whole genome sequence showed that VUMS1 genome size is 3,754,982 bp with 3,854 protein-coding where 2,535 are genes with assigned functions. The analysis revealed the presence of genes that are involved in antimicrobial and antifungal activity such as fengycin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and lichenysin. The biocontrol potential of VUMS1 was evaluated against Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from the diseased K. alvarezii. Results showed that the inhibition zone of VUMS1 by cross-streaking method against V. parahaemolyticus was 21 ± 0.71 mm and the growth of V. parahaemolyticus treated with VUMS1 in a co-culture experiment decreased by 98% on day 5 of treatment. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The results of this work indicate that VUMS1 is affiliated as Bacillus altitudinis and it may contribute to the biocontrol activity against Vibrio spp. infection in K. alvarezii. This is the first report of endophytic Bacillus altitudinis from K. alvarezii with biocontrol properties. Future studies will determine the potential application of the B. altitudinis VUMS1 strain in biological control and growth promotion for sustainable seaweed farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is one of the critical elements required by plants and is therefore one of the important limiting factors for growth and yield. To increase agricultural productivity, farmers are using excessive N fertilizers to the soil, which poses a threat to the ecosystem, as most of the applied nitrogen fertilizer is not taken up by crops, and runoff to aquatic bodies and the environment causes eutrophication, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we used LBS6, a Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant as a sustainable alternative to improve the growth of plants under different NO3- fertigation. A root drench treatment of 1 ml/L LBS6 significantly improved the growth of Pisum sativum plants grown under optimum and deficient N conditions. No significant difference was observed in the growth of LBS6-treated plants grown with excessive N. The application of LBS6 induced flowering under optimum and deficient N conditions. The total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia contents of tissues were found to be higher in treated plants grown under N deficient conditions. The LBS6 treatments had significantly higher chlorophyll content in those plants grown under N-deficient conditions. The root drench application of LBS6 also regulated photosynthetic efficiency by modulating electron and proton transport-related processes of leaves in the light-adapted state. The rate of linear electron flux, proton conductivity and steady-state proton flux across the thylakoid membrane were found to be higher in LBS6-treated plants. Additionally, LBS6 also reduced nitrogen starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species accumulation by reduction in lipid peroxidation in treated plants. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of expression of those genes involved in N uptake, transport, assimilation, and remobilization in LBS6-treated plants. Taken together, LBS6 improved growth of those treated plants under optimum and nitrogen-limited condition by positively modulating their biochemical, molecular, and physiological processes.

Bacterial endophytes play a vital role in the growth and fitness of host plants from infection by phytopathogens. To our knowledge, however, little information is available on the endophytic bacterial composition in healthy and diseased Kappahycus alvarezii, one of the most important major sources of carrageenan industries, especially in Sabah. The main idea was to analyze and compare the composition of endophytic bacterial communities in healthy and diseased K. alvarezii isolated from Sabah, Malaysia. The data reveals the composition of endophytic bacterial microbiomes in healthy and diseased K. alvarezii isolated from Sabah. The isolated endophytes were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Taxonomic identification and phylogenetic tree analysis were done using the online BLAST (blastn) and MEGA11 software, respectively. The data presents the diversity of bacterial endosphere microbiomes found in healthy K. alvarezii which are composed of Bacillus, Cytobacillus and Priestia whereas Vibrio and Micrococcus occurred exclusively in the diseased K. alvarezii. Microbial comparative analysis between the healthy and diseased seaweed points to the potential of several Bacillus strains that may have biocontrol potential against Vibrio infection in seaweed such as the ice-ice disease. Raw data files are available at the GenBank, NCBI database under the accession number MZ570560 to MZ570580.

