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Modern societies are built on good road infra-structure and efficient transport system. Safety is a high-priority consideration in development of road traffic systems. In recent years the weather information has become becomes very vital for road traffic safety because slippery roads are the key source of road accidents in northern regions of Europe, America and Canada as well. In this article we are presenting the test experiences and pilot road weather related services by executing a set of Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication scenarios by using IEEE 802.11p and 5G test networks. We have made an effort to evaluate the performance of IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) 5G test network. We also analyzed the performance of IEEE 802.11p with and without safety feature for secure and reliable vehicular communication. The combination of IEEE 802.11p with 5G test network cellular network makes the traffic system heterogeneous for traffic safety. This heterogeneous system provides the opportunity to exploit the vehicle-based actuators, sensor, and observation data in order to produce the intelligent service platform and up-to-date real time services for vehicles. In this article we have also made a comparison by using an IEEE 802.11p system having safety feature of SafeCOP (Safe Co-operating Cyber-Physical Systems using Wireless Communication) project. SafeCOP is a European project that aims cyber-physical systems-of-systems relying on wireless communication for safe and secure cooperation. This safety feature will help to decrease the amount of road accidents (Car crashes, injuries and fatalities) by offering safe and secure V2V and V2I co-operation. The fundamental advantage of this kind of performance analysis is that the communication between Vehicle-to-Road Weather station (V2RWS) can be exchanged safely and reliably, at the cost of network resources consumed by a safety feature in IEEE 802.11p. It’s clearly presented in this paper, that the use of heterogeneous network and SafeCOP feature for vehicular networking has a clear potential in near future for vehicle’s safety and security of vehicular network.

The vehicular industry is going through an evolutionary phase of rapid scientific and technical development. It provides assistance for C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems) that connects vehicles and roadside infrastructure i.e., Road Weather stations (RWS) and pedestrian. This is to offer an efficient and safe road transport system. Globally, the incorporation of ITS using DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communications) standard and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) standard known as ITS-G5. ITS-G5 offer diverse feature of location-based services that were missing previously in cooperative vehicles. In this paper, we have presented the deployment of cooperative vehicle scenarios that aims to prevent road accidents and avoid casualties. It has been done by delivering time-critical road safety services to vehicles using ITS-G5. The deployment of cooperative vehicle scenarios uses different instruments for vehicles (i.e., Radars, LIDAR’s, friction sensors, weather sensors etc.): These different sensors and devices permits numerous advanced road services including snow/windstorms, heavy rain or road slippery identification. In this paper, we have identified the packet loss, vehicle locations, network latency and vehicles distance in dangerous situations i.e., emergency brake light, slow vehicle and emergency vehicle approaching. The C-ITS scenarios will support the wide-scale implementation and usage of advanced road weather safety and maintenance services with enhanced ITS-G5 networking capabilities.

The industry is providing vehicles with advanced features and technologies that allows vehicles to connect and communicate with their nearby environment. These technologies’ umbrella term, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) are aimed to enhance road traffic efficiency, safety and assist the drivers in multiple ways. The C-ITS communication system should be able to offer the functional benefits to different sets of use-cases, each having a particular sub-set of requirements. In this paper some of the relevant use-case scenarios utilizing road weather and traffic information are studied in terms of communication technology. The key requirements for C-ITS use-case scenarios are analyzed and an evaluation of the ITS-G5 protocol stack is performed. The performance of ITS-G5 in use-case scenarios is considered testing messages (alerts) on road weather and traffic information in realistic environments. The results indicate that the performance of ITS-G5 in tested use-case scenarios offers 90-98% success rate in the delivery of safety messages at a transmission frequency of 10Hz. Also, ITS-G5 delivers safety alerts with a minimum delay so that it satisfies the C-ITS use-case requirements in real environments. The C-ITS pilot platform also performs efficiently in terms of transmitting packets from a safe distance with minimum network latency and packet loss between vehicles and infrastructure. C-ITS pilot use-cases were tested on the platform developed and tailored by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI).

In recent years, casualties from pedestrian accidents caused by vehicles is bit problematic. A comprehensive structure comprising of stochastic models, a responsive mechanism and typical scenarios using pedestrian-to-infrastructure (P2I) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication is suggested to increase pedestrian safety. Nonetheless, it is uncertain what’s the optimum way to transfer data from Vehicle/Infrastructure to pedestrians and vice versa. In this article we are presenting a prototype for P21 and I2P with the help of Pedestrian detection algorithm by using a Nordic-semiconductor thingy-sensor and an android phone (Note 5A). For motion detection of pedestrian, we developed a peak detection algorithm with LPF for jitter/interference removal. It indicates promising results for walking pedestrian with almost 99% accuracy. We will use that motion detection GPS coordinates of a pedestrian (Demo user) and vehicles and transmit those coordinates to Road Weather Station (RWS) or IOT cloud via cellular base station. Finnish Meteorological Institutes (FMI) uses a test track (1.7 Km) in Sodankyla, equipped with road weather stations and 5G test network. We would be able to send the warning alerts of a pedestrian to RWS database. These P2I and V2P pilot measurements would be conducted by using IEEE 802.11p and 5G test network. To evaluate the feasibility of the system; it would help to determine the use of above mentioned model and the responsive control method. P2I and V2P communication combined with 802.11p and 5G technology could improve the active pedestrian safety with developed algorithm.

