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We exploit the longitudinal Mexican Health and Aging Study to estimate the effects of health shocks in the short-run on the subsequent economic well-being of the aging population in Mexico. While there is substantial evidence indicating negative economic effects of such changes in industrialized countries, little is known about health impacts on the future economic position of older adults in low- and middle-income countries. This paper takes an important step towards filling this gap in knowledge. Our results are widely relevant, with a large percentage of the world's population residing in developing countries such as Mexico that are experiencing rapid aging. We find evidence of negative impacts of health shocks on subsequent economic well-being of older adults in Mexico, but the effect varies according to several dimensions. First, the impact is clearly on income, not wealth. Second, responses are heterogenous across sources of income, with evidence of an impact mainly on labor income. Third, we find clear differences by gender in the impact of a health shock, with a larger negative impact on men. Fourth, we conclude that the population groups most negatively affected are those with the greatest degree of vulnerability prior to the shock, as measured by education and access to health insurance. Even though Mexico has made important gains with anti-poverty programs such as the

El objetivo de este manuscrito es analizar las características socioeconómicas y familiares de personas de 50 años o más que están en riesgo alto de dar positivo a Covid-19, ser hospitalizado o intubado en México. Para ello se utilizan dos fuentes de información, la base de datos de la Secretaría de Salud sobre Covid-19 y el Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México, en la primera se estiman modelos de regresión para calcular el riesgo y se aplican en la segunda para analizar las vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas y familiares. Los resultados señalan que el sexo y la edad son fuertes predictores de riesgo alto. Los de menos escolaridad, los que trabajan sin disponer un local, los que perciben su situación económica como regular o mala, así como los que viven en hogares unipersonales, reciben ayuda económica y no económica de sus hijos se presentan como un grupo altamente vulnerable a Covid-19 y sus repercusiones.

El objetivo de este libro colectivo es reunir trabajos de investigaciones realizadas en distintas regiones y países que permitan reflexionar en torno a los procesos de desarrollo territorial en diversas escalas. Se busca comprender, a través de diferentes herramientas teóricas y metodológicas, la acelerada y dinámica transformación de las realidades locales derivadas de los procesos económicos actuales, que inciden en las formas en que se organiza e interactúa la multiplicidad de actores en el territorio. La perspectiva territorial permite redimensionar las lógicas de decisión, acción e intervención de los actores que pueden llegar a interferir con las dimensiones de lo local, dando especificidad y tipicidad al territorio. De esta forma se busca centrar la atención en torno a la valoración que se realiza de los territorios y sus potencialidades para activar el desarrollo mediante múltiples combinaciones de intereses y recursos. Nuestra propuesta es incidir en esa discusión reuniendo diversos estudios empíricos a partir de los cuales debatir en torno a la heterogeneidad de las formas de aproximarse a la complejidad de las dimensiones, procesos y escalas que comprende lo territorial.

espanolEste trabajo discute la pertinencia de los regimenes de bienestar basados en los procesos de familiarizacion y feminizacion del cuidado ante las desventajas asociadas con el trabajo remunerado en Mexico. Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del Tiempo (2014) y de la Encuesta Nacional de Empleo y Seguridad Social (2013 y 2017) se presentan indicadores que muestran la persistencia de dichos procesos en Mexico. Ademas, se recopila evidencia empirica sobre las desventajas que imponen al trabajo remunerado (exclusion, desproteccion y desventaja mone-taria). Se concluye que la agenda publica debe avanzar mas alla de la equidad de genero, e involucrar a las instituciones en la reorganizacion social del cuidado, por la via del mercado o del estado, como mayor reconocimiento y beneficios directos a la seguridad social hacia quienes se encargan de cuidar. EnglishThis paper discusses the relevance of welfare regimes based on family invol-vement in and feminization of care in the face of the disadvantages associated with paid work in Mexico. Using data from the National Time Use Survey (2014) and the National Employment and Social Security Survey (2013 and 2017), the author presents indicators showing the persistence of these processes in Mexico. In addition, empirical evidence is compiled on their disadvantages vis-a-vis paid work (exclusion, lack of protection and economic disadvantage). The article concludes that the public agenda must advance beyond gender equality, and involve institutions in the social reorgani-zation of care, through the market or the state, by providing greater recognition and direct social security benefits for those engaged in care work. portuguesEste artigo discute a relevância dos regimes de bem-estar baseados nos processos de familiarizacao e feminilizacao do cuidado diante das desvantagens associadas ao trabalho remunerado no Mexico. Utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Uso do Tempo (2014) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Emprego e Previdencia Social (2013 e 2017), sao apresentados indicadores que mostram a persistencia desses pro-cessos no Mexico. Alem disso, compila-se a evidencia empirica sobre as desvantagens que impoem ao trabalho remunerado (exclusao, falta de protecao e desvantagem monetaria). Conclui-se que a agenda publica deve avancar para alem da equida-de de genero, e envolver as instituicoes na reorganizacao social da atencao, por meio do mercado ou do Estado, como maior reconhecimento e beneficios diretos a seguridade social para quem cuidar e suo trabalho.

espanolPoco se sabe sobre lo que sucede en el ultimo ano de vida de la poblacion envejecida. Mexico presenta caracteristicas demograficas, economicas, sociales y epidemiologicas que plantean in-quietudes sobre los desafios que el envejecimiento impondra. El objetivo es analizar el ultimo ano de vida de la poblacion mayor mexicana y describir el estado de salud, el funcionamiento fisico, el uso de los servicios de salud y el apoyo familiar que tenian antes de morir. Se utiliza in-formacion del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en Mexico (ENASEM). Los resulta-dos senalan que durante el ultimo ano de vida, la presencia de enfermedades cronicas, dificultad en las actividades de la vida diaria, apoyo por parte de la familia y el uso de servicios de salud son una constante tanto para el individuo como para la familia. EnglishLittle is known on what happens in the last year of life of the aging population. Mexico has demographic, economic, social and epidemiological characteristics that raise concerns about the challenges that aging will impose. The objective is to analyze the last year of life of the Mexican elderly population and describe the state of health, physical functioning, use of health services and family support that they had before death. We used information from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). The results indicate that during the last year of life, the presence of chronic diseases, difficulty in activities of daily living, support from the family and the use of health services are a constant for both the individual and the family.

Similar to other developing countries, population aging in Mexico has accelerated, raising concerns that economic disparities will widen even more. We use data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study for 2001 and 2012 to derive measures of economic security ─ income and its sources, and wealth and its components ─ and describe how they changed over time and varied across key characteristics. The database is unique for a developing country: longitudinal and spanning a relatively long time period, and nationally representative of older persons (n=12,400; ages 50+). We conduct descriptive analysis for the full sample, and for sub-samples defined by 'safety net' indicators, health status, and demographic characteristics. Given that this time period included crucial economic and social changes in Mexico, we derive period results, measuring differences across time in two cross-sections; and longitudinal results, capturing changes among individuals as they age. In-depth examination of income and wealth identifies important contributors to old-age economic security in Mexico; we confirm several expected patterns and provide first evidence about others. Older adults with low income and asset values in Mexico have less diverse income sources and asset types; real incomes of older persons decreased substantially, and their income and asset portfolios became less diverse over the period. With older age, Mexicans relied more heavily on transfers and family help, and less on earnings. Overall, limited safety net options and worse health conditions were associated with less robust and deteriorating economic profiles.