Sap from the fresh seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (KA) has been reported to improve crop growth, quality, and stress alleviation. However, limited studies are reported for the minimally processed aqueous homogenates (MPHs) derived from dry seaweeds. The present investigation was envisaged to characterize the MPHs from the red seaweed KA and a brown seaweed Sargassum wightii (SW) and also assess the effect of foliar application on maize (Zea mays) crop performance when applied alone or in proportions ranging from 0% to 100%. Two doses (0.35% and 0.7%) were compared with control. Both the MPHs contained several compounds like retronecine, tyrosyl-glycine, hexyl 2-furoate, 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, 12-(2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl)-2-dodecanone, and trihomomethionine and many others that have known bioactivity for enhancing plant growth and providing stress tolerance. Both doses of MPHs enhanced crop growth and yield; however, the best response was in general observed at a lower dose. The MPH of SW at 100% gave the highest seed yield at a lower dose, which was also on par with that obtained under a lower dose of 100% KA. Other combinations, 80:20 and 40:60 KA : SW, were also found to give comparable yields. The highest dose of 100% MPH of SW was found on par with control, a phenomenon that was investigated in detail with respect to metabolites and antioxidant profile in leaves as well as membrane modeling. Higher ROS and certain sugar and organic acids were observed in 100% MPH of SW at a higher dose, although none of the antioxidant enzymes were significantly affected, nor was there any change in membrane characteristics of the leaf with respect to control as well as lower dose. Improvements in the seed yield were attributed to improved photosynthate production on account of higher dry matter accumulation in the MPH-treated plants, which may also be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in the biostimulants. In the future, it is imperative to direct scientific investigations towards the quantification and identification of the most effective concentrations of these compounds within MPHs to optimize plant responses. The study indicated the beneficial use of the MPHs towards increasing crop production by employing optimum dose as foliar spray to crops.

Natural sources of nanoparticles, such as seaweed, demonstrated their bioefficiency as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anticancer medicines. It is a key biodeficient component that is biosynthesised utilising a non-toxic, environmentally acceptable technology that has fascinated researchers worldwide. Using established in-vitro techniques, the anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised from Kappaphycusalvarezi aqueous extract was evaluated in this study. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were used to characterise the nanoparticles. This seaweed's nanoparticles offer solid proof that they are an efficient anti-inflammatory. The bioefficiency of this plant and its nanoparticles may be attributed to chemicals based on flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the high stress tolerant sea weed with good biopotentials. This was collected, processed, extracted and subjected to antibacterial activity against MDR UTI isolates. All the isolates were identified using standard biochemicals and other textual procedures along with 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibacterial activity was assessed by disc diffusion method and followed standard textual procedures to assess MIC, MBC, Percentage inhibition, IC50 and LC50. Six different test organisms were used for studying antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of all extracts on different extracts were varied from 7.2±0.6mm zone of inhibition. Concentration required to inhibits the growth of the UTI causing test organisms found to varied from 383.3±57.7µg/ml to 1033.0±76.3 µg/ml. extracts inhibited the growth of bacteria especially Staphylococcus aureus var haemolyticus was up to 98.2%. antibacterial substances like flavonoids and phenolic compounds could be responsible for this kind of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma denticulatum are commercially farmed in the world, notably in tropical countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, and Malaysia. Diseases and pests, particularly ice-ice disease, are the major hurdles in the sustainability of eucheumatoid seaweed culture. In this study, ice-ice disease prevalence in Kappaphycus and Eucheuma farms in Sibutu, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, was assessed and compared according to species, farm depth, and time. Results revealed that in deep water farms, ice-ice disease prevalence was significantly lower in K. striatus (4.29±0.97%) than in K. alvarezii (10.53±2.64%) in July. In shallow water farms, E. denticulatum had the highest ice-ice prevalence (21.97±1.73%) significantly among the assessed seaweed species during August, and K. alvarezii had the lowest ice-ice disease occurrence (5.43±1.98%) significantly during September. In terms of depth water farm and time comparison, ice-ice disease prevalence (7.41±1.50% - 27.04±4.66%) in deep water (exceeding 2.47±0.16 m during low tide) did not differ significantly from that prevalence (11.35±1.69% - 12.91±1.93%) in shallow water farms (0.61±0.29 m during low tide) across time. This study suggests that ice-ice disease is still a prevalent and persistent problem in eucheumatoid seaweed farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, an ethanol extract of Kappaphycus alvarezii was tested for its ability to protect albino rats from cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity. The addition of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) substantially increases the serum hepato-specific enzymes of ALP, ALT, AST, and bilirubin in rats. In comparison to the control group, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were considerably higher. After 30 days of administration of K. alvarezii seaweed extract (250, 350, and 450 mg/kg of body wt.), the increased levels of liver marker enzymes compared to cisplatin-induced species was due to a considerable reduction. In comparison to cisplatin-induced rats, serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels were greater, whereas calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorous, and protein levels were lower, with considerable normalization of histological architecture. The GC – MS data confirmed the presence of nine distinct chemicals. Overall, the current investigation discovered that an ethanol extract of K. alvarezii may protect albino rats against cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity and that this was most likely due to active chemicals in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salah satu karakteristik khas bakso adalah kekenyalannya yang dapat diatur dengan penambahan bahan pengenyal. Di antara bahan pengenyal alami yang dapat digunakan adalah rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah melihat nilai organoleptik, sifat fisika, dan sifat kimia bakso udang dogol yang ditambahkan K. alvarezii. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima rasio perbandingan dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali, yaitu (i) 80% daging udang dogol, (ii) 70% udang : 10% rumput laut (iii) 60% udang : 20% rumput laut, (iv) 50% udang : 30% rumput laut, dan (v) 40% udang : 40% rumput laut. Data diolah menggunakan analisis sidik ragam dan dilanjutkan menggunakan DMRT pada taraf 5%. Berdasarkan penelitian, terdapat perbedaan yang nyata (p

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the leading commodities in aquaculture. In recent years, the shrimp farming industry worldwide has suffered heavy losses due to disease. Increasing the immune system in shrimp using immunostimulants that are more environmentally friendly such as carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii, seems promising. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in immune response and gene expression in White shrimp after carrageenan supplementary diet treatment. This research was using a laboratoryscale experimental method with a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which was analyzed using One Way ANOVA. The treatments were negative control (without carrageenan addition), 5 g.kg-1, 10 g.kg-1, 15 g.kg-1, and 20 g.kg-1 carrageenan supplemented feed. All treatments were replicated three times. 180 L. vannamei with average weight of 6.5±0.66 g is used for research object Total Haemocyte count (THC), Phenoloxidase (PO), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and Phagocytic activity/Index (PA/PI) were examined after feeding the White shrimp with diets supplemented with carrageenan in time series sampling. Immune-related gene expression (Lipopolisaccharide Glucan Binding Protein/LGBP, Pro Pehnol Oxidase/ProPO, and Lectin Type C/Lectin) was evaluated by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) at the end of experiment. Results indicated that the immune parameters directly increased according to the doses of carrageenan and time. The 20 g.kg-1 carrageenan treatments gave better results. three immune-related genes expression i.e LGBP, Lectin, and proPO were upregulated. Therefore, carrageenan supplementation of shrimp feed can improve innate immunity as well as the expression of immune-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus alvarezii adalah alga merah yang memiliki kandungan karaginan. Pemutusan tali pengikat K. alvarezii dengan cara menarik saat pemanenan mengakibatkan talus patah. Talus yang patah akan mengeluarkan getah berkandungan karaginan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik karaginan K. alvarezii berdasar keutuhan talus yang dipanen. Talus utuh, patah dan campuran K. alvarezii diperoleh saat pelepasan rumput laut dari tali pengikat. Tahapan ekstraksi karaginan meliputi penimbangan, ekstraksi, netralisasi, perebusan, filtrasi, penjendalan, penirisan, netralisasi, pengeringan, dan penepungan. Karakteristik karaginan ditentukan berdasar kadar air, abu, abu tidak larut asam, sulfat, viskositas, kekuatan gel, dan spektrum infra merah. Analisis komponen utama pada spektra infra merah digunakan untuk membedakan karaktersitik karaginan talus. Hasil menunjukkan rendemen karaginan dari talus utuh lebih banyak dibanding patah atau campuran keduanya. Karakteristik karaginan dari ketiga talus masih memenuhi standar karaginan, yaitu: kadar air 9,91-10,87%, kadar abu 25,22-27,97%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,42-0,87%, kadar sulfat 19,91-24,24%, viskositas 47,11- 56,76 cP, dan kekuatan gel 376,62-457,92 g/cm². Gugus fungsional karaginan dari ketiga talus tersebut menunjukkan gugus fungsional penciri kappa karaginan yaitu ester sulfat, 3,6-anhidrogalaktosa dan galaktosa-4-sulfat. Berdasarkan analisis komponen utama spektra infra merah, talus utuh berbeda dengan talus patah atau campuran talus utuh dan patah. Kesimpulan menunjukkan karakteristik talus utuh berbeda dari talus patah atau campuran talus patah dan utuh.