The development of 5G is taking steps forward to solve the communication challenges of the future. One of the main application areas to benefit from 5G is intelligent traffic and vehicular communication. This paper discusses the recent advances in the development and piloting of novel road weather and safety services. The services considered in the paper exploit extensive vehicular observation data, of which transmission is enabled by a 5G communications architecture. The purpose of the services is to provide enhancements to road users, road maintenance operations as well as to 3 rd parties. Furthermore, low latency 5G networks will enable future automated driving functionality, considered in the paper as well. The paper presents use cases and a generic system architecture for the envisioned service concepts. In addition, selected results obtained from testing the services in real vehicular and 5G test network environments are presented.

Wireless communication in the traffic with Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is growing into elemental part of the traffic entity. Entirely new types of safety and convenience services can be offered directly to the vehicular environment, enhancing considerably the traffic safety. Vehicles can also make their own observations, further developing the accuracy of these services. It is obvious that the safety and security of ITS communication needs to be ensured. The ITS communication environment (of vehicles, roadside units and core systems) is one entity of Co-operative Cyber-Physical Systems (CO-CPS). SafeCOP (Safe Co-operating Cyber-Physical Systems using Wireless Communication) project targets to a safety assurance approach, ensuring the safety within single Cyber-Physical element, as well as Co-CPS. Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) has created one SafeCOP use case for vehicular CO-CPS entity, for the road weather station and vehicle interaction. In this paper we present the vehicles and roadside unit interaction general structure and the motivation behind it. To ensure the safety and security of our communication environment, we have built CO-CPS functionalities to both vehicle and road weather station units. SafeCOP CO-CPS defines a runtime manager continuously detecting the behavior of CPS and in case of any abnormality performing runtime triggering. Furthermore, specific SafeCOP safety layer functionalities are introduced to ensure safety in entire Co-CPS. The proposed solution is analysed by comparing the vehicles and roadside unit communication procedure with and without SafeCOP functionalities, in terms of throughput latency and number of lost packets.

In a vehicular environment, accurate and real-time weather information and forecast with, road condition information are key elements when improving the road safety. The vehicular communication can be conducted with short-range vehicular networking, based on IEEE 802. lip. Nowadays also cellular communication with 4G and upcoming 5G have been considered as vehicular communication media. In this paper, we are comparing the measurements conducted with IEEE 802.1 lp, to the similar measurements with 4G and 5G pilot network. We performed a set of communication scenarios of IEEE 802.1 lp based ITS-G5 and 4G/5G networks. We used the 5G test network based on LTE Release 14, 4G (LTE) and IEEE 802.1 lp communication for system level performance analysis of latency, data rate, and throughput from the infrastructure and end user device perspectives. The outcome of our comparison shows that the state-of-the-art 5G radio interfaces are better alternative to meet majority of the requirements for vehicular applications e.g., mobility, latency, throughput, coverage and data rate.

Vehicular-networking- and especially safety-related wireless vehicular services have been under intensive research for almost a decade now. Only in recent years has road weather information also been acknowledged to play an important role when aiming to reduce traffic accidents and fatalities via intelligent transport systems (ITSs). Part of the progress can be seen as a result of the Finnish Meteorological Institute's (FMI) long-term research work in Sodankylä within the topic, originally started in 2006. Within multiple research projects, the FMI Arctic Research Centre has been developing wireless vehicular networking and road weather services, in co-operation with the FMI meteorological services team in Helsinki. At the beginning the wireless communication was conducted with traditional Wi-Fi type local area networking, but during the development the system has evolved into a hybrid communication system of a combined vehicular ad hoc networking (VANET) system with special IEEE 802.11p protocol and supporting cellular networking based on a commercial 3G network, not forgetting support for Wi-Fi-based devices also. For piloting purposes and further research, we have established a special combined road weather station (RWS) and roadside unit (RSU), to interact with vehicles as a service hotspot. In the RWS–RSU we have chosen to build support to all major approaches, IEEE 802.11, traditional Wi-Fi and cellular 3G. We employ road weather systems of FMI, along with RWS and vehicle data gathered from vehicles, in the up-to-date localized weather data delivered in real time. IEEE 802.11p vehicular networking is supported with Wi-Fi and 3G communications. This paper briefly introduces the research work related to vehicular networking and road weather services conducted in Sodankylä, as well as the research project involved in this work. The current status of instrumentation, available services and capabilities are presented in order to formulate a clear general view of the research field.

The European Eureka/Celtic Plus project CoMoSeF (Co-operative Mobility Services of the Future) aims to create co-operative mobility solutions (including devices and applications), feasible for large scale deployment. In practice this means combined vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), communication system employing interactive example services related to safety and weather information exchange. In this paper we present FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute) approach to employ CoMoSef vehicular networking entity by creating a specific service hotspot for vehicles bypassing the combined Road Weather Station (RWS)/Road Side Unit (RSU). Local road weather and route weather (a special type of weather service tailored for dedicated road stretches, constructed both from FMI meteorological systems data and the data collected from local RWSs) are the obvious services offered, but in addition to them there is a variety of services available, from specialized weather data into more general traffic information and local accident warnings. The ultimate aim is to provide data to vehicles regardless of their communication devices available. The supported media at the moment consists of IEEE 802.11p and traditional Wi-Fi communication operated through special vehicle computer, Android-based tablet PC or standard laptop computer, but it is expected to be supplemented at least with iPad- and Jolla-devices, respectively.